CN109197720B - Crayfish breeding method - Google Patents
Crayfish breeding method Download PDFInfo
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- CN109197720B CN109197720B CN201811397841.5A CN201811397841A CN109197720B CN 109197720 B CN109197720 B CN 109197720B CN 201811397841 A CN201811397841 A CN 201811397841A CN 109197720 B CN109197720 B CN 109197720B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/50—Culture of aquatic animals of shellfish
- A01K61/59—Culture of aquatic animals of shellfish of crustaceans, e.g. lobsters or shrimps
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
- A01K61/13—Prevention or treatment of fish diseases
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K63/00—Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquaria; Terraria
- A01K63/04—Arrangements for treating water specially adapted to receptacles for live fish
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/14—Pretreatment of feeding-stuffs with enzymes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/189—Enzymes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
Abstract
The invention provides a crayfish breeding method, which belongs to the field of aquaculture and comprises the steps of pretreatment of a breeding pond, water algae culture, seedling throwing and management, feed throwing and water body purification, wherein a purifying agent for water body purification comprises an EM biological agent and a composite flocculant, the composite flocculant takes beta-cyclodextrin as a matrix, and a polymer is formed by esterification and crosslinking reaction of the beta-cyclodextrin and a crosslinking agent through catalysis, and the crosslinking agent comprises citric acid, hydroxybenzoic acid and 2-hydroxypropionic acid. The crayfish breeding method provided by the invention has the advantages that the breeding ecological environment is good, the breeding cost is low, the water quality is good, the survival rate of the crayfish is high, and the yield is high; the feed used in the method has excellent edibility and palatability, and high preparation yield and product purity; the composite flocculant has large specific surface area, high cavity structure capacity and adsorption capacity, low expansion coefficient, wide water adaptation range, excellent water purifying effect, improved culture environment, high survival rate and raised culture economic benefit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of aquaculture, and particularly relates to a crayfish culture method.
Background
Crayfish, the academic name procambarus clarkii, belongs to the phylum Arthropoda, Crustacea, and procambarus. The shrimp meat is delicious in meat taste and rich in nutrition, is deeply loved by people, and is a main variety for increasing and breeding shrimps at present. Crayfish belongs to foreign species, is native to the southern United states and the northern part of Mexico, is introduced to Nanjing of China from Japan in the 30 th century of the 20 th century,
later, natural propagation and artificial breeding gradually expand to all over the country, and main production areas are regions in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river such as Hubei, Jiangsu and Anhui. Crayfish now becomes a species of natural water in China, and in some areas, dominant species are formed. The crayfish has wide adaptability and wide suitable growth temperature, and can grow and develop normally at the water temperature of 10-30 ℃. Can resist high temperature and cold, can resist high temperature of more than 40 ℃, and can live through winter at the temperature of below-14 ℃. The crayfish grows rapidly, and under the condition of proper temperature and sufficient bait supply, sexual maturity can be achieved through cultivation for more than 2 months, and the crayfish reaches the specification of commercial shrimps, the growth of general male shrimps is faster than that of female shrimps, and the specification of the commercial shrimps is larger than that of the female shrimps. Like many crustaceans, the growth of crayfish is accompanied by molting, and during molting, concealed matter is generally found, such as in the water grass bush or under the leaves of plants, the maximum weight increase after molting can reach 95%, sexual maturity can be achieved after 11 molting, and sexually mature individuals can continue to molt and grow.
In recent years, the crayfish breeding development in China is rapid, and a crayfish economic heat is raised under the drive of export market and domestic consumption. According to statistics, in 2007-2016, the breeding yield of the crayfishes in the country is increased from 26.55 ten thousand tons to 85.23 ten thousand tons, and the growth rate is 221%. The culture area of the crayfishes in 2016 is more than 900 ten thousand mu,
the output value reaches 564.10 million yuan, and China becomes the world's largest crayfish producing country. The market demand is increased sharply, the natural resources of the crayfish are reduced sharply, the price is increased gradually, the market presents the situation that the crayfish is short of supply and demand, the phenomenon of culture with wind is frequent, farmers only need to promote investment according to enthusiasm but lack culture technology and experience, the risk prediction existing in the production process is insufficient, the produced crayfish is small in size and poor in color, diseases are easily infected in the growth process, the yield of the crayfish cannot be effectively improved, and meanwhile, the economic benefit obtained by the farmers is reduced. As the crayfish becomes an important aquatic product economic breeding animal in China, the breeding technology and the breeding mode of the crayfish are improved, and the development of the crayfish breeding industry is deeply influenced.
The crayfish has strong adaptability to the environment, so the crayfish can be cultured in rice fields, ponds, reservoirs and lakes, and can also be mixed with other fishes and crabs. The rice field culture and the pond culture are the main crayfish culture modes in China at present. As the crayfish has strong tolerance to the polluted environment, most farmers do not pay attention to the crayfish breeding environment in order to save the breeding cost. The situation that the water body in China is polluted by heavy metals is severe, the heavy metals zinc, lead, cadmium and mercury in the bottom sediment of part of the water body exceed the standard by more than 150 times, the crayfish has strong enrichment capacity on the heavy metals, so that the cultured crayfish contains a large amount of bacteria, parasites, antibiotics, hormones and heavy metals in vivo and does not accord with healthy edible standards, the meat quality and the taste of the crayfish are greatly influenced, if the environment of the water body for crayfish culture is strictly controlled, on one hand, the cost is high, on the other hand, the growth cycle of the crayfish can be prolonged, the death rate is improved, and the meat quality accumulation of the crayfish is slow.
