CN109274301A - 发电机系统和控制方法 - Google Patents

发电机系统和控制方法 Download PDF

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CN109274301A
CN109274301A CN201810744605.XA CN201810744605A CN109274301A CN 109274301 A CN109274301 A CN 109274301A CN 201810744605 A CN201810744605 A CN 201810744605A CN 109274301 A CN109274301 A CN 109274301A
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generator
torque
voltage
control loop
engine
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CN109274301B (zh
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C·S·纳姆杜里
S·戈帕拉克里希南
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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    • B60W20/10—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
    • H02P9/14—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output by variation of field
    • H02P9/26—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output by variation of field using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices
    • H02P9/30—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output by variation of field using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices using semiconductor devices
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    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
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Abstract

本文明提供一种系统，其包括发动机、发电机组件、直流电压总线以及控制器。该发电机组件联接到该发电机并由该发电机驱动，并包含发电机、磁场线圈以及电压整流器，共同产生发电机输出电压。该控制器的内控制环向磁场线圈提供磁场占空比信号以响应调整电压控制信号。该控制器的外控制环向内控制环提供基于扭矩的电压控制信号作为输入以响应指令发动机扭矩和估算发动机扭矩。发动机的输出扭矩通过外控制环直接控制。该内控制环计算调整电压控制信号，即基于扭矩的电压控制信号和输出电压之差。

Description

发电机系统和控制方法
引言
车辆、发电厂和其它发电系统通常包括内燃机以及发动机驱动的发电机。发动机燃料燃烧过程产生的机械能通过发电机操作转化为电能，因此产生的电用于向能量储存系统再次充电或直接供应许多电气组件，例如，辅助电动机、灯、仪表以及电力配件。电压整流器输出直流发电机输出电压以响应源自控制器的电气控制信号。
发明内容
