CN111602628A - 一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法。属于畜禽繁殖技术领域。包括良种肉牛的选择、母牛饲养、繁殖控制、妊娠诊断、受配后保胎、接产和产后护理。与现有技术相比,本发明取得的有益效果为:通过从良种肉牛的选择、母牛饲养、繁殖控制、妊娠诊断、受配后保胎、接产和产后护理几个方面严格控制管理,从而达到提高肉牛繁殖率的目的。所饲养肉牛的繁殖率、犊牛成活率、繁殖成活率、受胎率、分娩率均有一定程度的提高。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及畜禽繁殖技术领域,更具体的说是涉及一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法。
背景技术
随着人民生活水平的不断提高,人民对于物质的需求已从数量逐渐转为质量的提升。饮食中对牛肉等高质量肉的需求也越来越大。对于畜禽养殖业来说,提供更多的优质牛肉,提高肉牛生产经济效益,最直接最根本的手段就是提高肉牛的繁殖力。
随着肉牛产业的发展,肉牛的规模化养殖场不断增加,但是其繁殖力有下降的趋势,养殖场肉牛经常表现出不发情、发情症状不明显、情期延长、排卵迟缓、受胎率下降以及胚胎早期死亡等症状,从而导致肉牛繁殖率低,对我国肉牛产业的发展造成不利的影响。
综上,如何提供一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法是本领域技术人员亟需解决的问题。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明提供了一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)良种肉牛的选择:
公牛选择西门塔尔牛或安格斯牛,母牛选择鲁西黄牛;
种牛的品种和不同个体,繁殖力是有差异的,因此,选择品种较好的种牛也是提高繁殖力的一个很重要的措施。尤其种公牛,其精子的质量受到遗传基因方面的影响非常大,而精子的质量往往是影响卵子授精、胚胎发育以及犊牛生长发育的一个非常重要的因素,种牛的品质直接影响后代群体的品质。另外,母牛的排卵率与胚胎存活力及品质有关。
(2)母牛饲养;
在饲养上必须满足与繁殖有关的主要营养物质,特别是能量、蛋白质、矿物质和维生素的需要量。但也应注意避免营养水平过高,影响卵泡成熟和排卵,增加母牛分娩时的难产风险。
(3)繁殖控制:包括母牛发情鉴定、精子质量鉴定和输精;
及时鉴别出处于发情期的母牛,并适时配种,谨防误配和漏配,才能提高受配率。另外,通过发情鉴定还可以判断发情是否正常,以便发现问题及时予以处理。
(4)妊娠诊断:母牛在输精后2~3个月内不再发情,或经过直肠妊娠检查确认怀孕,即受配成功;如果发现空怀,及时采取复配措施,减少繁殖损失;
早期妊娠诊断是提高肉牛繁殖率的重要手段,若能尽早发现空怀,可及时采取复配措施,减少繁殖损失。
(5)受配后保胎:注意饲喂管理,环境温度保持在10~25℃,环境湿度在40%~65%;
牛的胚胎死亡率一般在10%~30%,还是比较高的。造成胚胎死亡率的原因也是多元化的。其中,营养不足或缺少一些微量元素是造成胚胎死亡的主要原因,因此,要做好饲喂管理工作。
(6)接产和产后护理:对母牛分娩场所进行消毒处理,产后母牛及时喂麦麸益母汤,帮助母牛恢复体力、排出胎衣,犊牛出生后2小时内喂初乳。
产犊时,要及时消毒,擦净犊牛嘴端粘液,卫生断脐,让其及时吃上初乳。初乳不仅营养丰富,还富含免疫球蛋白及其它免疫因子,对犊牛的成活率及以后的成长至关重要。
优选的,所述步骤(2)母牛饲养所需饲料包括如下质量份数的组分:玉米70~80份、麦麸3~7份、豆粕5~10份、菜籽粕3~7份、食盐1~3份、微量元素添加物1~3份和维生素添加物1~3份;
所述微量元素添加物包括如下质量份数的组分:硫酸锌6~8份、硫酸铁3~5份、硫酸铜1~3份和硫酸锰6~8份;
所述维生素添加物包括VA 5~8份、VD 15~20份、VE 100~150份和烟酰胺80~120份。