In the aspect of freshwater lobster breeding, crayfish fries, feed feeding, shelling management and water quality regulation are required, real-time monitoring is achieved, timely catching is achieved, forbidden medicines and input products are strictly controlled, pollution-free aquatic products are bred, and economic benefits of the lobsters are maximized. Therefore, the invention provides a crayfish breeding method capable of effectively solving the problems, which is a problem to be solved urgently at present.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a crayfish breeding method with benign ecological environment, low breeding cost, good water purification performance, high survival rate and yield.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for realizing the purpose is as follows:
a crayfish breeding method comprises the steps of pretreatment of a breeding pond, culture of algae, seedling throwing and management, feed throwing and water body purification, wherein a purifying agent for water body purification comprises an EM biological agent and a composite flocculant; the composite flocculant is a polymer formed by taking beta-cyclodextrin as a matrix and carrying out esterification and crosslinking reaction with a crosslinking agent under catalysis; the cross-linking agent comprises citric acid, hydroxybenzoic acid and 2-hydroxypropionic acid. The water purifying agent added into the culture pond mainly comprises EM biological bacteria and a composite flocculant, and the EM biological bacteria and the composite flocculant play a synergistic effect, so that toxic and harmful substances in the water can be effectively removed, the culture ecological environment is improved, the immune function of the crayfish is enhanced, the morbidity and the mortality of the crayfish are reduced, and the culture yield of the crayfish is further improved.
Preferably, the composite flocculant is prepared by the following steps: uniformly mixing beta-cyclodextrin and an anhydrous cross-linking agent in a weight ratio of 1.5-2.5: 1, adding 0.5-0.8 part by weight of monopotassium phosphate and 35-45 parts by weight of deionized water, ultrasonically mixing for 5-10 min, reacting for 2-3 h under a drying condition at 125-145 ℃, cooling, washing for 2-3 times with deionized water, and drying at 30-45 ℃ to obtain the beta-cyclodextrin cross-linking agent. Beta-cyclodextrin, as a macrocyclic host compound, with a hydrophobic internal cavity and a large number of modifiable hydroxyl groups, is widely used in the field of pollutant adsorption. However, the monomer beta-cyclodextrin has high water solubility, and cannot realize pollutant removal and adsorbent separation. Therefore, the beta-cyclodextrin monomer is crosslinked into a polymer with a net structure by using the crosslinking agent, so that the water solubility of the beta-cyclodextrin is reduced and the adsorption performance is improved.
Further preferably, the weight ratio of the hydroxybenzoic acid to the 2-hydroxypropionic acid in the crosslinking agent is 0.08 to 0.23 wt% and 0.11 to 0.17 wt%, respectively. Under catalysis and high temperature environment, the cross-linking esterification reaction is carried out between hydroxyl and carboxyl in the cross-linking agent, and the hydroxyl on the carboxyl and cyclodextrin, and a chain product formed in the cross-linking agent is cross-linked with the cyclodextrin to form a latticed polymer, so that the stability is excellent, the hollow cavity structure capacity of the polymer is increased, the specific surface area is larger, the types of surface functional groups are increased, the adsorption capacity of the polymer to pollutants is improved, and the expansion coefficient of the polymer is also reduced.
Preferably, the water body purification step is as follows: the purifying agent is added every 10 to 15 days, and the dosage is 20 to 25g/m2Wherein the weight ratio of the EM biological agent to the composite flocculant is 3-4: 1.
Preferably, the pretreatment steps of the culture pond are as follows: selecting a common soil pond or a paddy field, wherein the height of a pond ridge is 1-1.5 m, the width of the bottom of the pond ridge is 1.5-2 m, the width of the pond ridge is 0.8-1 m, water drainage is designed according to the principle of up-down and down-down, and escape-preventing nets and oxygen increasing devices are arranged at the position of the water drainage port and around the culture pond.
Preferably, the steps of cultivating the water algae are as follows: after the culture pond is subjected to dredging, insolation and disinfection treatment, water is fed, a compound fertilizer is applied to a water body for water culture, aquatic weeds are planted in the culture pond, and the area covered by the aquatic weeds is 40-65% of the area of the culture pond. The freshwater crayfish belongs to crustaceans, the growth process of the freshwater crayfish is completed by multiple molting, and the crayfish which just molt is very fragile and extremely easy to attack and die. Therefore, a safe and hidden place must be selected at first during molting, and the aquatic weeds are the best choice.
More preferably, the aquatic plants form an upper, middle and lower stereo mode, wherein the submerged plants are selected from the group consisting of waterweed, hydrilla verticillata, eel grass, mullein, and hornworts, the submerged plants are selected from the group consisting of peanut, water hyacinth, and duckweed, and the emergent plants are selected from the group consisting of reed, cane shoot, arrowhead, and cattail. The aquatic weeds provide the crayfish with the feed, and meanwhile, the feed can be provided for the crayfish, so that the crayfish can be promoted to grow quickly, the aquaculture water can be purified, and the dissolved oxygen in the water can be increased.
Preferably, the seedling throwing is carried out according to the ratio of 150-180 tails/m2Putting the shrimp larvae at the density; the management comprises that the water temperature is 15-30 ℃, the dissolved oxygen is 2.5-8 mg/L, the water is changed every 7 days, and the water change amount is 20-40%.