本公开涉及一种发动机驱动的发电机系统和相关控制方法。在混合控制系统中，例如，发电机以最终影响发动机曲轴处的发动机扭矩的方式作为致动器。因此，需要精确控制发电机输出扭矩以确保对发动机扭矩的最佳控制。本发明方法旨在便于在相对高精度的范围内进行这样的控制，例如，在曲轴处实行+/-5％或+/-1-2Nm的精度。
本公开的方法在发动机控制模块(ECM)的程序内部逻辑或其它指定控制器内直接控制发电机输出扭矩，同时将发电机电压保持在预设的特定操作条件范围(特定限值)内。该系统和方法与现有方法不同，现有方法根据周围环境、电池荷电状态和其它不断变化的因素试图改变发电机的电压设定点，而不直接作用于发电机输出扭矩。通过直接控制发电机输出扭矩，能量就能最大化恢复，尤其是在某些特定应用操作方式中，例如，典型的发动机应用中车辆滑行和制动操作中。
尤其是，本公开的方法在将发电机输出电压保持到设定电压范围内(例如12.5-15.5伏直流电)的同时，使用内外控制环。该方法将无关温度的参数代入到扭矩估算模型中。在实时操作中，本公开的方法在此说明单一温度下需要最少的测量数据组，这样，基于扭矩的电压控制信号作为输入提供到在此描述的内控制环，与本公开系统的温度或周围环境无关。本系统还保留了一种电压控制模式，如果需要的话，例如，给电池充电。以这样的方式，在如上所述的车辆滑行和制动操作期间或根据应用的其它操作期间，执行特定模式扭矩控制操作。
在示例性实施例中，发动机驱动的发电机系统包括内燃机、发电机组件、直流(DC)电压总线以及控制器。发电机组件联接到发动机并由发动机驱动，并且包括发电机、磁场线圈以及电压整流器，共同产生DC发电机输出电压。DC电压总线连接到电压整流器，并具有等同于DC发电机输出电压的电势。
控制器具有内控制环和外控制环，其中内控制环向发电机的多相磁场线圈输入磁场占空比(FDC)信号以响应调整电压控制信号，外控制环指令基于扭矩的电压控制信号输入内控制环以响应指令发动机扭矩和预估发电机扭矩。通过操作外控制环直接控制发电机的输出扭矩。内控制环用来计算调整电压控制信号，即基于扭矩的电压控制信号和DC总线的输出电压之差。
还公开了一种发动机驱动的发电机系统的控制方法。在可能实施例中，该方法包括通过控制器的外控制环来指令基于扭矩的电压控制信号输入到控制器的内控制环以响应指令发动机扭矩和估算发动机扭矩。该方法还包括通过控制器的内控制环计算调整电压控制信号，即基于扭矩的电压控制信号和发电机的输出电压之差。因此，该方法包括通过控制器的内控制环将磁场占空比信号指令到发电机的磁场线圈以响应调整电压控制信号。通过操作外控制环直接控制发电机的输出扭矩，这属于该方法的一部分，例如，可选地在一些实施例中，在预设的操作模式期间，例如，车辆滑行和制动。
上述特征和优点以及本公开的其它特征和优点在以下结合附图执行本公开的最佳模式的详细说明中是显而易见的。
附图说明
图1是车辆示意图，该车辆具有内燃机、发动机驱动的发电机系统以及控制器，其中该控制器可选地向发动机驱动的发电机系统的发电机提供直接扭矩控制。
图2A和2B是图1的发动机驱动的发电机系统提供扭矩估算逻辑的逻辑流程图实例。
本公开可有各种修改和替代形式，一些代表性实施例已在附图中显示，并将在此详细描述。本公开的新颖的方面不限于附图中描述的特定形式。当然，本公开存在修改、变化、组合或替代，这些修改、变化、组合和替代应该落在在由所附权利要求书定义的保护范围内。
具体实施方式
关于附图，其中，在这几个图中，同样的附图标记代表同样的组件，图1表示汽车10的原理图，其具有与地面16滚动接触的车轮14。虽然可以设想多种多样车辆和非车辆的实施例，但是下文描述的汽车10将作为本公开描述的发动机驱动电动机系统12的非限制性示例应用。
该发动机驱动的发电机系统12包括具有内燃机(EN)11E和发动机驱动的发电机组件20的传动系统11，其中发动机11E联接到发电机组件20的发电机(GE)21并将发动机扭矩(箭头TE)传递到发电机组件20的发电机(GE)21。发动机扭矩(箭头TE)使发电机21转动，因此通过电压整流器24产生DC发电机输出电压(VG)，以此产生发电机输出电流(箭头IG)。发动机11E可机械联接到发电机21，例如，通过输送带系统13或其它适合的连接，使得发动机11E的转动最终传递到发电机21的输入轴(未显示)上。在一些实施例中，如图所示，发动机11E通过液力变矩器25流畅地联接到变速器(TR)11T。
