CN105033250B - A kind of coaxial double light beam laser preheating shapes slow cooling stress delayed release device and method - Google Patents
A kind of coaxial double light beam laser preheating shapes slow cooling stress delayed release device and method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种同轴双光束激光预热成形缓冷应力缓释装置及方法，包括延激光束出射方向依次设置的用于对激光束进行扩束的扩束透镜、用于将扩束后的激光束平行输出的准直凸透镜和用于接收平行激光束并输出同轴双光束的聚焦凸透镜，聚焦凸透镜的凸面中心位置设有用于将激光束平行输出形成大光斑A的平面A，聚焦凸透镜的凸面部分将激光束聚焦形成小光斑B，光斑A、B同轴。本发明通过凸透镜和凹透镜的组合使用，产生光斑大小可调节的同轴双光束，利用大光斑对金属粉末进行预热和缓冷，提高材料对激光的吸收率，缓解应力，降低温度梯度，降低偏析、裂纹和孔隙等组织缺陷，利用小光斑成形，聚焦性能好，能量稳定，提高成形效率、精度和质量。
The invention discloses a device and method for coaxial double-beam laser preheating and slow cooling stress release. The final collimating convex lens for parallel output of the laser beam and the focusing convex lens for receiving parallel laser beams and outputting coaxial double beams. The center of the convex surface of the focusing convex lens is provided with a plane A for parallel output of the laser beam to form a large spot A. Focusing The convex part of the convex lens focuses the laser beam to form a small spot B, and the spots A and B are coaxial. The invention uses the combination of the convex lens and the concave lens to produce coaxial double beams with adjustable spot size, preheats and slowly cools the metal powder by using a large spot, improves the absorption rate of the material to the laser, relieves the stress, reduces the temperature gradient, and reduces segregation , cracks and pores and other tissue defects, using small spot forming, good focusing performance, stable energy, improving forming efficiency, precision and quality.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于增材制造领域，具体涉及一种在激光选区熔化成形中同轴双光束激光预热成形缓冷应力缓释装置及方法。The invention belongs to the field of additive manufacturing, and in particular relates to a coaxial double-beam laser preheating forming slow-cooling stress-releasing device and method in laser selective melting and forming.
背景技术Background technique
激光选区熔化成形技术(Selective Laser Melting，SLM)是增材制造的典型代表，它将传统的三维制造工艺转变为平面制造-累积叠加工艺，通过粉末逐层熔化实现三维复杂精密零部件的制造，由于粉末处于静止状态可设计制造辅助支撑结构，因此适合几乎任意复杂形状金属零部件的制造，可广泛应用于航空航天、汽车、模具、医疗等行业。Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology is a typical representative of additive manufacturing. It transforms the traditional three-dimensional manufacturing process into a planar manufacturing-cumulative superposition process, and realizes the manufacture of three-dimensional complex precision parts through layer-by-layer melting of powder. Because the powder is in a static state, the auxiliary support structure can be designed and manufactured, so it is suitable for the manufacture of metal parts with almost any complex shape, and can be widely used in aerospace, automotive, mold, medical and other industries.
