CN109233085A - Composite material and preparation method and dish-washing machine for dish-washing machine - Google Patents
Composite material and preparation method and dish-washing machine for dish-washing machine Download PDFInfo
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- C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
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- C08J2423/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
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- C08J2443/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and containing boron, silicon, phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal; Derivatives of such polymers
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- C08J2451/06—Characterised by the use of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Derivatives of such polymers grafted on to homopolymers or copolymers of aliphatic hydrocarbons containing only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
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Abstract
The present invention provides the composite material and preparation methods and dish-washing machine for dish-washing machine, which includes: hydrophobic modifier and matrix plastic.The composite material for being used for dish-washing machine has good hydrophobic waterproof, surface can reach hydrophobic oleophobic, with preferable stain resistance, water droplet will not be adhered to the surface of composite material to reduce the health hazard for breeding bacterium, and water pump extracts ponding and is easier so that the energy consumption of water pump can significantly reduce.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to field of material technology, specifically, be related to for dish-washing machine composite material and preparation method and
Dish-washing machine.
Background technique
The phenomenon that components such as dish-washing machine knife and fork basket, gushing arm, plastic filter screen are in the presence of droplet is largely condensed after dry cooling at present,
Influence product drying performance and consumer experience.And the water droplet of suspension is easier to breed bacterium for a long time in confined space
Or mould, it causes a hidden trouble to the health of dish-washing machine.At the same time, plastic filter screen, can be tight because the surface tension of material is big
Pump is influenced again to the suction effect of water, so that the energy consumption to dish-washing machine complete machine becomes larger.
Therefore, the relevant technologies for being currently used for dish-washing machine material still have much room for improvement.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is directed to solve at least some of the technical problems in related technologies.For this purpose, of the invention
One purpose is to propose that one kind can reach hydrophobic oleophobic with good hydrophobic waterproof, surface, have preferable anti-pollution energy
Power, water droplet will not be adhered to composite material surface to reduce the health hazard for breeding bacterium or water pump and extract ponding and be easier
So that the composite material for dish-washing machine that the energy consumption of water pump can significantly reduce.
In one aspect of the invention, the present invention provides a kind of composite materials for dish-washing machine.It is according to the present invention
Embodiment, which includes: hydrophobic modifier and matrix plastic.Inventors have found that according to the present invention
This of embodiment is used for the composite material of dish-washing machine, has good hydrophobic waterproof, and surface can reach hydrophobic oleophobic, have compared with
Good stain resistance, water droplet will not be adhered to the surface of composite material to reduce the health hazard for breeding bacterium, and water pump extracts
Ponding is easier so that the energy consumption of water pump can significantly reduce.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the composite material for being used for dish-washing machine further comprises at least one following: filler；
Pigment；Dispersing agent；Maleic anhydride inoculated polypropylene.
According to an embodiment of the invention, hydrophobic modifier includes organosilicon, inorganic silicon, fluorocarbons and fluorosilicone compound
At least one of.
According to an embodiment of the invention, matrix plastic includes polypropylene.
According to an embodiment of the invention, hydrophobic modifier includes at least one following:
CF3(CF2)n-CH2CH2SiCl3、
Wherein, RfFor fluorine-containing carbochain, x is the integer of 3-15, and R is alkyl, and n is the integer of 3-15,For alkyl.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the gross mass based on the composite material, the additive amount of hydrophobic modifier are
0.1wt%-10wt%.
According to an embodiment of the invention, filler includes at least one of talcum powder, vermiculite and diatomite, the dispersing agent
Including KH560, KH570, silane coupling agent, at least one of titanate coupling agent etc..
In another aspect of the invention, the present invention provides a kind of prepare to be described previously for the composite wood of dish-washing machine
The method of material.According to an embodiment of the invention, this method comprises: mix and be granulated hydrophobic modifier and matrix plastic master batch,
Obtain modified master batch；By the modified master batch and described matrix plastic master batch mixes and injection molding, obtains the composite material.