Preferably, the feed is fed three times a day, wherein the feed comprises live feed accounting for 7-14% of the weight of the crayfish and compound feed accounting for 5-8% of the weight of the crayfish; the compound feed comprises an enzyme preparation extracted based on a fungus bran fermentation product. The crayfish belongs to omnivorous animals, animal and plant foods eat the crayfish, the crayfish is greedy in sex and large in food consumption, the crayfish easily kills by self when the bait is insufficient, the crayfish is prevented from fighting internally by feeding the feed, the feeding demand of the crayfish is fully met, the yield is increased, the breeding period is shortened, and the income is increased.
More preferably, the live feed includes animal feed such as insects, earthworms, snails, clams, and animal viscera.
Further preferably, the fungus bran fermentation is implemented by smashing edible fungus bran, removing macroscopic impurities, transferring to an oven, drying at 50-60 ℃ until the water content is lower than 5%, then crushing and sieving with a 40-60 mesh sieve, then adding bran, urea and water, mixing, performing high-temperature sterilization for 5-10 min to prepare a solid fermentation culture medium, then inoculating the activated and seed-cultured fungus culture solution with an inoculation amount of 5-8% by volume, and culturing at 25-35 ℃ for 4-7 d to obtain a fermentation product, wherein the fungus bran solid fermentation culture medium comprises the following components in g/Kg: 800-850 parts of mushroom bran, 100-120 parts of bran and 30-50 parts of urea, wherein the weight ratio of materials to water is 1: 2-2.5, and the pH is natural. The production of the feed enzyme preparation mainly adopts microbial fermentation, wherein the production of phytase, amylase, acid protease and beta-glucanase which mainly adopts mould as a production bacterium adopts solid fermentation, the sources of fungus chaff used as a solid fermentation culture medium are wide, the enzyme production performance of strains is stable, the enzyme production amount is high, and the product can be fully adapted to feed processing and the environment in the stomach of animals.
Still more preferably, the mushroom bran comprises solid waste left after picking up the fruiting bodies of shiitake mushroom, agrocybe cylindracea, pleurotus eryngii, hericium erinaceus, coprinus comatus, agaric, ganoderma lucidum and/or medicinal mushrooms. The mushroom bran contains rich nutrient components including crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and trace elements such as calcium, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, zinc, and copper. The carbon-nitrogen ratio is properly adjusted, the mushroom bran can become an excellent culture medium, the microbial fermentation effect is performed, the content of crude protein and crude fat can be improved, the content of crude fiber and lignin is reduced, lactic acid and beneficial bacteria are generated by fermentation, the propagation of harmful pathogenic bacteria in the crayfish body can be inhibited, and the immunity and disease resistance of the crayfish are improved. Therefore, the enzyme preparation prepared by the solid fermentation of the fungus chaff not only improves the nutrient composition in the fungus chaff and increases the effective utilization rate, but also solves the problem of removing a large amount of fungus chaff, and realizes the purposes of changing waste into valuables, improving the additional value and increasing the economic benefit.
Further preferably, the enzyme preparation extraction step is as follows: adding water to a mushroom bran fermentation product, placing the mushroom bran fermentation product in a homogenizer for full crushing, leaching for 2-4 h in a constant-temperature water bath at 20-30 ℃, filtering, centrifuging a filtrate for 5-10 min at 4000-5000 r/min to obtain a supernatant, adding solid ammonium sulfate into the supernatant to reach 70-80% of saturation concentration, placing the supernatant at 0-4 ℃ for 10-12 h, then centrifuging for 10-20 min at 6000-8000 r/min, collecting precipitates, dissolving the precipitates with distilled water, fully dialyzing for 8-10 h with a citric acid buffer solution with pH of 4-5 and concentration of 0.05-0.1 mol/L to obtain an enzyme solution with desalted enzyme solution, and drying at constant temperature of 30-40 ℃ to obtain the mushroom bran fermentation product. The fermented product of the mushroom bran contains a plurality of enzymes, but the high temperature operation is carried out in the feed preparation, the molecular heat energy of the protein structure of the enzymes can be increased due to the high temperature, the possibility of the breakage of multiple weak non-covalent bond interaction is increased, the denaturation of the enzymes is caused, and the enzyme activity is reduced, so the enzymes are taken out under the condition of high temperature operation. The enzyme preparation mainly comprises protease, amylase and beta-glucanase, can fully degrade starch, maltodextrin, protein, polysaccharide and the like in the feed, and greatly improves the digestion capability of the crayfish.
Preferably, besides crayfish, other organisms such as silver carp and bighead carp can be cultivated in the cultivation pond, so that plankton can be ingested in the cultivation pond and growth of plankton can be regulated. In addition, the culture of bighead carps and silver carps is increased, and the culture income can be improved.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1) according to the invention, the feed containing the complex enzyme preparation is put in the crayfish breeding process, so that the utilization rate of nutrient elements in the feed is improved, the growth of crayfish is promoted, the water purifying agent is added into the breeding pond regularly, the breeding ecological environment is improved, the immune function of crayfish is enhanced, the morbidity and mortality of crayfish are reduced, and the breeding yield of crayfish is effectively improved;
2) the enzyme preparation in the compound feed is an enzyme system which is mainly prepared from protease, amylase and beta-glucanase through deep processing after biological fermentation, has high fermentation yield and product purity, higher enzyme activity and stability, excellent edibility and palatability, can effectively carry out enzymolysis on nutrient elements in the feed, and improves the effective utilization rate of the nutrient elements in the feed;
3) the composite flocculant used in the invention has a hydrophobic cavity and a carboxyl group, the carboxyl functional group can provide a metal ion adsorption site, the cyclodextrin cavity can be used for coating nonpolar organic pollutants, the polymer has excellent stability, large specific surface area, high cavity structure capacity and adsorption capacity, low expansion coefficient, obvious water purification effect, wide water-adapting range and good decoloration and deodorization effects, improves the culture environment of aquatic organisms and is beneficial to improving the survival rate of the aquatic organisms;
4) the crayfish breeding method provided by the invention provides a benign ecological environment, has sufficient food and low breeding cost, adopts natural bait and compound feed for feeding, improves the nutrient content of crayfish, purifies the breeding water body, reduces the probability of crayfish infection diseases, is beneficial to improving the survival rate and the yield of crayfish, and further improves the economic benefit of breeding.