但在激光成形过程中，由于高能激光提供热源将材料逐层熔化并迅速冷却，粉床受到循环热作用，温度梯度大，温度场不稳定，且不同材料体系的激光吸收率各异。激光金属成形过程中，有两个普遍规律：第一，对同一种材料，波长越长，材料对激光的吸收系数越低，波长越短，材料对激光的吸收系数越高；第二，金属温度越高，对激光的吸收率越高。因此，对于Cu、Al等对激光吸收率较低的金属，利用SLM成形此类金属时存在很大困难。通过对粉末预热可降低成形过程中的温度梯度，改善温度场分布，有效控制成形件的变形和开裂问题，同时粉末预热可在一定程度上提高粉末对激光的吸收率，提高粉末对能量的利用率。而目前在激光选区熔化成形设备中，尚未见采用双光束激光预热成形缓冷的报道。However, in the laser forming process, since the high-energy laser provides a heat source to melt the material layer by layer and cool it rapidly, the powder bed is subjected to cyclic heat, the temperature gradient is large, the temperature field is unstable, and the laser absorption rate of different material systems is different. In the process of laser metal forming, there are two general rules: first, for the same material, the longer the wavelength, the lower the absorption coefficient of the material to the laser, and the shorter the wavelength, the higher the absorption coefficient of the material to the laser; second, the metal The higher the temperature, the higher the absorption rate of laser light. Therefore, for Cu, Al and other metals with low laser absorption rate, it is very difficult to use SLM to form such metals. By preheating the powder, the temperature gradient in the forming process can be reduced, the temperature field distribution can be improved, and the deformation and cracking of the formed part can be effectively controlled. utilization rate. At present, there is no report on the use of dual-beam laser preheating and slow cooling in laser selective melting and forming equipment.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的在于提供一种同轴双光束激光预热成形缓冷应力缓释装置及方法，通过光斑大小可调节的大小同轴双光束对金属粉末进行预热和缓冷，一方面能够缓解应力、降低温度梯度、降低组织缺陷，另一方面能够提高金属粉末对激光的吸收率，提高金属材料的成形效率、精度和质量。The purpose of the present invention is to provide a coaxial double-beam laser preheating forming slow cooling stress relief device and method, through which the size of the spot size can be adjusted to preheat and slow cool the metal powder, on the one hand, it can relieve the stress , reduce the temperature gradient, and reduce tissue defects. On the other hand, it can increase the absorption rate of the metal powder to the laser, and improve the forming efficiency, precision and quality of the metal material.
为实现上述目的，本发明采用如下技术方案：To achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:
一种同轴双光束激光预热成形缓冷应力缓释装置，包括激光束，以及延激光束的出射方向依次设置的用于对激光束进行扩束的扩束透镜、用于将扩束后的激光束平行输出的准直凸透镜和用于接收平行激光束并输出同轴双光束的聚焦凸透镜，其中扩束透镜能够在光路上移动进行动态聚焦，聚焦凸透镜的直径为D，聚焦凸透镜的凸面中心位置形成有直径为d的平面A，D>d，平面A用于将平行激光束平行输出形成直径为d的光斑A，聚焦凸透镜的凸面部分用于将平行激光束聚焦形成直径为d’的光斑B，光斑A与光斑B同轴，且d>d’。A coaxial double-beam laser preheating forming slow cooling stress relief device, including a laser beam, and a beam expander lens for expanding the laser beam arranged in sequence along the outgoing direction of the laser beam, used to expand the beam A collimating convex lens for parallel output of laser beams and a focusing convex lens for receiving parallel laser beams and outputting coaxial double beams. The beam expander lens can move on the optical path for dynamic focusing. The diameter of the focusing convex lens is D, and the convex surface of the focusing convex lens A plane A with a diameter of d is formed at the center position, D>d, and the plane A is used to output the parallel laser beam in parallel to form a spot A with a diameter of d, and the convex part of the focusing convex lens is used to focus the parallel laser beam to form a diameter of d' Spot B, spot A and spot B are coaxial, and d>d'.
所述的聚焦凸透镜为平凸透镜，其凸面一侧为入射侧，平面一侧为出射侧，其入射侧的平面A与出射侧的平面同轴且互相平行。The focusing convex lens is a plano-convex lens, one side of the convex surface is the incident side, one side of the plane is the exit side, and the plane A on the incident side is coaxial and parallel to the plane on the exit side.
所述的准直凸透镜为平凸透镜，其平面一侧为入射侧，凸面一侧为出射侧。The collimating convex lens is a plano-convex lens, the plane side is the incident side, and the convex side is the outgoing side.
所述的扩束透镜为扩束凹透镜或扩束凸透镜。The beam expander lens is a beam expander concave lens or a beam expander convex lens.
