CN109161886A - A kind of method of laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing - Google Patents
A kind of method of laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing Download PDFInfo
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- CN109161886A CN109161886A CN201810982859.5A CN201810982859A CN109161886A CN 109161886 A CN109161886 A CN 109161886A CN 201810982859 A CN201810982859 A CN 201810982859A CN 109161886 A CN109161886 A CN 109161886A
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- laser
- increasing material
- cold spraying
- accumulation
- material manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/10—Auxiliary heating means
- B22F12/17—Auxiliary heating means to heat the build chamber or platform
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/02—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of pressure only
- C23C24/04—Impact or kinetic deposition of particles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/25—Direct deposition of metal particles, e.g. direct metal deposition [DMD] or laser engineered net shaping [LENS]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/50—Treatment of workpieces or articles during build-up, e.g. treatments applied to fused layers during build-up
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/32—Process control of the atmosphere, e.g. composition or pressure in a building chamber
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of methods of laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing, comprising: is preheated using pre- thermal laser to substrate, so that base material temperature is warming up to 300~400 DEG C, and be lower than at least 200 DEG C of substrate fusing point, to obtain pre- hot substrate;Increase material accumulation to the pre- hot substrate using cold spray technique, and is surface-treated using synchronous laser to increasing material and accumulate cold spray layer out and synchronize.The present invention can not only greatly improve the accumulation combination effect of cold spraying increasing material manufacturing, keep accumulation coating not easily to fall off, and packing efficiency is higher, flexibility ratio is more preferable, the quality of increasing material is substantially improved, and can effectively control surface forming.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to cold spraying material increasing field more particularly to a kind of sides of laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing
Method.
Background technique
Cold spray technique is a kind of emerging surface forming technology, it is by pre- thermal high, by powder particle with higher
Speed impacts matrix, and matrix surface is deposited on by biggish plastic deformation, to form coating;It has low cost,
Rapidly and efficiently, even tissue, flexibility ratio are high, the advantages that can very recycling.
Cold spray technique is initially widely used in material protection and structural member repairs field, has been developed as one now
The novel increases material manufacturing technology of kind.But using cold spray technique carry out increasing material manufacturing during, coating in conjunction with matrix not
It is enough close, easily there is the phenomenon that coating integrally falls off, this leverages cold spraying increasing material manufacturing effect.Simultaneously as cold spray
There is compacting effect during applying, the particle accumulated afterwards there can be the mistake an of compacting, secondary plastic deformation to deposited material
Journey, the consistency that this will lead to stack layer lower part is higher, and there are a certain amount of holes on stack layer surface layer, to can largely effect on
The quality of cold spraying increasing material manufacturing.
Summary of the invention
For above-mentioned shortcoming in the prior art, the present invention provides a kind of laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturings
Method can not only greatly improve the accumulation combination effect of cold spraying increasing material manufacturing, keep accumulation coating not easily to fall off, and accumulate
More efficient, flexibility ratio is more preferable, increases the quality of material is substantially improved, and can effectively control surface forming.
The purpose of the present invention is what is be achieved through the following technical solutions:
A kind of method of laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing, comprising the following steps:
Step A, substrate is preheated using pre- thermal laser, so that base material temperature is warming up to 300~400 DEG C, and be lower than
At least 200 DEG C of substrate fusing point, to obtain pre- hot substrate;
Step B, the pre- hot substrate is carried out using cold spray technique increasing material accumulation, and using synchronous laser to increasing material heap
The cold spray layer that product goes out, which synchronizes, to be surface-treated, to realize laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing.
Preferably, described that the pre- hot substrate is carried out increasing material accumulation including: that cold spraying gas is pre- using cold spray technique
Hot temperature is 500 DEG C;The size for increasing powder particle used by material is accumulated is 5~50 μm, powder feeding rate 30g/min, powder feeding
Distance is 25mm;Cold spraying accelerates gas to use at least one of nitrogen or inert gas.
Preferably, increasing powder particle used by material is accumulated is at least one in alumina particles, alumina particle or aluminium alloy
Kind.
Preferably, the laser power of the synchronous laser is 1500W, and defocusing amount 0, focal position is gathered in cold spray layer
It forms at accumulation.
Preferably, it is moved synchronously for increasing the cold spraying nozzle of material accumulation with the laser pipette tips of the synchronous laser.