优选的,步骤(3)所述母牛发情鉴定为利用酶免疫测定方法测定母牛血液、尿液或乳汁中的雌激素或孕酮水平。
优选的,步骤(3)所述精子质量鉴定采用显微镜观察法,冻精的活力不低于0.35,鲜精活力不低于0.5。
优选的,步骤(3)所述输精的具体操作为:采用直肠把握输精法进行人工授精,精液存放时间小于1小时,输精员先将手指甲剪短磨光,之后戴手套并涂以润滑剂,五指并拢呈锥形,插入直肠清除粪便,然后将阴门洗净、擦干;输精时一只手持输精管由阴门斜上呈45度缓慢插入,另一只手伸入直肠,隔着直肠壁握住子宫颈;避开尿道口,插至子宫颈口,将输精管前端伸入子宫颈口内2~3厘米,到达子宫角分叉处即可输精,输精后缓慢拔出输精管。
人工授精是提高母牛受胎率的重要方法,尤其对于阴道炎症、阴道酸性过强、子宫颈位置不正等生殖器官反常的母牛,更应采用人工授精。
优选的,步骤(4)所述直肠妊娠检查方法为:子宫角两侧不对称,受孕牛一边子宫角伸长,子宫角变软,形状变粗,而未孕子宫角一侧子宫角相对短、硬、细,用食指轻轻触摸子宫角,怀孕母牛子宫角有波动感,空怀牛子宫角呈肉样。
优选的,步骤(5)所述饲喂管理为:妊娠前3个月饲喂青草,另外每头每日补充精饲料0.5~1.5kg;之后饲喂青粗饲料,另外每头每日补充精饲料2.5~3.5kg;
所述精饲料包括如下质量份数的组分:玉米40~50份、豆粕10~15份、菜籽饼5~10份、麸皮10~15份、米糠8~10份、碳酸氢钙1~3份、碳酸氢钠1~3份和食盐1~2份。
优选的,步骤(6)所述麦麸益母汤包括如下质量份数的组分:麦麸1000份、红糖500份、食盐50份和益母草粉300份。
经由上述的技术方案可知,与现有技术相比,本发明取得的有益效果为:通过从良种肉牛的选择、母牛饲养、繁殖控制、妊娠诊断、受配后保胎、接产和产后护理几个方面严格控制管理,从而达到提高肉牛繁殖率的目的。所饲养肉牛的繁殖率、犊牛成活率、繁殖成活率、受胎率、分娩率均有一定程度的提高。
具体实施方式
下面将对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
本发明所需药剂为常规实验药剂,采购自市售渠道;未提及的实验方法为常规实验方法,在此不再一一赘述。
实施例1
一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)良种肉牛的选择:
公牛选择西门塔尔牛,母牛选择鲁西黄牛;
(2)母牛饲养;
饲料的制备:称取玉米70kg、麦麸3kg、豆粕5kg、菜籽粕3kg、食盐1kg、微量元素添加物1kg和维生素添加物1kg,混合均匀备用;
微量元素添加物的制备:称取硫酸锌6kg、硫酸铁3kg、硫酸铜1kg和硫酸锰6kg,混合均匀备用;
维生素添加物的制备:VA 5kg、VD 15kg、VE 100kg和烟酰胺80kg,混合均匀备用;
(3)繁殖控制:包括母牛发情鉴定、精子质量鉴定和输精;
(31)母牛发情鉴定:利用酶免疫测定方法测定母牛血液中的雌激素水平;
(32)精子质量鉴定:采用显微镜观察法,冻精的活力不低于0.35,鲜精活力不低于0.5;
(33)输精的具体操作为:采用直肠把握输精法进行人工授精,精液存放时间小于1小时,输精员先将手指甲剪短磨光,之后戴手套并涂以润滑剂,五指并拢呈锥形,插入直肠清除粪便,然后将阴门洗净、擦干;输精时一只手持输精管由阴门斜上呈45度缓慢插入,另一只手伸入直肠,隔着直肠壁握住子宫颈;避开尿道口,插至子宫颈口,将输精管前端伸入子宫颈口内2~3厘米,到达子宫角分叉处输精,输精后缓慢拔出输精管。
(4)妊娠诊断:母牛在输精后2~3个月内不再发情,或经过直肠妊娠检查确认怀孕,即受配成功;如果发现空怀,及时采取复配措施,减少繁殖损失;
直肠妊娠检查方法为:子宫角两侧不对称,受孕牛一边子宫角伸长,子宫角变软,形状变粗,而未孕子宫角一侧子宫角相对短、硬、细,用食指轻轻触摸子宫角,怀孕母牛子宫角有波动感,空怀牛子宫角呈肉样;
(5)受配后保胎:注意饲喂管理,妊娠前3个月饲喂青草,另外每头每日补充精饲料0.5~1.5kg;之后饲喂青粗饲料,另外每头每日补充精饲料2.5~3.5kg;