进一步地，关于图1中的发电机组件20，发电机21包括一组磁场线圈22，该磁场线圈22通过磁场占空比信号(箭头FDC)的传播激励到发电机21的磁场终端(F)。该FDC信号(箭头FDC)是如图所示的周期方波信号或另一种合适的调制电压控制波形，其最后控制发电机21的电压设置点，电压设置点最后指令发电机21的发电机输出电压(VG)。
电压整流器24，即多相整流器，通过整流发电机21的多相交流线圈(未显示)内产生的交流电压输出DC发电机输出电压(VG)。电压整流器24能通过使用，例如金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管开关，任意体现为无源二极管桥式整流器或有源桥式整流器。该发电机输出电流(箭头IG)，例如，通过位于发电机21的输出侧的DC电压总线23上的电子传感器27测量，并通过合适的滤波器处理，然后传递到连接载荷(RL)，如果需要的话，储存到能量储存设备29备用。该DC电压总线23连接到电压整流器24，并具有等同于发电机输出电压(VG)的电势。
发电机控制模块(ECM)50与发动机11和发动机驱动的发电机系统12通信。ECM 50包括处理器(P)和存储器(M)。该存储器(M)包括有形的永久存储器，例如，只读存储器，不论是光学、电磁、闪存或其它。ECM 50还包括足够数量的随机存取存储器、电可擦可编辑只读存储器等，以及高速时钟、模数和数模电路、输入/输出电路和设备以及合适的信号调节和缓冲电路。
进一步地，关于图1中显示的发动机驱动的发电机系统12，电力系统12包括分别具有内控制环12I和外控制环12O的程序控制逻辑。尽管为了分别清晰显示ECM 50，在实践中，内控制环12I和外控制环12O显示为存储器(M)中独立逻辑块或子程序，并由ECM 50的处理器执行。
从广义上讲，内控制环12I作为电压控制环最终确定并将FDC信号(箭头FDC)应用到发电机21的磁场线圈22。因此，内控制环12I看作是是电力系统12的发电机磁场校准器。内控制环12I是发电机组件20的控制组件，或在不同实施例中，属于ECM 50的逻辑。应用该FDC信号(箭头FDC)以响应于调整电压控制信号(VCA)，其中，内控制环12I用于计算调整电压控制信号(VCA)，即基于扭矩的电压控制信号(VCT)和直流总线电压之差，在此是发电机输出电压(VG)。
外控制环12O向内控制环12I提供基于扭矩的电压控制信号(箭头VCT)，通常其功能相当于扭矩控制环，其可选地由ECM 50控制以响应于一组特定系统输入信号。内控制环12I和外控制环12O中的每个将通过继续参看图1依次描述。
关于内控制环12I，累计节点/误差放大器节点35从发电机组件20接收基于扭矩的电压控制信号(箭头VCT)和测量发电机输出电压(箭头VG)。测量或计算发电机输出电压(箭头VG)以向节点35提供电压反馈。计算的基于扭矩的电压控制信号(箭头VCT)和发电机21下游的DC电压总线23上的发电机输出电压(箭头VG)的量级之差在节点45计算，作为误差信号，即调整电压控制信号(VCA)，向比例积分控制器(PI2)19前馈。该控制器19也在图1中标记为“V”，以显示内控制环12I的电压控制函数。可选地，该控制器19表现为比例积分微分控制器。在任何实施例中，控制器19具有“抗饱和”能力，因此，该控制器19的输出不准超过设定范围。内控制环12I包括饱和模块32，其用于向FDC信号(箭头FDC)应用和执行最大和最小电压范围。
外控制环12O通过相对于控制内控制环12I中使用的循环时间或控制环较长的占空比进行控制，包括累计/误差放大器节点33，其从ECM 50接收发动机扭矩指令(箭头CCT)作为输入。发动机扭矩指令(箭头CCT)可以确定为多种特定系统输入的函数。例如图1中的汽车10，这样的输入包括发动机速度(箭头NE)、变速器齿轮状态(箭头GS)、可选液力变矩器25的应用/释放液力变矩器离合器状态(箭头TCC)、车辆速度(箭头N10)、测量或记录的加速器和制动踏板位置(分别是箭头AX和BX)以及能量储存设备29的载荷状态(箭头SOC)。