所述的扩束凹透镜为平凹透镜，其平面一侧为入射侧，凹面一侧为出射侧；The beam expander concave lens is a plano-concave lens, one side of the plane is the incident side, and one side of the concave surface is the exit side;
所述的扩束凸透镜为平凸透镜，其平面一侧为入射侧，凸面一侧为出射侧。The beam expander convex lens is a plano-convex lens, the plane side is the incident side, and the convex side is the exit side.
所述的扩束凹透镜的凹面中心位置形成有直径为d1的平面B，其中平面B用于使激光束平行透过，扩束凹透镜的凹面部分用于对激光束进行扩束，扩束凹透镜的平面B与其入射侧的平面同轴且互相平行，扩束凹透镜的直径为D1，D1>d1，D1<D，d1＝d；The central position of the concave surface of the beam expanding concave lens is formed with a plane B with a diameter of d1, wherein the plane B is used to make the laser beam pass through in parallel, the concave part of the beam expanding concave lens is used to expand the laser beam, and the beam expanding concave lens The plane B and the plane on the incident side are coaxial and parallel to each other, the diameter of the beam expander concave lens is D1, D1>d1, D1<D, d1=d;
所述的扩束凸透镜的凸面中心位置形成有直径为d2的平面C，其中平面C用于使激光束平行透过，扩束凸透镜的凸面部分用于对激光束进行扩束，扩束凸透镜的平面C与其入射侧的平面同轴且互相平行，扩束凸透镜的直径为D2，D2>d2，D2<D，d2＝d。The central position of the convex surface of the beam expander convex lens is formed with a plane C with a diameter of d2, wherein the plane C is used to make the laser beam pass through in parallel, the convex part of the beam expander convex lens is used to expand the laser beam, and the beam expander convex lens The plane C and the plane on the incident side are coaxial and parallel to each other, and the diameter of the beam expander convex lens is D2, D2>d2, D2<D, d2=d.
所述的准直凸透镜的凸面中心位置形成有直径为d3的平面D，其中平面D用于使平行的激光束平行透过，准直凸透镜的凸面部分用于将扩束后的激光束平行输出，准直凸透镜的平面D与其入射侧的平面同轴且互相平行，准直凸透镜的直径为D3，D3>d3，D3＝D，d3＝d。The center position of the convex surface of the collimating convex lens is formed with a plane D with a diameter of d3, wherein the plane D is used to make the parallel laser beam pass through in parallel, and the convex part of the collimating convex lens is used to output the expanded laser beam in parallel , the plane D of the collimating convex lens is coaxial with the plane on the incident side and parallel to each other, the diameter of the collimating convex lens is D3, D3>d3, D3=D, d3=d.
同轴双光束激光预热成形缓冷应力缓释方法，包括以下步骤：The coaxial double-beam laser preheating and slow cooling stress relief method includes the following steps:
a)调节好准直凸透镜和聚焦凸透镜的位置，将其进行固定；a) Adjust the positions of the collimating convex lens and the focusing convex lens, and fix them;
b)激光束入射进入扩束凹透镜或扩束凸透镜，经扩束凹透镜或扩束凸透镜扩束后进入准直凸透镜，经准直后再通过聚焦凸透镜形成同轴双光束，其中聚焦凸透镜的凸面部分将准直后的激光束聚焦形成直径为d’的光斑B，聚焦凸透镜上的平面A使准直后的激光束平行输出形成直径为d的光斑A，光斑B处于光斑A的中心；b) The laser beam enters the beam expanding concave lens or the beam expanding convex lens, enters the collimating convex lens after being expanded by the beam expanding concave lens or the beam expanding convex lens, and then passes through the focusing convex lens to form a coaxial double beam after being collimated. Focus the collimated laser beam to form a spot B with a diameter of d', and focus the plane A on the convex lens so that the collimated laser beam is output in parallel to form a spot A with a diameter of d, and the spot B is at the center of the spot A;
c)通过调节扩束凹透镜或扩束凸透镜的移动距离，利用动态聚焦光学杠杆原理，实现不同大小的光斑B的聚焦；c) By adjusting the moving distance of the beam expander concave lens or the beam expander convex lens, using the principle of dynamic focusing optical levers, the focusing of different sizes of light spots B is realized;
d)在激光选区熔化成形过程中，利用光斑A对金属粉末进行预热和缓冷，利用光斑B成形，即可得到所需零部件。d) In the process of selective laser melting and forming, the metal powder is preheated and slowly cooled by spot A, and formed by spot B to obtain the required parts.