Inventors have found that can fast and effeciently be prepared by this method with good hydrophobic waterproof, surface can reach thin
Water oleophobic, has preferable stain resistance, and water droplet will not be adhered to the surface of composite material to reduce the health danger for breeding bacterium
Evil, and water pump extracts ponding and is easier so that the composite material for dish-washing machine that the energy consumption of water pump can significantly reduce, and operation
Simply, conveniently, easy to accomplish, it is easy to industrialized production.
According to an embodiment of the invention, this method comprises: the hydrophobic modifier and described matrix plastic master batch are mixed
And be granulated, obtain the modified master batch；By the modified master batch, described matrix plastic master batch and it is selected from filler, pigment, dispersing agent
With the mixing of at least one of maleic anhydride inoculated polypropylene and injection molding, the composite material is obtained.
According to an embodiment of the invention, this method comprises: under 180-230 degrees celsius by the hydrophobic modifier and
The mixing of described matrix plastic master batch.
In an additional aspect of the present invention, the present invention provides a kind of dish-washing machines.According to an embodiment of the invention, this washes the dishes
At least part of machine is formed by the composite material for being described previously for dish-washing machine.The equipment inventors have found that this washes the dishes
There are all feature and advantage for the composite material for being described previously for dish-washing machine, no longer excessively repeats herein.
According to an embodiment of the invention, at least one of knife and fork basket, gushing arm and the strainer of the dish-washing machine are by front institute
What the composite material for dish-washing machine stated was formed.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 shows the modifying interface schematic diagram of the composite material for dish-washing machine of one embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 2 shows that process of the preparation of one embodiment of the invention for the method for the composite material of dish-washing machine is illustrated
Figure.
Fig. 3 shows that process of the preparation of another embodiment of the present invention for the method for the composite material of dish-washing machine is illustrated
Figure.
Specific embodiment
The embodiment of the present invention is described below in detail.The embodiments described below is exemplary, and is only used for explaining this hair
It is bright, and be not considered as limiting the invention.Particular technique or condition are not specified in embodiment, according to text in the art
It offers described technology or conditions or is carried out according to product description.Reagents or instruments used without specified manufacturer,
For can be with conventional products that are commercially available.
In one aspect of the invention, the present invention provides a kind of composite materials for dish-washing machine.It is according to the present invention
Embodiment, which includes: hydrophobic modifier and matrix plastic.Inventors have found that according to the present invention
This of embodiment is used for the composite material of dish-washing machine, has good hydrophobic waterproof, and surface can reach hydrophobic oleophobic, have compared with
Good stain resistance, water droplet will not be adhered to composite material surface to reduce the health hazard for breeding bacterium, and water pump extracts product
Water is easier so that the energy consumption of water pump can significantly reduce.
According to an embodiment of the invention, in order to obtain preferable hydrophobic performance, inventor to the type of hydrophobic modifier into
Row careful investigation and experimental verification, inventor's discovery silica modifier, fluorine richness agent or fluorinated silicone modified dose can make the present invention
Composite material there is ideal hydrophobic, grease proofing, anti-pollution.Therefore, in some embodiments of the invention, hydrophobic modifier
It can be selected from least one of organosilicon, inorganic silicon, fluorocarbons and fluorosilicone compound.The above modifying agent has as a result,
There is lower surface energy, so that there is the composite material for being used for dish-washing machine very good hydrophobic waterproof and anti-pollution to make
With water droplet will not be adhered to gushing arm and the plastic cutlery items basket surface of dish-washing machine to reduce the health hazard for breeding bacterium, and water pump
It extracts ponding to be easier so that the energy consumption of water pump can significantly reduce, and material source is extensive, is easy to get, cost is relatively low.