The crayfish breeding method provided by the invention overcomes the defects of the prior art, and is reasonable in design and convenient to operate.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments:
example 1:
a crayfish breeding method comprises the steps of pretreatment of a breeding pond, culture of algae, seedling throwing and management, feed throwing and water body purification, wherein a purifying agent for water body purification comprises an EM biological agent and a composite flocculant; the composite flocculant is a polymer formed by taking beta-cyclodextrin as a matrix and carrying out esterification and crosslinking reaction with a crosslinking agent under catalysis; the cross-linking agent comprises citric acid, hydroxybenzoic acid and 2-hydroxypropionic acid. The water purifying agent added into the culture pond mainly comprises EM biological bacteria and a composite flocculant, and the EM biological bacteria and the composite flocculant play a synergistic effect, so that toxic and harmful substances in the water can be effectively removed, the culture ecological environment is improved, the immune function of the crayfish is enhanced, the morbidity and the mortality of the crayfish are reduced, and the culture yield of the crayfish is further improved.
The composite flocculant is prepared by the following steps: uniformly mixing beta-cyclodextrin and an anhydrous cross-linking agent in a weight ratio of 1.5:1, adding 0.5 part by weight of monopotassium phosphate and 35 parts by weight of deionized water, ultrasonically mixing for 5min, reacting for 3h under a drying condition of 130 ℃, cooling, washing for 2 times by using the deionized water, and drying at 30 ℃ to obtain the beta-cyclodextrin cross-linking agent. Beta-cyclodextrin, as a macrocyclic host compound, with a hydrophobic internal cavity and a large number of modifiable hydroxyl groups, is widely used in the field of pollutant adsorption. However, the monomer beta-cyclodextrin has high water solubility, and cannot realize pollutant removal and adsorbent separation. Therefore, the beta-cyclodextrin monomer is crosslinked into a polymer with a net structure by using the crosslinking agent, so that the water solubility of the beta-cyclodextrin is reduced and the adsorption performance is improved.
The weight ratio of hydroxybenzoic acid and 2-hydroxypropionic acid in the crosslinking agent was 0.1 wt% and 0.11 wt%, respectively. Under catalysis and high temperature environment, the cross-linking esterification reaction is carried out between hydroxyl and carboxyl in the cross-linking agent, and the hydroxyl on the carboxyl and cyclodextrin, and a chain product formed in the cross-linking agent is cross-linked with the cyclodextrin to form a latticed polymer, so that the stability is excellent, the hollow cavity structure capacity of the polymer is increased, the specific surface area is larger, the types of surface functional groups are increased, the adsorption capacity of the polymer to pollutants is improved, and the expansion coefficient of the polymer is also reduced.
The water body purification steps are as follows: the purifying agent is added every 10 days, and the dosage is 20g/m2Wherein the weight ratio of the EM biological agent to the composite flocculant is 3: 1.
The pretreatment steps of the culture pond are as follows: selecting a common soil pond or a paddy field, wherein the height of a pond ridge is 1m, the width of the bottom of the pond ridge is 1.5m, the width of the pond ridge is 0.8m, water is drained according to the principle of up-down and down-down drainage, and escape-preventing nets are arranged at the position of the drainage port and around the culture pond and are provided with oxygen increasing devices.
The steps for culturing the water algae are as follows: after the culture pond is subjected to dredging, insolation and disinfection treatment, water is fed, compound fertilizer is applied to a water body for water culture, and aquatic weeds are planted in the culture pond, wherein the coverage area of the aquatic weeds is 40% of the area of the culture pond. The freshwater crayfish belongs to crustaceans, the growth process of the freshwater crayfish is completed by multiple molting, and the crayfish which just molt is very fragile and extremely easy to attack and die. Therefore, a safe and hidden place must be selected at first during molting, and the aquatic weeds are the best choice.
The aquatic plants form an upper, middle and lower three-dimensional mode, wherein the submerged plants are selected from the group consisting of waterweed, hydrilla verticillata, tape grass, watercress and hornworts, the submerged plants are selected from the group consisting of water peanuts, water hyacinth and duckweed, and the emergent plants are selected from the group consisting of reed, water bamboo, arrowhead and cattail. The aquatic weeds provide the crayfish with the feed, and meanwhile, the feed can be provided for the crayfish, so that the crayfish can be promoted to grow quickly, the aquaculture water can be purified, and the dissolved oxygen in the water can be increased.
The seedling throwing is carried out according to 150 tails/m2Putting the shrimp larvae at the density; the management comprises that the water temperature is 18 ℃, the dissolved oxygen is 4mg/L, the water is changed once every 7 days, and the water change amount is 20 percent.