所述的金属粉末包括Cu粉、Al粉及其混合物。The metal powder includes Cu powder, Al powder and mixtures thereof.
本发明具有以下有益效果：The present invention has the following beneficial effects:
本发明提供的同轴双光束激光预热成形缓冷应力缓释装置，在激光束的出射方向上依次设置扩束透镜、准直凸透镜和聚焦凸透镜，其中扩束透镜的作用是将入射的准平行激光束扩束，以降低准直凸透镜和聚焦凹透镜上的激光能量密度，起到保护镜片的作用；准直凸透镜的作用是将经由扩束透镜扩束的激光束平行输出；聚焦凸透镜的凸面部分的作用为将准直平行光束聚焦形成直径为d’的光斑B(小光斑)，聚焦凸透镜上的平面A的作用为将平行光束准直平行输出形成直径为d的光斑A(大光斑)，且光斑B处于光斑A的中心，并且由于扩束透镜的位置可调节，因此光斑B的大小可调，从而能够产生不同光斑大小的同轴双光束。利用光斑A(大光斑)对金属粉末进行预热和缓冷，光斑B(小光斑)熔化成形，能够缓解应力，降低温度梯度，降低偏析、裂纹和孔隙等组织缺陷，解决铝合金等材料对激光吸收率低的问题，提高铝合金等材料的成形效率、精度和质量。The coaxial double-beam laser preheating forming slow cooling stress relief device provided by the present invention is provided with a beam expander lens, a collimating convex lens and a focusing convex lens in sequence on the outgoing direction of the laser beam, wherein the function of the beam expander lens is to collimate the incident Parallel laser beam expansion to reduce the laser energy density on the collimating convex lens and focusing concave lens to protect the lens; the function of the collimating convex lens is to output the laser beam expanded by the beam expanding lens in parallel; the convex surface of the focusing convex lens The function of the part is to focus the collimated beam to form a spot B (small spot) with a diameter of d', and the function of the plane A on the focusing convex lens is to collimate the parallel beam and output it in parallel to form a spot A (large spot) with a diameter of d' , and spot B is at the center of spot A, and since the position of the beam expander lens can be adjusted, the size of spot B can be adjusted, so that coaxial double beams with different spot sizes can be produced. Use spot A (large spot) to preheat and slowly cool metal powder, and spot B (small spot) to melt and form, which can relieve stress, reduce temperature gradient, reduce structural defects such as segregation, cracks and pores, and solve aluminum alloy and other materials. The problem of low absorption rate can improve the forming efficiency, precision and quality of aluminum alloy and other materials.