精饲料的制备:称取玉米40kg、豆粕10kg、菜籽饼5kg、麸皮10kg、米糠8kg、碳酸氢钙1kg、碳酸氢钠1kg和食盐1kg,混合均匀备用;
环境温度保持在10℃,环境湿度在40%;
(6)接产和产后护理:对母牛分娩场所进行消毒处理,产后母牛及时喂麦麸益母汤,帮助母牛恢复体力、排出胎衣,犊牛出生后2小时内喂初乳。
麦麸益母汤的制备:麦麸1000kg、红糖500kg、食盐50kg和益母草粉300kg,加水熬制即可。
实施例2
一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)良种肉牛的选择:
公牛选择安格斯牛,母牛选择鲁西黄牛;
(2)母牛饲养;
饲料的制备:称取玉米80kg、麦麸7kg、豆粕10kg、菜籽粕7kg、食盐3kg、微量元素添加物3kg和维生素添加物3kg,混合均匀备用;
微量元素添加物的制备:称取硫酸锌8kg、硫酸铁5kg、硫酸铜3kg和硫酸锰8kg,混合均匀备用;
维生素添加物的制备:称取VA 8kg、VD 20kg、VE 150kg和烟酰胺120kg,混合均匀备用;
(3)繁殖控制:包括母牛发情鉴定、精子质量鉴定和输精;
(31)母牛发情鉴定:利用酶免疫测定方法测定母牛尿液中的孕酮水平;
(32)精子质量鉴定:采用显微镜观察法,冻精的活力不低于0.35,鲜精活力不低于0.5;
(33)输精的具体操作为:采用直肠把握输精法进行人工授精,精液存放时间小于1小时,输精员先将手指甲剪短磨光,之后戴手套并涂以润滑剂,五指并拢呈锥形,插入直肠清除粪便,然后将阴门洗净、擦干;输精时一只手持输精管由阴门斜上呈45度缓慢插入,另一只手伸入直肠,隔着直肠壁握住子宫颈;避开尿道口,插至子宫颈口,将输精管前端伸入子宫颈口内2~3厘米,到达子宫角分叉处输精,输精后缓慢拔出输精管。
(4)妊娠诊断:母牛在输精后2~3个月内不再发情,或经过直肠妊娠检查确认怀孕,即受配成功;如果发现空怀,及时采取复配措施,减少繁殖损失;
直肠妊娠检查方法为:子宫角两侧不对称,受孕牛一边子宫角伸长,子宫角变软,形状变粗,而未孕子宫角一侧子宫角相对短、硬、细,用食指轻轻触摸子宫角,怀孕母牛子宫角有波动感,空怀牛子宫角呈肉样;
(5)受配后保胎:注意饲喂管理,妊娠前3个月饲喂青草为主,另外每头每日补充精饲料0.5~1.5kg;之后饲喂青粗饲料,另外每头每日补充精饲料2.5~3.5kg;
精饲料的制备:称取玉米50kg、豆粕15kg、菜籽饼10kg、麸皮15kg、米糠10kg、碳酸氢钙3kg、碳酸氢钠3kg和食盐2kg,混合均匀备用;
环境温度保持在25℃,环境湿度在65%;
(6)接产和产后护理:对母牛分娩场所进行消毒处理,产后母牛及时喂麦麸益母汤,帮助母牛恢复体力、排出胎衣,犊牛出生后2小时内喂初乳。
麦麸益母汤的制备:麦麸1000kg、红糖500kg、食盐50kg和益母草粉300kg,加水熬制即可。
对比例1
步骤(2)饲料中不添加微量元素添加物和维生素添加物,其余操作同实施例1。
对比例2
步骤(3)繁殖控制采用自然授精,其余操作同实施例1。
对比例3
步骤(5)中妊娠期不补充精饲料,其余操作同实施例1。
繁殖状况统计
(1)对象:实施例1、实施例2、对比例1、对比例2、对比例3养殖场;
(2)统计指标:繁殖率、犊牛成活率、繁殖成活率、受胎率、分娩率;
①繁殖率指一定时间范围内断奶成活的犊牛数占全群适繁母牛数的百分率;
②犊牛成活率是指出生3个月时成活的犊牛占分娩时产活犊数的百分率;
③繁殖成活率=繁殖率×犊牛成活率;
④受胎率指本年受胎母牛数占本年度内参加配种母牛数的百分率;
⑤分娩率指分娩母牛数占妊娠母牛数的百分率。
(3)统计结果:统计结果见表1。
表1繁殖状况统计
本说明书中各个实施例采用递进的方式描述,每个实施例重点说明的都是与其他实施例的不同之处,各个实施例之间相同相似部分互相参见即可。
对所公开的实施例的上述说明,使本领域专业技术人员能够实现或使用本发明。对这些实施例的多种修改对本领域的专业技术人员来说将是显而易见的,本文中所定义的一般原理可以在不脱离本发明的精神或范围的情况下,在其它实施例中实现。因此,本发明将不会被限制于本文所示的这些实施例,而是要符合与本文所公开的原理和新颖特点相一致的最宽的范围。