Feeding the feed three times a day, wherein the feed comprises live feed accounting for 8% of the weight of the crayfish and compound feed accounting for 5% of the weight of the crayfish; the compound feed comprises an enzyme preparation extracted based on a fungus bran fermentation product. The crayfish belongs to omnivorous animals, animal and plant foods eat the crayfish, the crayfish is greedy in sex and large in food consumption, the crayfish easily kills by self when the bait is insufficient, the crayfish is prevented from fighting internally by feeding the feed, the feeding demand of the crayfish is fully met, the yield is increased, the breeding period is shortened, and the income is increased.
The live feed includes animal feed such as insect, earthworm, snail, clam, animal viscera, etc.
The fungus chaff fermentation is that edible fungus chaff is smashed, macroscopic impurities are removed, the fungus chaff is transferred to an oven, the edible fungus chaff is dried at 50 ℃ until the water content is lower than 5%, then the edible fungus chaff is smashed and sieved by a 40-mesh sieve, bran, urea and water are added and mixed, high-temperature sterilization is carried out for 5min, a solid fermentation culture medium is prepared, then activated and seed-cultured fungus culture solution is inoculated according to the inoculation quantity of 5% of volume ratio, and the fungus chaff solid fermentation culture medium is cultured for 7 days at 25 ℃ to obtain a fermentation product, wherein the composition of the fungus chaff solid fermentation culture medium is as follows in g/Kg: 830 percent of mushroom bran, 120 percent of bran and 50 percent of urea by weight of feed water
1:2, pH is natural. The production of the feed enzyme preparation mainly adopts microbial fermentation, wherein the production of phytase, amylase, acid protease and beta-glucanase which mainly adopts mould as a production bacterium adopts solid fermentation, the sources of fungus chaff used as a solid fermentation culture medium are wide, the enzyme production performance of strains is stable, the enzyme production amount is high, and the product can be fully adapted to feed processing and the environment in the stomach of animals.
The fungus chaff comprises solid waste left after picking fruiting bodies of shiitake mushrooms, agrocybe cylindracea, pleurotus eryngii, hericium erinaceus, coprinus comatus, agaric, lucid ganoderma and/or medicinal fungi. The mushroom bran contains rich nutrient components including crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and trace elements such as calcium, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, zinc, and copper. The carbon-nitrogen ratio is properly adjusted, the mushroom bran can become an excellent culture medium, the microbial fermentation effect is performed, the content of crude protein and crude fat can be improved, the content of crude fiber and lignin is reduced, lactic acid and beneficial bacteria are generated by fermentation, the propagation of harmful pathogenic bacteria in the crayfish body can be inhibited, and the immunity and disease resistance of the crayfish are improved. Therefore, the enzyme preparation prepared by the solid fermentation of the fungus chaff not only improves the nutrient composition in the fungus chaff and increases the effective utilization rate, but also solves the problem of removing a large amount of fungus chaff, and realizes the purposes of changing waste into valuables, improving the additional value and increasing the economic benefit.
The enzyme preparation extraction steps are as follows: adding water to the fermented product of the mushroom bran, placing the mixture in a homogenizer for full crushing, leaching in a constant-temperature water bath at 20 ℃ for 4h, filtering, centrifuging the filtrate for 5min at 4000r/min to obtain a supernatant, adding solid ammonium sulfate into the supernatant to reach 70% of saturated concentration, placing the supernatant at 0 ℃ for 12h, centrifuging the supernatant at 6000r/min for 20min, collecting the precipitate, dissolving the precipitate with distilled water, fully dialyzing the precipitate with a citric acid buffer solution with pH of 4 and concentration of 0.05mol/L for 10h to obtain desalted enzyme solution, and drying the desalted enzyme solution at the constant temperature of 30 ℃ to obtain the desalted enzyme solution. The fermented product of the mushroom bran contains a plurality of enzymes, but the high temperature operation is carried out in the feed preparation, the molecular heat energy of the protein structure of the enzymes can be increased due to the high temperature, the possibility of the breakage of multiple weak non-covalent bond interaction is increased, the denaturation of the enzymes is caused, and the enzyme activity is reduced, so the enzymes are taken out under the condition of high temperature operation. The enzyme preparation mainly comprises protease, amylase and beta-glucanase, can fully degrade starch, maltodextrin, protein, polysaccharide and the like in the feed, and greatly improves the digestion capability of the crayfish.
Besides crayfish, other organisms such as silver carp and bighead carp can be cultured in the culture pond, and plankton can be ingested and regulated. In addition, the culture of bighead carps and silver carps is increased, and the culture income can be improved.
Example 2:
a crayfish breeding method specifically comprises the following steps:
1) selecting a common soil pond or a paddy field, wherein the height of a pond ridge is 1.5m, the width of the bottom of the pond ridge is 2m, the width of the pond ridge is 1m, water is drained according to the principle of up-down and down-down drainage, and anti-escape nets and an oxygen increasing device are arranged at the position of a drainage port and the periphery of the culture pond;
2) carrying out dredging, insolation and disinfection treatment on a culture pond, feeding water, applying a compound fertilizer to a water body for water culture, planting waterweeds in the culture pond, wherein the coverage area of the waterweeds is 65% of the area of the culture pond, and the waterweeds form an upper, middle and lower three-dimensional mode, wherein submerged plants are selected from waterweeds, hydrilla verticillata, sowthistle, watercress and hornworts, floating plants are selected from water peanuts, water hyacinth and duckweed, and emergent plants are selected from reed, water bamboo, arrowhead and cattail;
3) the seedling throwing is carried out according to the ratio of 180 tails/m2The shrimp larvae are put in the density, and the management comprises that the water temperature is 30, the dissolved oxygen at the temperature is 7mg/L, and the water is changed once every 7 days, wherein the water change amount is 40 percent;
4) feeding the feed three times a day, wherein the feed comprises live feed and compound feed, the live feed respectively accounts for 14% of the weight of the crayfish and 8%, and the live feed comprises animal baits such as insects, earthworms, snails, clams, animal viscera and the like;
5) the purifying agent is added every 15 days during the culture period, and the dosage is 25g/m2Wherein the weight ratio of the EM biological agent to the composite flocculant is 3: 1.