Specifically, the present invention can improve substrate plastics performance using three kinds of modes: first is that by silicone oil, silicone, Gu
Body organosilicon, liquid silicone modified matrix plastic matrix can also use the alkoxide of silicon, aluminium, titanium and zirconium, in sol-gel mistake
Nano-meter SiO_2 is generated in journey2, add silicate series inorganic filler, the Nano-meter SiO_2 of hydridization2Deng the direct physical blending of mode,
Si modification matrix plastic masterbatch (i.e. modified master batch) can first be prepared by extruding pelletization again with coupling agent treatment silicon additive.Ginseng
According to Fig. 1, silicon atom can form one layer of good stabilized zone of " Si-O-Si " key on the surface for being exposed to moulding, organosilicon
Low-surface-energy, so that it has good hydrophobic waterproof.Second is that mainly being utilized by fluorine additive modification matrix plastic masterbatch
C-F chain link is short, and the low-surface-energy of carbon fluorine object improves matrix plastic surface anti-pollution hydrophobic effect, enables surface to reach hydrophobic and dredges
Oil, surface stain resistance increase, and water droplet is not easy to be sticked to composite material surface, or are sticked to the dust of composite material surface and hold very much
It easily flows down, the water droplet that will not generate condensation is suspended on above the plastic part of composite material formation.Third is that passing through fluorinated silicone modified dose
No longer gone to live in the household of one's in-laws on getting married one by one the characteristics of improving the performance of matrix plastic, combine silica modifier and fluorine richness auxiliary agent and advantage herein
It states.
Some preferred embodiments according to the present invention, hydrophobic modifier can be at least one following:
CF3(CF2)n-CH2CH2SiCl3、
Wherein, RfFor fluorine-containing carbochain, x is the integer of 3-15, and R is alkyl, and n is the integer of 3-15,For alkyl.
Thus, it is possible to the performance of composite material is further increased, Water-proof and oil-proof, better effect that is antifouling, reducing bacteria breed.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the additive amount of hydrophobic modifier is unrestricted, and as long as meeting requirement, this field
Technical staff can according to need flexible choice.In some embodiments of the invention, the additive amount of hydrophobic modifier is
0.1wt%-10wt%, for example, can for 0.5wt%, 1.0wt%, 2.0wt%, 3.0wt%, 4.0wt%, 5.0wt%,
6.0wt%, 7.0wt%, 8.0wt%, 9.0wt% etc..Thus, it is possible to be improved to greatest extent by suitable dosage compound
The hydrophobic performance of material, composite material surface will not generate condensation droplet, drying property, the effect for inhibiting bacterium or mould to breed
Fruit, pump suction effect etc. preferably, above-mentioned performance will not be caused bad because additive amount is very few, will not be excessive because of additive amount
And the above-mentioned performance or mechanical property of composite material being influenced, or cause the waste of material, economic benefit is also preferable.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the specific type of matrix plastic is unrestricted, and as long as meeting requirement, this field
Technical staff can according to need flexible choice.In some embodiments of the invention, matrix plastic can be polypropylene.By
This, can be further improved the performance of composite material.
According to an embodiment of the invention, in order to further increase the service performance of composite material, meet different use environments,
The demand of different user, the composite material for being used for dish-washing machine can further include at least one following: filler；Pigment；
Dispersing agent；Maleic anhydride inoculated polypropylene.Thus, it is possible to enhance the binding force between hydrophobic modifier and matrix plastic master batch,
The stability of the composite material is improved, so that its hydrophobic effect has long-term effect and weatherability, and it is compound to further improve this
The performance of material.Wherein, filler can be effectively improved the mechanical property of matrix, while can have suction-operated, can be effective
The peculiar smell in dish-washing machine is adsorbed, conducive to cleaning, the health for keeping dish-washing machine；The color of the adjustable composite material of pigment, makes it
It is more beautiful, meet requirement of the user to product appearance, improves user experience；Dispersing agent can make hydrophobic modifier, filler
Equal additives being dispersed in matrix plastic more evenly, further increases the performance of composite material；And maleic anhydride grafting poly- third
Alkene can introduce the functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl into composite material, change composite material surface polarity, so that water is meeting material
Surface has better wellability, can sprawl film forming, will not be condensed into droplet and influence the service performance of dish-washing machine.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the specific type of filler, pigment, dispersing agent is unrestricted, wanted as long as meeting use
It asks, those skilled in the art can according to need flexible choice.In some embodiments of the invention, filler may include talcum
At least one of powder, vermiculite and diatomite, the pigment can be the adding ingredient coloured according to product characteristic, have wide spectrum
Property, those skilled in the art can flexibly select according to actual needs, and the dispersing agent includes KH560, KH570, silane coupling agent,
At least one of titanate coupling agent etc..Thus, it is possible to further increase the performance of composite material.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the proportion of filler, pigment, dispersing agent, maleic anhydride inoculated polypropylene is unrestricted,
As long as meeting requirement, those skilled in the art can according to need flexible choice, for example, the additive amount of dispersing agent can be
0.5wt%-2wt%.Thus, it is possible to further increase the performance of material.