除了发动机扭矩指令(箭头CCT)，累计/误差放大器节点33还接收扭矩反馈信号(箭头TG)作为估算发动机扭矩，该值通过外控制环12O的扭矩估算器逻辑块(GTE)15确定。逻辑块15响应于发电机电流(箭头IG)之类的输入，输入通过电子传感器27、发电机输出电压(箭头VG)以及发电机速度(箭头NG)测量，后者参数使用校准带比率(R)17根据发动机速度(箭头NE)由ECM 50计算。也就是说，发动机速度(箭头NE)和发电机速度(NG)之间存在的定义关系。如果测量或记录发动机速度已经给出，ECM 50因此能够通过比率17乘以发动机速度(箭头NE)，和/或查找表来确定发电机速度(箭头NG)。通过参考下图2A和2B，详细描述了适合扭矩估算的两种方法实例。
在累计/误差放大器节点33确定的发动机扭矩指令(箭头CCT)和扭矩反馈信号/估算发电机扭矩(箭头TG)之差作为误差信号馈送到另一个比例积分控制器(PI1)18，其还用图1中的“T”标记以指出外控制环12O的扭矩控制函数。控制器18，像控制器19一样，具有抗饱和能力，饱和块(SAT1)30确定了基于扭矩的电压控制信号(箭头VCT)的最大和最小范围，其中基于扭矩的电压控制信号(箭头V CT)最终作为内控制环12I的累计/误差放大器节点35的输入使用。
因此，外控制环12O的输出，即基于扭矩的电压控制信号(箭头VCT)，是DC总线电压指令，其由内控制环12I接收并作用产生调整电压控制信号(VCA)。为此，在内控制环12I产生电压调整点时使用外控制环12O是有特定模式的，即，通过参考存储器(M)内的查找表或当发电机21不需要直接扭矩控制时，ECM 50确定基于扭矩的电压控制信号(箭头VCT)的代替。
在上述描述的内控制环12I和外控制环12O中，如参考图2A和图2B进一步所描述的，在给定的操作速度下，ECM 50将发动机扭矩指令(箭头CCT)限制到可接受范围内。例如，在这种情况下，发电机21在给定操作稳定下的功率范围用来计算最大可能的发电机扭矩。在外控制环12O中，发动机扭矩指令(箭头CCT)、扭矩反馈期(箭头TG)以及代表控制器18的比例积分和比例积分微分函数的控制传递函数用于产生发电机21的电压调整点，将其范围控制在可接受范围内，例如，12.5-15.5伏直流电。
图2A和2B阐明了使用图1中发电机扭矩估算器(GTE)逻辑块15进行扭矩估算过程的可能方法。在此，逻辑块的参数包括发电机速度(箭头NG)、发电机电流(箭头IG)和发电机输出电压(箭头VG)。用于估算发电机扭矩的预设多项式函数中使用的这些系数，TG＝f(NG，IG，VG)，能离线求得，例如，通过来自于发电机21收集的数据组的回归分析。因此，因为最初得到的数据取决于温度，一旦通过回归分析技术在很多温度下确定了“最佳匹配”数据，发电机扭矩或扭矩反馈期(TG)随后的实时估算就取决于温度，即，基于扭矩的电压控制信号(箭头VCT)与系统12的温度或周围环境无关。
在图2A的实施例中，以上所述的预设多项式函数可用以下公式表示：
在此，多数多项式系数(A-G)最初通过在不同温度下测量参数数据NG、IG以及VG回归求得，然后，上述公式用于计算实时发电机扭矩，即，在系统12的操作期间，不要求周围或基于系统的温度数据。
图2B阐述了图2A的多项式实施例的替代方法。图2B的实施例将发电机速度(箭头NG)和滤波发电机电流(箭头IG)代入损失函数逻块38中，标记为f(NG，IG)，这里，多项式函数中的系数用图2A通过离线测量的发电机损失数据回归获得。该损失函数逻辑块38向GTE逻辑块15A输出发电机功率损失(箭头PL)。在目前的操作条件下，该GTE逻辑块15A使用来自损失函数逻辑块38的滤波输出电压(VG)和计算损失数值(PL)，计算发电机扭矩/扭矩反馈期(TG)，作为发电机速度、电流和功率损失的函数，如图2B表示的TG＝f(NG，IG，PL)。例如，GTE 15A使用以下公式：
如上所述，通过结合使用内控制环12I和外控制环12O，实现了同步发电机(例如，图1的发电机21)的控制方法，这使得该设备在预设运行速度范围内在扭矩控制模式或电压控制模式下或者两种模式下操作，同时仍然将直流总线电压保持在可接受范围内。例如，ECM 50在能量储存设备29的充电操作期间可选地禁用或绕过外控制环12O，或者在图1中车辆10滑行或制动活动中可选地开启外控制环12O。