Claims (8)
1.一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(1)良种肉牛的选择:
公牛选择西门塔尔牛或安格斯牛,母牛选择鲁西黄牛;
(2)母牛饲养;
(3)繁殖控制:包括母牛发情鉴定、精子质量鉴定和输精;
(4)妊娠诊断:母牛在输精后2~3个月内不再发情,或经过直肠妊娠检查确认怀孕,即受配成功;如果发现空怀,及时采取复配措施,减少繁殖损失;
(5)受配后保胎:注意饲喂管理,环境温度保持在10~25℃,环境湿度在40%~65%;
(6)接产和产后护理:对母牛分娩场所进行消毒处理,产后母牛及时喂麦麸益母汤,帮助母牛恢复体力、排出胎衣,犊牛出生后2小时内喂初乳。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)母牛饲养所需饲料包括如下质量份数的组分:玉米70~80份、麦麸3~7份、豆粕5~10份、菜籽粕3~7份、食盐1~3份、微量元素添加物1~3份和维生素添加物1~3份;
所述微量元素添加物包括如下质量份数的组分:硫酸锌6~8份、硫酸铁3~5份、硫酸铜1~3份和硫酸锰6~8份;
所述维生素添加物包括VA 5~8份、VD 15~20份、VE 100~150份和烟酰胺80~120份。
3.如权利要求1所述的一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)所述母牛发情鉴定为利用酶免疫测定方法测定母牛血液、尿液或乳汁中的雌激素或孕酮水平。
4.如权利要求1所述的一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)所述精子质量鉴定采用显微镜观察法,冻精的活力不低于0.35,鲜精活力不低于0.5。
5.如权利要求1所述的一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)所述输精的具体操作为:采用直肠把握输精法进行人工授精,精液存放时间小于1小时,输精员先将手指甲剪短磨光,之后戴手套并涂以润滑剂,五指并拢呈锥形,插入直肠清除粪便,然后将阴门洗净、擦干;输精时一只手持输精管由阴门斜上呈45度缓慢插入,另一只手伸入直肠,隔着直肠壁握住子宫颈;避开尿道口,插至子宫颈口,将输精管前端伸入子宫颈口内2~3厘米,到达子宫角分叉处即可输精,输精后缓慢拔出输精管。
6.如权利要求1所述的一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法,其特征在于,步骤(4)所述直肠妊娠检查方法为:子宫角两侧不对称,受孕牛一边子宫角伸长,子宫角变软,形状变粗,而未孕子宫角一侧子宫角相对短、硬、细,用食指轻轻触摸子宫角,怀孕母牛子宫角有波动感,空怀牛子宫角呈肉样。
7.如权利要求1所述的一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法,其特征在于,步骤(5)所述饲喂管理为:妊娠前3个月饲喂青草,另外每头每日补充精饲料0.5~1.5kg;之后饲喂青粗饲料,另外每头每日补充精饲料2.5~3.5kg;
所述精饲料包括如下质量份数的组分:玉米40~50份、豆粕10~15份、菜籽饼5~10份、麸皮10~15份、米糠8~10份、碳酸氢钙1~3份、碳酸氢钠1~3份和食盐1~2份。
8.如权利要求1所述的一种提高肉牛繁殖率的养殖方法,其特征在于,步骤(6)所述麦麸益母汤包括如下质量份数的组分:麦麸1000份、红糖500份、食盐50份和益母草粉300份。
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CN114451354A (zh) * | 2022-03-07 | 2022-05-10 | 广西壮族自治区水牛研究所 | 一种提高规模化养殖水牛繁殖率的方法 |
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