As seen from the above technical solution provided by the invention, laser assisted cold spraying provided by the present invention increases material system
The method made preheats substrate first with low power laser, and substrate surface is made to reach higher activated state, so as to
Improve the bond strength of cold spraying accumulation coating and matrix;Then using cold spray technique to the pre- hot substrate for being in higher temperature
It carries out increasing material accumulation, and the heat treatment that cold spray layer out synchronizes is accumulated to material is increased using synchronous laser, make surface layer heap
Long-pending particles fuse is simultaneously filled at the hole of surface layer accumulation, and cold spraying accelerates gas to play natural guarantor to fusing particle
Shield effect effectively prevents fusing particle and is oxidized, and which greatly enhances the internal combustion quality of accumulation, and can be to increasing material
Surface forming is further controlled.Due to using cold spray technique carrying out increase material banking process in, cold spraying with it is synchronous sharp
Light is synchronous progress, this, which can not only be effectively ensured, increases material speed and quality, and structure is simple, works well, economical and practical,
It is of great significance to the increasing material manufacturing application of cold spraying.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to illustrate the technical solution of the embodiments of the present invention more clearly, required use in being described below to embodiment
Attached drawing be briefly described, it should be apparent that, drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the invention, for this
For the those of ordinary skill in field, without creative efforts, it can also be obtained according to these attached drawings other
Attached drawing.
Fig. 1 is provided the schematic illustration of the method for laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing by the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 provides the accumulation sectional view of laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing by the embodiment of the present invention.
Specific embodiment
With reference to the attached drawing in the embodiment of the present invention, technical solution in the embodiment of the present invention carries out clear, complete
Ground description, it is clear that described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, instead of all the embodiments.Based on this
The embodiment of invention, every other implementation obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without making creative efforts
Example, belongs to protection scope of the present invention.
The method of laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing provided by the present invention is described in detail below.The present invention is real
It applies the content being not described in detail in example and belongs to the prior art well known to professional and technical personnel in the field.
As shown in Figure 1, a kind of method of laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing, includes the following steps:
Step A, substrate is preheated using pre- thermal laser, so that base material temperature is warming up to 300~400 DEG C, and be lower than
At least 200 DEG C of substrate fusing point, to obtain pre- hot substrate.
Step B, the pre- hot substrate in higher temperature is carried out using cold spray technique increasing material accumulation, and using same
Step laser is surface-treated to increasing material and accumulate cold spray layer out and synchronize, to realize laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing.
Specifically, the method for the laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing includes following embodiments:
(1) substrate is preheated by pre- thermal laser, substrate surface can be made to reach higher activated state, so as to
To improve the combination effect of cold spraying accumulation.It polished substrate, remove removing oxide layer etc. after reason, then use pre- thermal laser pair
Substrate is preheated, and the bond strength of cold spraying accumulation coating and matrix can be improved in this.The laser power of the pre- thermal laser
Depending on base material component and property, generally use low power laser, by adjusting pre- thermal laser make base material temperature be warming up to 300~
400 DEG C, and it is lower than at least 200 DEG C of substrate fusing point, it, can will be pre- if base material temperature is not below 200 DEG C of substrate fusing point
Hot substrate temperature is down to 300 DEG C or less.
(2) described that the pre- hot substrate is carried out increasing material accumulation including: cold spraying gas preheating temperature using cold spray technique
Degree is 500 DEG C;The size for increasing powder particle used by material is accumulated is 5~50 μm, powder feeding rate 30g/min, powder feeding distance
For 25mm;Cold spraying accelerates gas using at least one of nitrogen or inert gas (such as: argon gas).Increase material accumulation to be used
Powder particle be alumina particles, alumina particle or aluminium alloy (such as: the aluminium alloy can be in the prior art 2XXX, 6XXX,
At least one of 7XXX series high strength alumin ium alloy particle).
(3) the pre- hot substrate is being carried out using cold spray technique to increase in material banking process, is controlling the synchronous laser
Laser pipette tips along stacked direction and for increase material accumulation cold spraying nozzle move synchronously, and control the synchronous laser swash
Optical power is 1500W, defocusing amount 0, focal position are gathered at cold spray layer molding accumulation, to accumulate out cold to increasing material
The heat treatment that spray coating synchronizes, so that the heat provided by synchronous laser, the particles fuse that surface layer can be made to accumulate are melted
That changes is particles filled at the hole of surface layer accumulation, this can greatly improve the internal combustion quality of accumulation, simultaneously because cold spray
Used cold spraying accelerates gas for inert gases such as nitrogen or argon gas during applying increasing material manufacturing, therefore does not have to worry surface layer
It is oxidized during the particles fuse of accumulation;In addition, passing through the laser power, defocusing amount and the focus position that control the synchronous laser
It sets, the molding for increasing material can further be controlled, change the details form of accumulation molding, improve the finishing of molded surface
Degree reaches the control molding purpose in surface so as to obtain workpiece fine and close, functional, that formed precision is high.