在公开实施例中，从指定的动力总成控制器接收发动机扭矩指令(箭头CCT)，例如，图1的发电机控制模块，扭矩反馈从实时扭矩估算器接收，例如图2A和2B中的GTE 15和GTE 15A。GTE 15和GTE 15A使用预设多项式函数来估算发电机扭矩，或者这样的逻辑块使用查找表、建模或其它合适的方法，但不脱离预期发明范围。
尽管参照具体实施例详细描述了本公开的各个方面，但是本领域的技术人员应该理解，在不脱离本公开的范围下，可做很多修改。本公开并不限于在此公开的精确结构和组成，上述说明的任何和所有显而易见的修改、变化和改变都处于所附权利要求书的公开范围。并且，本公开的概念明确包括所述元素和特征的任何和所有组合和子组合。

Claims (10)

1.一种发动机驱动的发电机系统，包括：
内燃机；
发电机组件，联接到发动机并由所述发动机驱动，并具有发电机、磁场线圈以及电压整流器，共同产生直流(DC)发电机输出电压；
DC电压总线，连接到所述电压整流器，并具有等同于所述发电机输出电压的电势；以及
控制器，具有内控制环和外控制环，其中所述内控制环向所述磁场线圈输入磁场占空比信号以响应调整电压控制信号，所述外控制环向所述内控制环提供基于扭矩的电压控制信号作为输入以响应给定发动机扭矩和预估发电机扭矩，这样通过操作所述外控制环直接控制所述发电机的输出扭矩；
其中，所述内控制环用来计算所述调整电压控制信号，即所述基于扭矩的电压控制信号和所述发电机输出电压之差。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述外控制环根据所述发电机输出电压以及所述发电机的发电机电流和发电机发电速度来估计所述估算发电机扭矩。
3.根据权利要求2所述的系统，其中所述控制器使用预设多项式函数估计所述估算发电机扭矩，其中所述预设多项式函数具有多个与温度无关的系数。
4.根据权利要求2所述的系统，其中所述控制器使用损失函数逻辑块估计所述估算发电机扭矩，所述损失函数逻辑块输出发电机功率损失值，所述多项式函数是所述发电机输出电压、所述发电机电流和所述发电机功率损失值的函数。
5.根据权利要求1所述的系统，还包括连接到所述DC电压总线的能量储存器，其中所述控制器用于在所述能量储存器的充电操作期间可选地禁用或绕过所述外控制环。
6.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述外控制环独立于所述系统的温度向所述内控制环提供所述基于扭矩的电压控制信号作为输入。
7.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述电压整流器是使用金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管开关的无源二极管桥式整流器或有源桥式整流器。
8.一种包含联接到所述发动机并由所述发动机驱动的发电机的具有发电机组件的发动机驱动的发电机系统的控制方法，所述方法包括：
通过所述控制器的外控制环来指令基于扭矩的电压控制信号输入所述控制器的内控制环以响应指令发动机扭矩和估算发电机扭矩；
通过所述控制器的内控制环计算调整电压控制信号，即所述基于扭矩的电压控制信号和所述发电机的输出电压之差；以及
通过所述控制器的内控制环将磁场占空比信号指令到所述发电机的磁场线圈以响应所述调整电压控制信号。
其中，通过所述外控制环的操作直接控制所述发电机的输出扭矩。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法，还包括：根据所述发电机输出电压以及所述发电机的发电机电流和发电机发电速度之一通过所述外控制环来估计所述估算发电机扭矩。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法，还包括：使用具有多个与温度无关的系数的预设多项式函数通过所述外控制环估计所述系统的实时操作中的估算发电机扭矩。
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