The compound feed in the step 4) comprises an enzyme preparation extracted based on a fungus chaff fermentation product, and the preparation method comprises the following specific steps:
A. crushing edible fungus chaff, removing macroscopic impurities, transferring to an oven, drying at 55 ℃ until the water content is lower than 5%, then crushing and sieving with a 50-mesh sieve, adding bran, urea and water, mixing, sterilizing at high temperature for 10min to prepare a solid fermentation culture medium, then inoculating an activated and seed-cultured fungus culture solution with an inoculation amount of 6.5% by volume, and culturing at 30 ℃ for 5d to obtain a fermentation product, wherein the composition of the fungus chaff solid fermentation culture medium is as follows in g/Kg: the mushroom bran 850, the bran 120 and the urea 30 are mixed according to the weight ratio of 1:2.5, and the pH is natural;
B. adding water to the fermented product of the mushroom bran, placing the mixture in a homogenizer for full crushing, leaching in a thermostatic water bath at 25 ℃ for 2.5h, filtering, centrifuging the filtrate for 10min at 5000r/min to obtain a supernatant, adding solid ammonium sulfate into the supernatant to reach 75% of saturated concentration, placing the supernatant at 2 ℃ for 10h, then centrifuging the supernatant at 7000r/min for 15min, collecting the precipitate, dissolving the precipitate with distilled water, fully dialyzing the precipitate for 8h with a citric acid buffer solution with pH of 4.5 and concentration of 0.1mol/L to obtain desalted enzyme solution, and drying the desalted enzyme solution at 30 ℃ to obtain the enzyme preparation.
The composite flocculant in the step 5) is prepared by the following steps: uniformly mixing beta-cyclodextrin and an anhydrous cross-linking agent in a weight ratio of 2.5:1, adding 0.8 part by weight of monopotassium phosphate and 45 parts by weight of deionized water, ultrasonically mixing for 10min, reacting for 2h under the drying condition of 145 ℃, cooling, cleaning, and drying at 45 ℃ to obtain the beta-cyclodextrin cross-linking agent, wherein the weight ratio of hydroxybenzoic acid to 2-hydroxypropionic acid in the anhydrous cross-linking agent is 0.22 wt% and 0.17 wt%, respectively.
Example 3:
a crayfish breeding method specifically comprises the following steps:
1) selecting a common soil pond or a paddy field, wherein the height of a pond ridge is 1.5m, the width of the bottom of the pond ridge is 1.8m, the width of the pond ridge is 0.8m, water is drained according to the principle of up-down and down-down drainage, and anti-escape nets and an oxygen increasing device are arranged at the position of the drainage port and the periphery of the culture pond;
2) carrying out dredging, insolation and disinfection treatment on a culture pond, feeding water, applying a compound fertilizer to a water body for water culture, planting waterweeds in the culture pond, wherein the coverage area of the waterweeds is 55% of the area of the culture pond, and the waterweeds form an upper, middle and lower three-dimensional mode, wherein submerged plants are selected from waterweeds, hydrilla verticillata, sowthistle, watercress and hornworts, floating plants are selected from water peanuts, water hyacinth and duckweed, and emergent plants are selected from reed, water bamboo, arrowhead and cattail;
3) the seedling is thrown according to 170 tails/m2Putting the shrimp larvae at the density; the management comprises that the water temperature is 25 ℃, the dissolved oxygen is 6.5mg/L, the water is changed once every 7 days, and the water change amount is 35 percent;
4) feeding the feed three times a day, wherein the feed comprises live feed accounting for 12% of the weight of the crayfish and compound feed accounting for 7%, and the live feed comprises animal baits such as insects, earthworms, snails, clams, animal viscera and the like;
5) the purifying agent is added every 15 days during the culture period, and the dosage is 23g/m2Wherein the weight ratio of the EM biological agent to the composite flocculant is 3.5: 1.
The compound feed in the step 4) comprises an enzyme preparation extracted based on a fungus chaff fermentation product, and the preparation method comprises the following specific steps:
A. crushing edible fungus chaff, removing macroscopic impurities, transferring to an oven, drying at 60 ℃ until the water content is lower than 5%, then crushing and sieving with a 60-mesh sieve, adding bran, urea and water, mixing, sterilizing at high temperature for 10min to prepare a solid fermentation culture medium, then inoculating 7% of inoculum size by volume into an activated and seed-cultured fungus culture solution, and culturing at 33 ℃ for 6d to obtain a fermentation product, wherein the composition of the fungus chaff solid fermentation culture medium is as follows in g/Kg: the mushroom bran 850, the bran 100 and the urea 50 are mixed according to a weight ratio of 1:2.5, and the pH is natural;
B. adding water to the fermented product of the mushroom bran, fully crushing the fermented product in a homogenizer, leaching in a constant-temperature water bath at 30 ℃ for 3h, filtering, centrifuging the filtrate for 5min at 5000r/min to obtain a supernatant, adding solid ammonium sulfate into the supernatant to reach 80% saturated concentration, standing at 4 ℃ for 11h, centrifuging at 8000r/min for 10min, collecting the precipitate, dissolving the precipitate with distilled water, fully dialyzing for 9.5h with a citric acid buffer solution with pH of 4.5 and concentration of 0.08mol/L to obtain desalted enzyme solution, and drying at the constant temperature of 40 ℃ to obtain the desalted enzyme solution.