In another aspect of this invention, the present invention provides a kind of prepare to be described previously for the composite material of dish-washing machine
Method.According to an embodiment of the invention, referring to Fig. 2, method includes the following steps:
S100: hydrophobic modifier and matrix plastic master batch are mixed and is granulated, modified master batch is obtained.
According to an embodiment of the invention, by specific type, the proportion of hydrophobic modifier and matrix plastic master batch in the step
Can be consistent with the hydrophobic modifier and matrix plastic being described above, this is no longer going to repeat them.
According to an embodiment of the invention, hydrophobic modifier and matrix plastic master batch are mixed and are granulated specific in the step
Operating procedure and parameter are not particularly limited, and those skilled in the art can according to need flexible choice.Of the invention one
In a little embodiments, the hydrophobic modifier and described matrix plastic master batch are mixed under 180-230 degrees celsius；Wherein,
The additive amount of hydrophobic modifier can for 1wt%-35wt% (such as 2.5wt%, 5wt%, 8wt%, 10wt%, 15wt%,
20wt%, 25wt%, 30wt% etc.).Specifically, first hydrophobic modifier (can be moulded at 180-230 DEG C with matrix plastic with PP
For material) certain proportion batch mixer premix uniformly, then will the obtained base-material of premix in double screw extruder extruding pelletization.By
This, it is simple, convenient quick, be conducive to subsequent applications, the additive amount of above-mentioned mixing temperature and hydrophobic modifier is better than other
The additive amount of mixing temperature and hydrophobic modifier, obtained modified master batch performance is more preferably.
S200: by the modified master batch and described matrix plastic master batch mixes and injection molding, obtains the composite material.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the modified master batch and described matrix plastic master batch to be mixed to the tool of simultaneously injection molding
As long as body technology parameter can obtain the composite material.It in some embodiments of the invention, can be by modified master batch
It is uniform in batch mixer premix with matrix plastic master batch, then use mold injection molding appropriate.It is simple, convenient as a result,
Fast, be conducive to subsequent applications.
According to an embodiment of the invention, in order to further increase the performance of composite material, meeting different user referring to Fig. 3
A variety of demands, the step may be including by the modified master batch, described matrix plastic master batch and selected from filler, pigment,
The mixing of at least one of dispersing agent and maleic anhydride inoculated polypropylene and injection molding, obtain the composite material.It grasps as a result,
Make simple, convenient and efficient, is conducive to subsequent applications, and the combination between hydrophobic modifier and matrix plastic master batch can be enhanced
Power improves the stability of the composite material, so that its hydrophobic effect has long-term effect and weatherability, and it is multiple to further improve this
The performance of condensation material.
According to an embodiment of the invention, by the modified master batch, described matrix plastic master batch and selected from filler, pigment, point
The mixing of at least one of powder and maleic anhydride inoculated polypropylene and the specific process parameter of injection molding, each component it is specific
Type, proportion it is unrestricted, as long as the composite material can be obtained, for example, can with previously described modified master batch,
Matrix plastic master batch, filler, pigment, dispersing agent are consistent with maleic anhydride inoculated polypropylene.It is simple, convenient quick as a result,
Be conducive to subsequent applications.