Further, the method for laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing provided by the present invention is first with low power laser pair
Substrate is preheated, substrate surface is made to reach higher activated state, so as to improve cold spraying accumulation coating and matrix
Bond strength;Then the pre- hot substrate in higher temperature is carried out using cold spray technique to increase material accumulation, and sharp using synchronizing
Light accumulates the heat treatment that cold spray layer out synchronizes to material is increased, and the particles fuse for accumulating surface layer is simultaneously filled in surface layer heap
At long-pending hole, and cold spraying accelerates gas to play natural protective effect to fusing particle, effectively prevents fusing particle
It is oxidized, which greatly enhances the internal combustion quality of accumulation, and can further be controlled the surface forming for increasing material.By
In carrying out increasing in material banking process using cold spray technique, cold spraying is synchronous progress with synchronous laser, this can not only have
Effect guarantees to increase material speed and quality, and structure is simple, works well, economical and practical, to the increasing material manufacturing application tool of cold spraying
It is significant.
Compared with prior art, the method for laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing provided by the present invention is at least following excellent
Point:
(1) in the method for laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing provided by the present invention, substrate is carried out by pre- thermal laser
Preheating, so as to reach the accurate control in region and temperature, makes substrate surface reach higher activated state, so as to mention
The combination effect of high cold spraying accumulation.
(2) in the method for laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing provided by the present invention, using cold spray technique in compared with
The pre- hot substrate of high-temperature carries out increasing material manufacturing, and packing efficiency is high, and flexibility ratio is high, and accumulation quality is good.
(3) right using synchronous laser auxiliary heating in the method for laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing provided by the present invention
Increase material and accumulate the heat treatment that cold spray layer out synchronizes, which synchronously completes with cold spraying accumulation, substantially increases
Packing efficiency and quality.
To sum up, the embodiment of the present invention can not only greatly improve the accumulation combination effect of cold spraying increasing material manufacturing, make
Accumulation coating is not easily to fall off, and packing efficiency is higher, flexibility ratio is more preferable, the quality of increasing material is substantially improved, and can effectively control
Surface forming.
In order to more clearly from show technical solution provided by the present invention and generated technical effect, below with tool
The method that body embodiment is provided for the embodiments of the invention laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing is described in detail.
Embodiment 1
As shown in Figure 1, a kind of method of laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing, includes the following steps:
Step a, 2219 plate of aluminium alloy as substrate is preheated using low power laser, base material temperature is made to heat up
To 300 DEG C, to obtain pre- hot substrate.
Step b, the pre- hot substrate in higher temperature is carried out using cold spray technique increasing material accumulation, cold spraying gas
Body preheating temperature is 500 DEG C, increases 2219 aluminum alloy granules that powder particle used by material is accumulated is 5~50 μm of size, powder feeding
Rate is 30g/min, and powder feeding distance is 25mm;Cold spraying accelerates gas to use nitrogen;Meanwhile using synchronous laser to increasing material heap
The cold spray layer that product goes out is synchronized and is surface-treated, and the laser power of the synchronous laser is 1500W, defocusing amount 0, focus position
It is set at cold spraying accumulation molding, laser pipette tips are moved synchronously with cold spraying nozzle, to realize that laser assisted cold spraying increases material
Manufacture, and obtain material section figure after accumulation as shown in Figure 2.
To sum up, the embodiment of the present invention can not only greatly improve the accumulation combination effect of cold spraying increasing material manufacturing, make
Accumulation coating is not easily to fall off, and packing efficiency is higher, flexibility ratio is more preferable, the quality of increasing material is substantially improved, and can effectively control
Surface forming.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto,
Within the technical scope of the present disclosure, any changes or substitutions that can be easily thought of by anyone skilled in the art,
It should be covered by the protection scope of the present invention.Therefore, protection scope of the present invention should be with the protection model of claims
Subject to enclosing.
Claims (5)
1. a kind of method of laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing, which comprises the following steps:
Step A, substrate is preheated using pre- thermal laser, so that base material temperature is warming up to 300~400 DEG C, and be lower than substrate
At least 200 DEG C of fusing point, to obtain pre- hot substrate;
Step B, the pre- hot substrate is carried out using cold spray technique increasing material accumulation, and is accumulated out using synchronous laser to material is increased
Cold spray layer synchronize and be surface-treated, to realize laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing.