The composite flocculant in the step 5) is prepared by the following steps: uniformly mixing beta-cyclodextrin and an anhydrous cross-linking agent in a weight ratio of 2:1, adding 0.65 weight part of monopotassium phosphate and 42 weight parts of deionized water, ultrasonically mixing for 10min, reacting for 2.5h under a drying condition at 140 ℃, cooling, cleaning, and drying at 40 ℃ to obtain the beta-cyclodextrin cross-linking agent, wherein the weight ratio of hydroxybenzoic acid to 2-hydroxypropionic acid in the anhydrous cross-linking agent is 0.18 wt% and 0.15 wt%, respectively.
Example 4:
a crayfish breeding method optimizes the preparation of an enzyme preparation extracted based on a mushroom bran fermentation product in a compound feed, and specifically comprises the following optimization measures: crushing edible fungus chaff, removing macroscopic impurities, transferring to an oven, drying at 60 ℃ until the water content is lower than 5%, then crushing and sieving by a 60-mesh sieve, adding bran, urea and water, mixing, sterilizing at high temperature for 10min to prepare a solid fermentation culture medium, then inoculating an activated and seed-cultured fungus culture solution according to the inoculation amount of 7% by volume, then adding acetochlor accounting for 0.055% of the weight of the fungus culture solution and levomenthol accounting for 0.11% of the weight of the fungus culture solution, and culturing at 33 ℃ for 6d to obtain a fermentation product, wherein the fungus chaff solid fermentation culture medium comprises the following components in g/Kg: the mushroom bran 850, the bran 100, the urea 50, the feed-water weight ratio of 1:2.5, and the pH is natural. In the process of adding acetochlor and levorotatory menthol into fermentation, acetochlor and levorotatory menthol are cooperated to play a gain role, on one hand, the acetochlor and the levorotatory menthol can quickly permeate into a culture solution to destroy an electric double layer structure formed on the surface of a strain, so that the viscosity of a fermentation solution is reduced, the contact between the strain and a solid culture medium is accelerated, the dispersion degree of the strain is improved, on the other hand, the strain stress can be stimulated, the growth period of the strain is prolonged, the fermentation yield and the product purity are improved, in addition, bad smell and taste generated by autolysis of waste bacteria can be eliminated, and the edibility and the palatability of a fermentation product are improved.
In the embodiment, optimization is performed on the basis of the embodiment 3, and other steps are consistent with the embodiment 3 to perform crayfish breeding.
Example 5:
the crayfish breeding method is characterized in that the compound flocculant is prepared by the following steps: uniformly mixing beta-cyclodextrin and anhydrous citric acid in a weight ratio of 2:1, adding 0.65 weight part of monopotassium phosphate and 42 weight parts of deionized water, ultrasonically mixing for 10min, reacting for 2.5h under the drying condition of 140 ℃, cooling, cleaning, and drying at 40 ℃ to obtain the water-free crosslinking agent, wherein hydroxybenzoic acid and 2-hydroxypropionic acid are not added in the water-free crosslinking agent.
In this example, a comparative experiment was conducted based on example 3, and crayfish breeding was conducted in the same manner as in example 3 except for the other steps.
Example 6:
crayfish breeding test
In a certain crayfish production farm, 10 culture ponds with the same size are randomly selected and divided into 5 groups, 2 groups are parallel in each group, the groups cultured by the culture methods of examples 3, 4 and 5 are experimental groups 1, 2 and 3, the group cultured by the culture method of example 3 without adding a composite flocculant is a comparative group 1, the group cultured by the culture method of example 3 without adding an enzyme preparation is a comparative group 2, and the feeding amount is uniform to be 170 tails/m2Under the same other conditions, the culture is carried out for 60 days, and the specific experimental results are shown in the following table 1.
TABLE 1 crayfish farming test results
| Delivery volume/end | Initial mean weight/mg | Weight average at end/mg | Weight gain% | Survival rate/% | |
| Test group 1 | 1700 | 56.8 | 675.4 | 1089.1 | 97.0 |
| Test ofGroup 2 | 1700 | 57.5 | 735.8 | 1179.6 | 96.6 |
| Test group 3 | 1700 | 59.4 | 681.4 | 1047.1 | 92.4 |
| Comparative group 1 | 1700 | 57.6 | 654.9 | 1037.0 | 89.5 |
| Comparative group 2 | 1700 | 58.8 | 603.1 | 925.7 | 90.7 |
As can be seen from the above table, the test group 2 with the highest weight gain rate is the test group 2, because the optimization is performed in the preparation of the feed, the performance of the feed is improved, so that the yield is increased, the weight gain rate difference between the test groups 1 and 3 and the comparison group 1 is not obvious, while the weight gain rate of the comparison group 2 is obviously lower than that of the other groups, because no enzyme preparation is added into the feed, the nutrition absorption capacity of the crayfish is not as good as that of the other groups; the highest survival rate is that the survival rate of the test groups 1 and 2 is higher than 95%, the survival rate of the test group 3 is poorer, the effect of the flocculant is slightly poorer because hydroxybenzoic acid and 2-hydracrylic acid are not added in a cross-linking agent used in the preparation process of the flocculant, the survival rate of the comparison groups 1 and 2 is lowest, the comparison group 1 is poorer in culture water environment because a composite flocculant is not used, the survival of crayfish is not facilitated, and the growth and disease resistance of crayfish are influenced because the digestion and absorption of the feed are poorer in the comparison group 2.
