CN109169496A - 一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法 - Google Patents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法,涉及禽畜繁殖技术领域,其包括:(1)牛群结构调整,年末调整为基础母牛80%,后备母牛10%,育成母牛10%;(2)繁殖控制,包括(a)择选优质种牛、(b)母肉牛营养供给、(c)繁殖疾病控制、(d)发情鉴定和配种输精;(3)受配后保胎,包括饲养管理、环境控制和适当运动;(4)妊娠检查与复查补配,母牛受配后20天到1个月,进行妊娠检查,对空怀母牛及时补配;(5)接产和产后护理。本方法通过严格把控妊娠母牛生活环境、适时授精和产后护理环节,从母体健康、受胎率、空怀补配等方面加强管理,从而达到提高肉牛繁殖率的目的。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及禽畜繁殖技术领域,尤其涉及一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法。
背景技术
繁殖率,指一定时间范围内断奶成活的犊牛数占全群适繁母牛数的百分率。根据母牛繁殖过程的各个环节,繁殖率可由下列指标计算,即受配率、受胎率、分娩率(产犊率)及犊牛成活率等。因此,繁殖率又可用下列公式表示:
繁殖率=受配率×受胎率×分娩率×犊牛成活率×产崽数
受配率,指本年度参加配种的母牛占牛群中适繁母牛数的百分率,不含因妊娠、哺乳及各种卵巢疾病等原因造成空怀的母牛,主要反应适繁母牛发情配种情况。
受胎率,指本年受胎母牛数占本年度内参加配种母牛数的百分率。发情期受胎率,指受胎母牛头数占参加配种母牛总发情周期数的百分率。是以情期为单位的受胎率,反映母牛发情期的配种质量。
分娩率,指分娩母牛数占妊娠母牛数的百分率。
犊牛成活率,犊牛成活率是指出生3个月时成活的犊牛占分娩时产活犊数的百分率,这一指标主要是看犊牛培育的成绩。
为了提高肉牛繁殖率、减轻冬季饲养压力以及管理和集中出栏,一般将配种季节安排在4-8月,产犊季节在1-5月,犊牛当年出栏;目前,采用注射激素进行同期发情处理为最有效的方法,但激素控制对肉牛自身内分泌影响较大,不利于肉牛的长期发展,且食品安全有待考量;而繁殖管理方法繁杂,没有固定安排管理和操作规范,导致肉牛繁殖率不高,空怀牛比率较高的问题。
发明内容
为了解决肉牛繁殖率影响因素多、养殖方法不完善而导致的肉牛繁殖率较低的技术问题,本发明提供一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法。
本发明的技术方案如下:
一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法,包括以下阶段:
(1)牛群结构调整,及时出售犊牛,淘汰老弱病残牛和空怀牛,保障年末牛群结构为基础母牛(18-24月龄)80%,后备母牛(1周岁以上的)和育成母牛(1周岁以下的)各占10%;
(2)繁殖控制,繁殖控制包括(a)择选优质种牛、(b)母肉牛营养供给、(c)繁殖疾病控制、(d)发情鉴定和配种输精。
其中,(a)择选优质种牛,从体质外貌和生产性能两个方面选择健康的种公牛,采集精液并检测、冷冻;正常情况下,母牛的发情周期通常为18~24天,其平均发情周期为21天,而由于种公牛和肉母牛发情期存在时间差,且种公牛的养殖成本过高,因此,根据具体的发情时间采取人工授精的方式配种,有利于促进肉牛存栏量的提升。
同时,为了能够确保精液品质,在寒冷的冬季,可给种公牛补喂优质青饲料或大麦芽。