2. the method for laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing according to claim 1, which is characterized in that described to use cold spray
Painting technology to the pre- hot substrate carry out increase material accumulation include: cold spraying gas preheating temperature be 500 DEG C;Increase material accumulation to be used
Powder particle size be 5~50 μm, powder feeding rate 30g/min, powder feeding distance be 25mm;Cold spraying accelerates gas to use
At least one of nitrogen or inert gas.
3. the method for laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing according to claim 2, which is characterized in that increase material accumulation and adopted
Powder particle is at least one of alumina particles, alumina particle or aluminium alloy.
4. the method for laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that the synchronization
The laser power of laser is 1500W, and defocusing amount 0, focal position is gathered at cold spray layer molding accumulation.
5. the method for laser assisted cold spraying increasing material manufacturing according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that for increasing material
The cold spraying nozzle of accumulation is moved synchronously with the laser pipette tips of the synchronous laser.
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Cited By (7)
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---|---|---|---|---|
CN109930148A (en) * | 2019-04-10 | 2019-06-25 | 兰州理工大学 | The method and powder of Copper Water Jacket are prepared based on low pressure cold spraying increases material manufacturing technology |
CN110284095A (en) * | 2019-07-15 | 2019-09-27 | 马鞍山市智新纳米材料有限公司 | A kind of preparation method of ceramics creping doctor |
CN110328364A (en) * | 2019-06-24 | 2019-10-15 | 华中科技大学 | A kind of increasing material manufacturing method and device suitable for ceramic composite materials |
CN110508809A (en) * | 2019-08-29 | 2019-11-29 | 华中科技大学 | A kind of increasing material manufacturing and surface coat combined shaping system and method |
CN110983328A (en) * | 2019-12-27 | 2020-04-10 | 浙江工业大学 | Laser composite cold spraying high-speed deposition method and cold spraying equipment |
CN114834039A (en) * | 2022-04-13 | 2022-08-02 | 大连海事大学 | Auxiliary online heating device and method for fused deposition additive manufacturing system |
CN115747784A (en) * | 2022-10-11 | 2023-03-07 | 湖北超卓航空科技股份有限公司 | Cold spraying additive interface strength improving method and shaft part lengthening method |
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Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN109930148A (en) * | 2019-04-10 | 2019-06-25 | 兰州理工大学 | The method and powder of Copper Water Jacket are prepared based on low pressure cold spraying increases material manufacturing technology |
JP2021000825A (en) * | 2019-06-24 | 2021-01-07 | ▲華▼中科技大学Huazhong University Of Science And Technology | Lamination molding method and device suitable for ceramic and its composite material |
CN110328364A (en) * | 2019-06-24 | 2019-10-15 | 华中科技大学 | A kind of increasing material manufacturing method and device suitable for ceramic composite materials |
US11890780B2 (en) * | 2019-06-24 | 2024-02-06 | Huazhong University Of Science & Technology | Additive manufacturing method and device for ceramic and composite thereof |
CN110328364B (en) * | 2019-06-24 | 2020-11-24 | 华中科技大学 | Additive manufacturing method and device suitable for ceramic and composite material thereof |
EP3756798A1 (en) * | 2019-06-24 | 2020-12-30 | Huazhong University of Science and Technology | Additive manufacturing method and device for ceramic and composite thereof |
CN110284095A (en) * | 2019-07-15 | 2019-09-27 | 马鞍山市智新纳米材料有限公司 | A kind of preparation method of ceramics creping doctor |
CN110508809A (en) * | 2019-08-29 | 2019-11-29 | 华中科技大学 | A kind of increasing material manufacturing and surface coat combined shaping system and method |
JP2021031773A (en) * | 2019-08-29 | 2021-03-01 | ▲華▼中科技大学Huazhong University Of Science And Technology | System and method for compositely molding lamination molding and surface coating |
JP7089662B2 (en) | 2019-08-29 | 2022-06-23 | ▲華▼中科技大学 | Composite molding system and method of laminated molding and surface coating |
CN110983328A (en) * | 2019-12-27 | 2020-04-10 | 浙江工业大学 | Laser composite cold spraying high-speed deposition method and cold spraying equipment |
CN114834039A (en) * | 2022-04-13 | 2022-08-02 | 大连海事大学 | Auxiliary online heating device and method for fused deposition additive manufacturing system |
CN114834039B (en) * | 2022-04-13 | 2023-08-11 | 大连海事大学 | Auxiliary online heating device and method for fused deposition additive manufacturing system |
CN115747784A (en) * | 2022-10-11 | 2023-03-07 | 湖北超卓航空科技股份有限公司 | Cold spraying additive interface strength improving method and shaft part lengthening method |
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