本发明提供的同轴双光束激光预热成形缓冷应力缓释方法，通过凸透镜和凹透镜的组合使用，产生光斑大小可调节的同轴双光束，利用大光斑对金属粉末进行预热和缓冷，能够提高材料对激光的吸收率，缓解应力，降低成形过程中的温度梯度，降低偏析、裂纹和孔隙等组织缺陷，利用小光斑成形，聚焦性能好，能量稳定，能够提高成形效率、精度和质量。该方法不仅可对激光吸收率较高的金属粉末进行激光选区熔化成形，还可对激光吸收率较低的金属粉末(包括Cu粉、Al粉及其混合物、合金等)进行激光选区熔化成形，能够改善温度场分布，有效控制成形件的变形和开裂问题，同时能够提高粉末对能量的利用率，最终达到提高成形件质量的目的。The coaxial double-beam laser preheating and slow cooling stress relief method provided by the present invention uses a combination of a convex lens and a concave lens to produce a coaxial double beam with an adjustable spot size, and uses a large spot to preheat and slowly cool the metal powder. It can improve the absorption rate of the material to the laser, relieve the stress, reduce the temperature gradient in the forming process, reduce the structural defects such as segregation, cracks and pores, use small spot forming, good focusing performance, stable energy, and can improve the forming efficiency, precision and quality . This method can not only carry out laser selective melting and forming on metal powders with high laser absorption rate, but also carry out laser selective melting and forming on metal powders with low laser absorption rate (including Cu powder, Al powder and their mixtures, alloys, etc.). It can improve the temperature field distribution, effectively control the deformation and cracking of the formed parts, and at the same time improve the energy utilization rate of the powder, and finally achieve the purpose of improving the quality of the formed parts.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明利用不带平面B的扩束凹透镜和不带平面D的准直凸透镜进行的同轴双光束激光预热成形缓冷应力缓释方法的原理图；Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of the coaxial double-beam laser preheating forming slow cooling stress mitigation method for the present invention utilizing a beam expanding concave lens without plane B and a collimating convex lens without plane D;
图2为本发明利用带平面B的扩束凹透镜和带平面D的准直凸透镜进行的同轴双光束激光预热成形缓冷应力缓释方法的原理图；Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of the coaxial dual-beam laser preheating forming slow cooling stress mitigation method utilizing the beam expanding concave lens with plane B and the collimating convex lens with plane D in the present invention;
图3为本发明利用不带平面C的扩束凸透镜和不带平面D的准直凸透镜进行的同轴双光束激光预热成形缓冷应力缓释方法的原理图；Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram of the coaxial double-beam laser preheating forming slow cooling stress relief method for the present invention utilizing a beam expanding convex lens without a plane C and a collimating convex lens without a plane D;
图4为本发明利用带平面C的扩束凸透镜和带平面D的准直凸透镜进行的同轴双光束激光预热成形缓冷应力缓释方法的原理图；Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram of the coaxial double-beam laser preheating forming slow cooling stress relief method utilizing the beam expanding convex lens with plane C and the collimating convex lens with plane D in the present invention;
图5为本发明的扩束凹透镜的结构示意图，其中(a)为不带平面B的扩束凹透镜，(b)为带有平面B的扩束凹透镜；Fig. 5 is the structural representation of the beam expanding concave lens of the present invention, wherein (a) is the beam expanding concave lens without plane B, (b) is the beam expanding concave lens with plane B;
图6为本发明的扩束凸透镜的结构示意图，其中(a)为不带平面C的扩束凸透镜，(b)为带有平面C的扩束凸透镜；Fig. 6 is the structural representation of the beam expander convex lens of the present invention, wherein (a) is the beam expander convex lens without plane C, (b) is the beam expander convex lens with plane C;
图7为本发明的准直凸透镜的结构示意图，其中(a)为不带平面D的准直凸透镜，(b)为带有平面D的准直凸透镜；Fig. 7 is the structural representation of collimating convex lens of the present invention, wherein (a) is the collimating convex lens without plane D, (b) is the collimating convex lens with plane D;
图8为本发明的聚焦凸透镜的结构示意图；Fig. 8 is the structural representation of the focusing convex lens of the present invention;
图9为本发明形成的同轴双光束的光斑的效果图；Fig. 9 is an effect diagram of the spot of the coaxial double beam formed by the present invention;
其中，1为激光束、2为扩束凹透镜、3为准直凸透镜、4为聚焦凸透镜、5为扩束凸透镜。Among them, 1 is a laser beam, 2 is a beam expanding concave lens, 3 is a collimating convex lens, 4 is a focusing convex lens, and 5 is a beam expanding convex lens.