(b)母肉牛营养供给,母牛从发情到哺乳整个阶段,牛每日青草采食量:300~400kg的母牛及青年牛(包括妊娠牛)35~50kg,在母牛产前15天开始,每头牛每天加精料0.2~0.4kg,直至产犊或精料增加到7~10kg为止,精料配方为:50%玉米,10%糠麸类,30%饼类,7%高粱或者大麦,2%矿物质,1%食盐,按照体重可以在母牛日粮中添加硫酸锌每公斤100mg,这样能够显著提高牛的配种繁殖能力。
(c)繁殖疾病控制,产前21天至产后15天为母牛围产期,处于围产期的牛喜卧懒动,阴门松弛,产道口处于开张状态,常流出各种性状的黏液,极易受细菌感染,造成子宫炎症,饲养员应每天在运动场缓慢驱赶牛运动2次,每次1小时。同时,牛舍要有良好的卫生环境,母牛产后要注意观察恶露排出情况有无异常,如发现恶露持续至20天并有恶臭味,应及时查明原因适当处理,防止继发感染。
(d)发情鉴定和配种输精,母牛排卵一般是在终止发情后7~14h开始,因此适宜在排卵前6~7h进行配种。当发现母牛出现以下一系列变化时,即发情表现开始减弱,神态由烦躁不安变为安静,外阴部肿胀开始消退,黏膜由潮红变为呈粉红和紫青色,黏液量开始减少,且呈混浊状,子宫颈稍有收缩,卵泡停止增大,泡液有明显波动感等,此时即可进行配种。
配种前,必须对用于配种的器械进行严格消毒。输精时,要确保缓慢地插入输精枪,防止对阴道及子宫黏膜造成损伤。不同年龄的母牛适宜的配种时间不同,但要间隔8~10h重新进行输精1次。母牛配种后,要在2个月内及时检测母牛是否受孕,一般采用直肠把握法。其中,控制解冻温度在38~40℃,控制解冻时间在10~15s。
直肠把握法为:1)保定母牛,栓系好发情母牛。2)消毒,用清水对母牛外阴部及四周擦洗一遍,再用0.02%的高锰酸钾擦洗,最后擦干。3)冻精解冻、装枪。4)直肠把握子宫颈,一只手(一般为左手)带上薄膜手套,外面涂上石蜡油或肥皂水,伸入直肠掏出宿粪,找到子宫颈,并轻轻握住,使子宫颈的外口与手小指形成的环口持平。5)输精,用伸入直肠的手臂压开阴门壁,另一只手持输精枪插入阴门,插入时,先稍斜向上,穿过尿道后再平行进入,借助把握子宫颈的手之小手指引导配合,使输精枪缓缓通过子宫颈内侧的皱褶(一般为四个),到达子宫内,在子宫内或子宫颈深部两处注射精液均可,输精后,先轻轻拔出输精枪,再把手轻轻抽出,输精完毕。
(3)受配后保胎,母牛配种后,受精卵或胚胎会在子宫内游离较长时间,需要2个月左右才逐渐完成着床过程,并在最初的18天处于胚胎死亡的高峰危险期,因此,在此期间需加强保胎工作,主要包括注意饲养管理、控制环境温湿度和通风情况,温度保持在10~25℃,湿度在40%~65%,保保障母牛内分泌稳定,不喂腐烂变质、有强烈刺激性、霜冻等料草和饮冰冷水,防止妊娠牛受惊吓、鞭打、拥挤或过度运动;必要时可服用安胎药或注射黄体酮保胎。
(4)妊娠检查与复查补配,受配一个月后进行检查和复配,具体判断方法包括:方法一,直肠检查法进行妊娠诊断,直肠检查子宫角两侧不对称,受孕牛一边子宫角伸长,子宫角变软,形状变粗,而未孕子宫角一侧子宫角相对短、硬、细。用食指轻触摸子宫角,不要用力扣、压、挖,怀孕母牛子宫角有波动感,空怀牛子宫角呈肉样。检查时注意,动作要轻、快而对肉牛无损伤。对于空怀母牛及时补配,减少空怀牛比例。方法二,激素诊断法:配后20天,用已烯雌酚20g一次肌注,妊娠的无发情表现,未妊娠的在1到2天内有明显的发情症状。方法三,7%的碘酒:先配指示剂,碘片7g,碘化钾14g,75%的酒精100mL,把三者充分搅匀,溶化备用。取母牛配种后20~60天的尿液,最好是早晨5点第一次排出的尿液,取5~10mL,置于试管中。检查:将指示剂按尿液10%~20%的比例滴入供试尿的试管中,充分混合5~10min,然后,放在亮处观察,呈青紫色的为妊娠,未变色或稍带碘酒的颜色未妊娠。