Conventional techniques in the above embodiments are known to those skilled in the art, and therefore, will not be described in detail herein.
The above embodiments are merely illustrative, and not restrictive, and those skilled in the art can make various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, all equivalent technical solutions also belong to the scope of the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention should be defined by the claims.
Claims (8)
1. A crayfish breeding method comprises the steps of pretreatment of a breeding pond, algae culture, seedling throwing and management, feed throwing and water body purification, and is characterized in that: the purifying agent for purifying the water body comprises EM biological agent and composite flocculant;
the composite flocculant is prepared by the following steps: uniformly mixing beta-cyclodextrin and an anhydrous cross-linking agent in a weight ratio of 1.5-2.5: 1, adding 0.5-0.8 part by weight of monopotassium phosphate and 35-45 parts by weight of deionized water, ultrasonically mixing for 5-10 min, reacting for 2-3 h under a drying condition at 125-145 ℃, cooling, cleaning, and drying at 30-45 ℃ to obtain the beta-cyclodextrin cross-linking agent;
the cross-linking agent comprises citric acid, hydroxybenzoic acid and 2-hydroxypropionic acid; the weight ratio of the hydroxybenzoic acid to the 2-hydroxypropionic acid in the cross-linking agent is 0.08-0.23 wt% and 0.11-0.17 wt% respectively;
in the step of feeding the feed, the feed is fed three times a day, wherein the feed comprises live feed accounting for 7-14% of the weight of the crayfish and compound feed accounting for 5-8% of the weight of the crayfish; the compound feed comprises an enzyme preparation extracted based on a fungus chaff fermentation product;
the fungus bran fermentation is characterized in that edible fungus bran is prepared into a solid fermentation culture medium, then an inoculation amount of 5-8% by volume is inoculated into an activated and seed-cultured fungus culture solution, and the fungus bran is cultured for 4-7 days at 25-35 ℃ to obtain a fermentation product;
the fungus bran fermentation is characterized in that edible fungus bran is prepared into a solid fermentation culture medium, then the solid fermentation culture medium is inoculated into a fungus culture solution subjected to activation and seed culture according to the inoculation amount of 5-8% of the volume ratio, acetochlor accounting for 0.055% of the weight of the fungus culture solution and levomenthol accounting for 0.11% of the weight of the fungus culture solution are added, and the fungus bran fermentation product is obtained by culturing for 4-7 days at the temperature of 25-35 ℃.
2. The crayfish farming method according to claim 1, wherein: the water body purification steps are as follows: the purifying agent is added every 10 to 15 days, and the dosage is 20 to 25g/m2Wherein the weight ratio of the EM biological agent to the composite flocculant is 3-4: 1.
3. The crayfish farming method according to claim 1, wherein: the weight ratio of the hydroxybenzoic acid to the 2-hydroxypropionic acid in the crosslinking agent is 0.18 wt% and 0.15 wt%, respectively.
4. The crayfish farming method according to claim 1, wherein: the pretreatment steps of the culture pond are as follows: selecting a common soil pond or a paddy field, wherein the height of a pond ridge is 1-1.5 m, the width of the bottom of the pond ridge is 1.5-2 m, the width of the pond ridge is 0.8-1 m, water drainage is designed according to the principle of up-down and down-down, and escape-preventing nets and oxygen increasing devices are arranged at the position of the water drainage port and around the culture pond.
5. The crayfish farming method according to claim 1, wherein: the steps of cultivating the water algae are as follows: after the culture pond is subjected to dredging, insolation and disinfection treatment, water is fed, a compound fertilizer is applied to a water body for water culture, aquatic weeds are planted in the culture pond, and the area covered by the aquatic weeds is 40-65% of the area of the culture pond.
6. The crayfish farming method according to claim 5, wherein: the aquatic plants form an upper, middle and lower three-dimensional mode, wherein the submerged plants are selected from at least one of waterweed, hydrilla verticillata, eel grass, watercress and hornworts, the floating plants are selected from at least one of water peanuts, water hyacinth and duckweed, and the emergent plants are selected from at least one of reed, wild rice stem, arrowhead and cattail.
7. The crayfish farming method according to claim 1, wherein: the seedling throwing is carried out according to the ratio of 150-180 tails/m2Putting the shrimp larvae at the density; the management comprises that the water temperature is 15-30 ℃, the dissolved oxygen is 2.5-8 mg/L, the water is changed every 7 days, and the water change amount is 20-40%.
8. The crayfish farming method according to claim 1, wherein: the enzyme preparation extraction steps are as follows: crushing and homogenizing a mushroom bran fermentation product, leaching for 2-4 hours in a constant-temperature water bath at 20-30 ℃, filtering, centrifuging filtrate to obtain supernatant, adding solid ammonium sulfate to reach 70-80% of saturation concentration, standing at 0-4 ℃ for 10-12 hours, centrifuging, collecting precipitate, dissolving the precipitate with distilled water, fully dialyzing with a citric acid buffer solution with pH of 4-5 and concentration of 0.05-0.1 mol/L for 8-10 hours to obtain desalted enzyme solution, and drying at constant temperature of 30-40 ℃ to obtain the desalted enzyme solution.
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