具体实施方式detailed description
下面结合附图对本发明做进一步详细描述：The present invention is described in further detail below in conjunction with accompanying drawing:
参见图1至图8，本发明提供的同轴双光束激光预热成形缓冷应力缓释装置包括激光束1，以及延激光束1的出射方向依次设置的用于对激光束1进行扩束的扩束透镜、用于将扩束后的激光束平行输出的准直凸透镜3和用于接收平行激光束并输出同轴双光束的聚焦凸透镜4；扩束透镜能够在光路上移动进行动态聚焦，准直凸透镜3和聚焦凸透镜4共同构成物镜。Referring to Fig. 1 to Fig. 8, the coaxial double-beam laser preheating and slow cooling stress relief device provided by the present invention includes a laser beam 1, and a laser beam 1 arranged in sequence along the outgoing direction of the laser beam 1 for beam expansion of the laser beam 1 The beam expander lens, the collimating convex lens 3 for outputting the expanded laser beam in parallel, and the focusing convex lens 4 for receiving the parallel laser beam and outputting coaxial double beams; the beam expander lens can move on the optical path for dynamic focusing , the collimating convex lens 3 and the focusing convex lens 4 jointly constitute the objective lens.
其中，扩束透镜为扩束凹透镜2或扩束凸透镜5，且扩束凹透镜2为平凹透镜，其直径为D1，其平面一侧为入射侧，凹面一侧为出射侧；扩束凸透镜5为平凸透镜，其直径为D2，其平面一侧为入射侧，凸面一侧为出射侧。准直凸透镜3为平凸透镜，其直径为D3，其平面一侧为入射侧，凸面一侧为出射侧。聚焦凸透镜4为平凸透镜，其直径为D，其凸面一侧为入射侧，平面一侧为出射侧。且D1<D，D2<D，D3＝D。Wherein, the beam expander lens is a beam expander concave lens 2 or a beam expander convex lens 5, and the beam expander concave lens 2 is a plano-concave lens with a diameter of D1, the plane side is the incident side, and the concave side is the exit side; the beam expander convex lens 5 is A plano-convex lens has a diameter of D2, the plane side is the incident side, and the convex side is the exit side. The collimating convex lens 3 is a plano-convex lens with a diameter of D3, the plane side is the incident side, and the convex side is the outgoing side. The focusing convex lens 4 is a plano-convex lens with a diameter of D, the convex side is the incident side, and the flat side is the outgoing side. And D1<D, D2<D, D3=D.
并且，聚焦凸透镜4的凸面一侧的中心位置经打磨抛光后形成直径为d的平面A，平面A与聚焦凸透镜4的出射侧的平面同轴且互相平行，平面A用于将平行激光束平行输出形成直径为d的光斑A，聚焦凸透镜4的凸面部分用于将平行激光束聚焦形成直径为d’的光斑B，光斑A与光斑B同轴，D>d，d>d’。And, the central position of one side of the convex surface of the focusing convex lens 4 is ground and polished to form a plane A with a diameter of d. The plane A is coaxial with the plane on the exit side of the focusing convex lens 4 and is parallel to each other. The plane A is used to parallelize the parallel laser beams. The output forms a spot A with a diameter of d, and the convex part of the focusing convex lens 4 is used to focus the parallel laser beam to form a spot B with a diameter of d'. The spot A is coaxial with the spot B, and D>d, d>d'.
扩束凹透镜2、扩束凸透镜5和准直凸透镜3的凹面或凸面一侧的中心位置可以通过打磨抛光分别形成平面B、平面C和平面D，也可以不进行打磨抛光处理直接使用具有完整凹面或凸面的平凹透镜或平凸透镜。且在使用经打磨抛光处理后的准直凸透镜3时，必须同时使用经打磨抛光处理后的扩束凹透镜2或扩束凸透镜5，在直接使用具有完整凸面的准直凸透镜3时，必须同时使用具有完整凹面或凸面的扩束凹透镜2或扩束凸透镜5。The central position of the concave or convex side of the beam expanding concave lens 2, the beam expanding convex lens 5 and the collimating convex lens 3 can be polished to form plane B, plane C and plane D respectively, or can be directly used without grinding and polishing to have a complete concave surface Or convex plano-concave or plano-convex lenses. And when using the collimating convex lens 3 after grinding and polishing, the beam expanding concave lens 2 or the beam expanding convex lens 5 after grinding and polishing must be used at the same time. When directly using the collimating convex lens 3 with a complete convex surface, it must be used simultaneously Beam expanding concave lens 2 or beam expanding convex lens 5 with complete concave or convex surface.