(5)接产和产后护理,为了保证母牛能够生产健康的牛犊,需要在母牛产前为其补充足够的营养,并保证其进行适当的运动,确保母牛能够顺利生产。与此同时,在母牛生产后,必须对其进行悉心的照料,及时为其补充身体恢复所需的重要营养物质,帮助母牛身体快速恢复。具体地,妊娠期间母牛进食精料较多,预产期前3天减少精料量,加喂优质干草;母牛产后及时喂给含钙质和红糖的麦麸益母汤,用以帮助母牛恢复体力、排出胎衣;母牛产后15到20天为恢复期,恢复期采食优质青干草,一周后逐渐增加精料喂量并进行适当运动,另外还要监控母牛产后60天失重情况,一般不超过30kg,平均每天失重不超过0.5kg。应根据群体体重与失重情况调整日粮,避免营养负平衡过度。犊牛需确保产后2小时内吃上初乳,犊牛生后7天左右开始训练采食树叶草叶、等柔软饲草,锻炼胃肠;15天左右补给适量精饲料,一个月左右可以正常采食,4~6个月开始断奶。
进一步地,为了提高母牛的繁殖率,对于上一个繁殖期有空怀情况的母牛或存在不能正常发情情况的母牛,进行催情处理,具体为:在繁殖期,使用雌性激素丙酸雌二醇10mg,一次肌肉注射。
本发明的有益之处在于:注重母牛的发情观察,找准输精时间和输精方法,提高输精效果,从而提高受胎率;同时在环境、营养饮食和产后护理方面加强管理,保障受胎、保胎、分娩三个方面的较高比率,进而达到提高肉牛繁殖率的目的,可达到发情率72.81%~100%,受胎率74.7%~80%,空怀降低。
1、合适的时机进行精液的输送,选择直肠把握法可深部输精,与采用开膣器输精法相比,输精部位更深,减少精液衰老死亡的机率、提高输精效果,从而提高受胎率。
2、母牛受配后20天到1个月,进行妊娠检查,对空怀母牛及时进行补配,增加受胎母牛数量,及时将空怀母牛排除在妊娠母牛范围,减少妊娠母牛饲料的浪费,降低养殖成本。
3、及时产后护理,母牛产后及时喂给含钙质和红糖的麦麸益母汤,用以帮助母牛恢复体力、排出胎衣;监控、护理及时,保障母牛身体健康,防止疾病,提高下一轮繁殖的受配、受胎、分娩率和犊牛的健康程度;母牛产后15到20天为恢复期,恢复期采食优质青干草,一周后逐渐增加精料喂量并进行适当运动;确保犊牛产后2小时内吃上初乳,提高免疫力,强健犊牛体魄。
具体实施方式
为了本技术领域的人员更好的理解本发明,下面结合以下实施方式对本发明作进一步详细描述。
实施方式
选择河南当地普遍饲养的肉牛品种:夏南牛、西杂牛、夏杂牛、本杂牛作为试验参展对比。并提取当地数个肉牛繁育场繁殖状况数据作为对比。
一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法,包括以下阶段:
(1)牛群结构调整,年末母牛牛群结构为基础母牛(18-24月龄)80%,后备母牛(1周岁以上的)10%,育成母牛(1周岁以下的)10%;
(2)繁殖控制,包括:
(a)择选优质种牛,从体质外貌和生产性能两个方面选择健康的种公牛,采集精液并检测、冷冻;
(b)母肉牛营养供给,母牛从发情到哺乳整个阶段,按照体重可以在母牛日粮中添加硫酸锌每公斤100mg,在母牛产前15天开始,每头牛每天加精料0.2~0.4kg,直至产犊或精料增加到7~10kg为止。
(c)繁殖疾病控制,产前21天至产后15天为母牛围产期,处于围产期的牛喜卧懒动,阴门松弛,产道口处于开张状态,常流出各种性状的黏液,极易受细菌感染,造成子宫炎症,饲养员应每天在运动场缓慢驱赶牛运动2次,每次1小时。同时,牛舍要有良好的卫生环境,母牛产后要注意观察恶露排出情况有无异常,如发现恶露持续至20天并有恶臭味,应及时查明原因适当处理,防止继发感染。
(d)发情鉴定和配种输精,母牛排卵一般是在终止发情后7~14h开始,因此适宜在排卵前6~7h进行配种。