Some specific examples according to the present invention, can by the modified master being granulated, matrix plastic master batch and pigment,
After at least one of filler, dispersing agent and maleic anhydride inoculated polypropylene are blended uniformly according to the ratio being centainly formulated, in phase
Answer dish-washing machine part mould injection molding, wherein the additive amount of modified master can be for 0.2wt%-20.5wt% (such as
0.5wt%, 1wt%, 2.5wt%, 5wt%, 8wt%, 10wt%, 15wt%, 20wt% etc.).In some implementations of the invention
In example, the additive amount of fluorine additive modification masterbatch (the modified matrix plastic master batch of such as fluorocarbons or fluorosilicone compound) be can be
The additive amount of 5wt%-20wt%, silicon additive modified master batch (the matrix plastic master batch of such as organosilicon or inorganic Si modification) can be
0.5wt%-5wt%.It is simple, convenient as a result, technical maturity, it is easy to accomplish large-scale production, and the composite material obtained
With ideal waterproof performance, suspension water droplet will not be condensed.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the concrete mode of this method injection molding modification is not particularly limited, used as long as meeting
It is required that those skilled in the art can according to need flexible choice.In some embodiments of the invention, can by silicone oil,
Silicone, SOLID ORGANIC silicon, liquid silicone modified matrix plastic matrix can also use the alkoxide of silicon, aluminium, titanium and zirconium, in colloidal sol-
Nano-meter SiO_2 is generated in gel process2, add silicate series inorganic filler, the Nano-meter SiO_2 of hydridization2The direct physics of mode it is total
It is mixed, it can also first prepare Si modification matrix plastic masterbatch by extruding pelletization again with coupling agent treatment silicon additive.Silicon is former as a result,
Son can be on the surface for being exposed to moulding, one layer of good stabilized zone of " Si-O-Si " key of formation, the low-surface-energy of organosilicon,
So that the composite material has good hydrophobic waterproof.
In other embodiments of the invention, can also mainly it be utilized by fluorine additive modification matrix plastic masterbatch
C-F chain link is short, and the low-surface-energy of carbon fluorine object improves PP frosting anti-pollution hydrophobic effect, enables surface to reach hydrophobic and dredges
Oil, surface stain resistance increases, so that water droplet is not easy to be sticked to frosting, or is sticked to the dust on surface and is easy to flow down
It goes, the water droplet that will not generate condensation is suspended on above plastic part.
In an additional aspect of the present invention, the present invention provides a kind of dish-washing machines.According to an embodiment of the invention, this washes the dishes
At least part of machine is formed by the composite material for being described previously for dish-washing machine.Inventors have found that of the invention washes
Bowl machine has all feature and advantage for the composite material for being described previously for dish-washing machine, no longer excessively repeats herein.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the shape of the dish-washing machine, construction, manufacturing process are not particularly limited, as long as meeting
Requirement, those skilled in the art can according to need flexible choice.And it is it will be understood by those skilled in the art that of the invention
The dish-washing machine has the structure of conventional dishwashers, such as may include shell, power supply, operation panel, motor, drainpipe, heating
Device, knife and fork basket, gushing arm and strainer etc., no longer excessively repeat herein.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the dish-washing machine is not limited especially using the specific component that above-mentioned composite material is formed
System, as long as the component that can be formed by plastics.In some embodiments of the invention, knife and fork basket, the gushing arm of the dish-washing machine
It at least one of strainer is formed by the composite material for being described previously for dish-washing machine.Water droplet will not adhere to as a result,
In gushing arm, the surface of knife and fork basket and strainer reduces the health hazard that dish-washing machine breeds bacterium, so that water pump extracts ponding and more holds
Easily, the energy consumption of water pump can significantly reduce.
According to an embodiment of the invention, knife and fork basket, the shape of gushing arm and strainer, construction, manufacturing process are not particularly limited,
As long as meeting requirement, those skilled in the art can according to need flexible choice.
The embodiment of the present invention is described below in detail.
Embodiment 1
It is formulated according to shown in the following table 1, prepares composite material, specific preparation process is as follows:
1) first hydrophobic modifier is premixed in batch mixer uniformly, by the base-material of premix double at 180-230 DEG C with PP plastics
Screw extruder extruding pelletization, obtains modified master batch；
2) by the modified master batch being granulated and pigment, filler, dispersing agent, maleic anhydride inoculated polypropylene etc. are according to centainly matching
After the ratio of side is blended uniformly, in corresponding spraying arm of dish washer mold injection molding, composite material is obtained.
Table 1: the formula (parts by weight) of composite material
Wherein, sample 1-6 dispersing agent uses KH560, and sample 7-12 dispersing agent uses titanate coupling agent, and additive amount is
0.5wt%-2wt%, hydrophobic modifier uses organosilicon or inorganic silicon in Si modification master batch, additive amount 0.5wt%-5wt%,
Specially sample 1-6 uses silicone, and sample 7-12 uses siloxanes, and hydrophobic modifier is carbonized using fluorine in fluorine additive modification master batch
Object and fluorosilicone compound are closed, additive amount 5wt%-20wt%, specially sample 1-3 are usedSample
Product 4-6 uses CF3(CF2)n-CH2CH2SiCl3, sample 7-9 useSample 10-12 is used
Contact angle test is carried out to the above-mentioned composite material prepared, hydrophobic angle is between 105-108 °.
In the description of this specification, reference term " one embodiment ", " some embodiments ", " example ", " specifically show
The description of example " or " some examples " etc. means specific features, structure, material or spy described in conjunction with this embodiment or example
Point is included at least one embodiment or example of the invention.In the present specification, schematic expression of the above terms are not
It must be directed to identical embodiment or example.Moreover, particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described can be in office
It can be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiment or examples.In addition, without conflicting with each other, the skill of this field
Art personnel can tie the feature of different embodiments or examples described in this specification and different embodiments or examples
It closes and combines.
Although the embodiments of the present invention has been shown and described above, it is to be understood that above-described embodiment is example
Property, it is not considered as limiting the invention, those skilled in the art within the scope of the invention can be to above-mentioned
Embodiment is changed, modifies, replacement and variant.
Claims (11)
1. a kind of composite material for dish-washing machine characterized by comprising
Hydrophobic modifier；With
Matrix plastic.
2. composite material according to claim 1, which is characterized in that further comprise at least one following:
Filler；
Pigment；
Dispersing agent；
Maleic anhydride inoculated polypropylene.
3. composite material according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the hydrophobic modifier include organosilicon, inorganic silicon,
At least one of fluorocarbons and fluorosilicone compound,
Described matrix plastics include polypropylene.
4. composite material according to claim 3, which is characterized in that the hydrophobic modifier includes at least one following:
Wherein, RfFor fluorine-containing carbochain, x is the integer of 3-15, and R is alkyl, and n is the integer of 3-15,For alkyl.
5. composite material according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the gross mass based on the composite material, it is described to dredge
The additive amount of water modifying agent is 0.1wt%-10wt%.
6. composite material according to claim 2, which is characterized in that the filler includes talcum powder, vermiculite and diatomite
At least one of,
The dispersing agent includes KH560, KH570, silane coupling agent, at least one of titanate coupling agent etc..
7. a kind of method for preparing composite material of any of claims 1-6 characterized by comprising
Hydrophobic modifier and matrix plastic master batch are mixed and be granulated, modified master batch is obtained；
By the modified master batch and described matrix plastic master batch mixes and injection molding, obtains the composite material.
8. the method according to the description of claim 7 is characterized in that including:
The hydrophobic modifier and described matrix plastic master batch are mixed and be granulated, the modified master batch is obtained；
By the modified master batch, described matrix plastic master batch and it is selected from filler, pigment, dispersing agent and maleic anhydride inoculated polypropylene
At least one of mixing and injection molding, obtain the composite material.
9. method according to claim 7 or 8, which is characterized in that hydrophobic change under 180-230 degrees celsius by described
Property agent and described matrix plastic master batch mixing.
10. a kind of dish-washing machine, which is characterized in that at least part of the dish-washing machine is by any one of claim 1-6 institute
What the composite material stated was formed.
11. dish-washing machine according to claim 10, which is characterized in that in the knife and fork basket of the dish-washing machine, gushing arm and strainer
At least one of be to be formed by composite material of any of claims 1-6.
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