外观表现:当发现母牛出现发情表现开始减弱,神态由烦躁不安变为安静,外阴部肿胀开始消退,黏膜由潮红变为呈粉红和紫青色,黏液量开始减少,且呈混浊状,子宫颈稍有收缩,卵泡停止增大,泡液有明显波动感等,此时即可进行配种。
配种前,必须对用于配种的器械进行严格消毒。输精时,要确保缓慢地插入输精枪,防止对阴道及子宫黏膜造成损伤。不同年龄的母牛适宜的配种时间不同,但要间隔8~10h重新进行输精1次。母牛配种后,要在2个月内及时检测母牛是否受孕,一般采用直肠把握法。其中,控制解冻温度在38~40℃,控制解冻时间在10~15s。
直肠把握法为:1)保定母牛,栓系好发情母牛。2)消毒,用清水对母牛外阴部及四周擦洗一遍,再用0.02%的高锰酸钾擦洗,最后擦干。3)冻精解冻、装枪。4)直肠把握子宫颈,一只手(一般为左手)带上薄膜手套,外面涂上石蜡油或肥皂水,伸入直肠掏出宿粪,找到子宫颈,并轻轻握住,使子宫颈的外口与手小指形成的环口持平。5)输精,用伸入直肠的手臂压开阴门壁,另一只手持输精枪插入阴门,插入时,先稍斜向上,穿过尿道后再平行进入,借助把握子宫颈的手之小手指引导配合,使输精枪缓缓通过子宫颈内侧的皱褶(一般为四个),到达子宫内,在子宫内或子宫颈深部两处注射精液均可,输精后,先轻轻拔出输精枪,再把手轻轻抽出,输精完毕。
(3)受配后保胎,母牛配种后,注意饲养管理、控制环境温湿度和通风情况,温度保持在20℃左右,湿度在60%以下,保障母牛内分泌稳定,不喂腐烂变质、有强烈刺激性、霜冻等料草和饮冰冷水,防止妊娠牛受惊吓、鞭打、拥挤或过度运动。
(4)妊娠检查与复查补配,受配一个月后进行检查和复配,具体判断方法可采用:
方法一,直肠检查法进行妊娠诊断,直肠检查子宫角两侧不对称,受孕牛一边子宫角伸长,子宫角变软,形状变粗,而未孕子宫角一侧子宫角相对短、硬、细。用食指轻触摸子宫角,不要用力扣、压、挖,怀孕母牛子宫角有波动感,空怀牛子宫角呈肉样。检查时注意,动作要轻、快而对肉牛无损伤。对于空怀母牛及时补配,减少空怀牛比例。
方法二,激素诊断法:配后20天,用已烯雌酚20g一次肌注,妊娠的无发情表现,未妊娠的在1到2天内有明显的发情症状。
方法三,7%的碘酒:先配指示剂,碘片7g,碘化钾14g,75%的酒精100mL,把三者充分搅匀,溶化备用。取母牛配种后20~60天早晨5点第一次排出的尿液5~10mL,置于试管中。检查:将指示剂按尿液10%~20%的比例滴入供试尿的试管中,充分混合5~10min,然后,放在亮处观察,呈青紫色的为妊娠,未变色或稍带碘酒的颜色未妊娠。
(5)接产和产后护理,母牛产前为其补充足够的营养,并保证其进行适当的运动,确保母牛能够顺利生产;预产期前3天减少精料量,加喂优质干草;母牛产后及时喂给含钙质和红糖的麦麸益母汤,用以帮助母牛恢复体力、排出胎衣;母牛产后15到20天为恢复期,恢复期采食优质青干草,一周后逐渐增加精料喂量并进行适当运动;同时,犊牛需确保产后2小时内吃上初乳。
与河南当地数个繁育场繁殖状况进行对比并就其指标新型进行统计,以本方法养殖的试验牛场为牛场X,其他牛场以数字1到8表示,得出下表1。
以上所述,仅为本发明较佳的具体实施方式,但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明公开的技术范围内,根据本发明的技术方案及其发明构思加以等同替换或改变,都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (5)
1.一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法,其特征在于,包括以下阶段:
(1)牛群结构调整,及时出售犊牛,淘汰老弱病残牛和空怀牛,保障年末牛群结构为基础母牛(18-24月龄)80%,后备母牛(1周岁以上的)和育成母牛(1周岁以下的)各占10%;
(2)繁殖控制,为掌握母牛发情时间,适时输精,其包括(a)择选优质种牛、(b)母肉牛营养供给、(c)繁殖疾病控制、(d)发情鉴定和配种输精;
(3)受配后保胎,注意饲养管理、控制环境温湿度和通风情况,温度保持在10~25℃,湿度在40%~65%,保障母牛内分泌稳定,不喂腐烂变质、有强烈刺激性、霜冻等料草和饮冰冷水,防止妊娠牛受惊吓、鞭打、拥挤或过度运动;
(4)妊娠检查与复查补配,母牛受配后20天到1个月,采用直肠检查法、激素诊断法或7%的碘酒进行妊娠检查,对空怀母牛及时进行补配;
(5)接产和产后护理,对母牛分娩场所进行消毒处理,产后母牛及时喂麦麸益母汤、帮助母牛恢复体力、排出胎衣,犊牛产后2小时内喂初乳,产后母牛规范饮食配比。
2.根据权利要求1所述的提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法,其特征在于,阶段(2)中的繁殖控制具体为:
(a)择选优质种牛,从体质外貌和生产性能两个方面选择健康的种公牛,采集精液并检测、冷冻保藏;
(b)母肉牛营养供给,母牛从发情到哺乳整个阶段,按照体重可以在母牛日粮中添加硫酸锌每公斤100mg,对处于初情期的母牛,根据体重补充蛋白质、维生素和矿物营养;对于非放牧的青年母牛,初情期前后提供优质的牧草或青饲料;
(c)繁殖疾病控制,产前21天至产后15天为母牛围产期,每天在运动场缓慢驱赶牛运动2次,每次1小时;牛舍保持良好的卫生环境,注意观察恶露排出情况有无异常,如发现恶露持续至20天并有恶臭味,应及时查明原因适当处理,防止继发感染;
(d)发情鉴定和配种输精,母牛排卵一般是在终止发情后7~14h开始,推算时间在排卵前6~7h进行配种,当发现母牛出现以发情表现开始减弱,神态由烦躁不安变为安静,外阴部肿胀开始消退,黏膜由潮红变为呈粉红和紫青色,黏液量开始减少,且呈混浊状,子宫颈稍有收缩,卵泡停止增大,泡液有明显波动感等,此时即可进行配种;配种前,对用于配种的器械进行严格消毒,同时间隔8~10h重新进行输精1次。
3.根据权利要求1所述的提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法,其特征在于,阶段(4)的直肠检查法为:直肠检查子宫角两侧不对称,受孕牛一边子宫角伸长,子宫角变软,形状变粗,而未孕子宫角一侧子宫角相对短、硬、细;用食指轻触摸子宫角,怀孕母牛子宫角有波动感,空怀牛子宫角呈肉样。
4.根据权利要求1所述的提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法,其特征在于,阶段(4)的激素诊断法为:配后20天,用已烯雌酚20g一次肌注,妊娠的无发情表现,未妊娠的在1到2天内有明显的发情症状。
5.根据权利要求1所述的提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法,其特征在于,阶段(4)的7%的碘酒进行妊娠检查,具体为:先配指示剂,碘片7g,碘化钾14g,75%的酒精100mL,把三者充分搅匀,溶化备用;取母牛配种后20~60天的尿液,取5~10mL,置于试管中;将指示剂按尿液10%~20%的比例滴入供试尿的试管中,充分混合5~10min,放在亮处观察,呈青紫色的为妊娠,未变色或稍带碘酒的颜色未妊娠。
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CN118575785B (zh) * | 2024-08-05 | 2024-10-01 | 昆明天沃生物科技有限公司 | 一种提升奶牛繁殖力的方法 |
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