在使用经打磨抛光处理后的扩束凹透镜2(或扩束凸透镜5)和准直凸透镜3时，扩束凹透镜2的凹面中心位置形成有直径为d1的平面B，其中平面B用于使激光束1平行透过，扩束凹透镜2的凹面部分用于对激光束1进行扩束，扩束凹透镜2的平面B与其入射侧的平面同轴且互相平行，D1>d1，d1＝d(或者，扩束凸透镜5的凸面中心位置形成有直径为d2的平面C，其中平面C用于使激光束1平行透过，扩束凸透镜5的凸面部分用于对激光束1进行扩束，扩束凸透镜5的平面C与其入射侧的平面同轴且互相平行，D2>d2，d2＝d)。准直凸透镜3的凸面中心位置形成有直径为d3的平面D，其中平面D用于使平行的激光束平行透过，准直凸透镜3的凸面部分用于将扩束后的激光束平行输出，准直凸透镜3的平面D与其入射侧的平面同轴且互相平行，D3>d3，d3＝d。When using the beam expander concave lens 2 (or beam expander convex lens 5) and the collimating convex lens 3 after grinding and polishing, the concave surface center position of the beam expander concave lens 2 is formed with a plane B with a diameter of d1, wherein the plane B is used to make the laser The beam 1 passes through in parallel, and the concave portion of the beam expanding concave lens 2 is used to expand the laser beam 1. The plane B of the beam expanding concave lens 2 is coaxial and parallel to the plane on the incident side, D1>d1, d1=d (or , the center position of the convex surface of the beam expander convex lens 5 is formed with a plane C with a diameter of d2, wherein the plane C is used to make the laser beam 1 pass through in parallel, and the convex part of the beam expander convex lens 5 is used to expand the laser beam 1, and the beam expander The plane C of the convex lens 5 is coaxial with the plane on the incident side and parallel to each other, D2>d2, d2=d). The center of the convex surface of the collimating convex lens 3 is formed with a plane D with a diameter of d3, wherein the plane D is used to make the parallel laser beam pass through in parallel, and the convex part of the collimating convex lens 3 is used to output the expanded laser beam in parallel. The plane D of the collimating convex lens 3 is coaxial with the plane on the incident side and parallel to each other, D3>d3, d3=d.
本发明提供的同轴双光束激光预热成形缓冷应力缓释方法包括以下步骤：The coaxial double-beam laser preheating forming slow cooling stress relief method provided by the present invention comprises the following steps:
a)调节好准直凸透镜3和聚焦凸透镜4的位置，将其进行固定；a) adjust the positions of the collimating convex lens 3 and the focusing convex lens 4, and fix them;
b)激光束1入射进入扩束凹透镜2或扩束凸透镜5，经扩束凹透镜2或扩束凸透镜5扩束后进入准直凸透镜3，经准直后再通过聚焦凸透镜4形成同轴双光束，其中聚焦凸透镜4的凸面部分将准直后的激光束聚焦形成直径为d’的光斑B，聚焦凸透镜4上的平面A使准直后的激光束平行输出形成直径为d的光斑A，光斑B处于光斑A的中心，如图9所示；b) The laser beam 1 enters the beam expanding concave lens 2 or the beam expanding convex lens 5, enters the collimating convex lens 3 after being expanded by the beam expanding concave lens 2 or the beam expanding convex lens 5, and then passes through the focusing convex lens 4 to form a coaxial double beam after being collimated , where the convex part of the focusing convex lens 4 focuses the collimated laser beam to form a spot B with a diameter of d', and the plane A on the focusing convex lens 4 makes the collimated laser beam output in parallel to form a spot A with a diameter of d. B is in the center of spot A, as shown in Figure 9;
c)通过调节扩束凹透镜2或扩束凸透镜5的移动距离，利用动态聚焦光学杠杆原理，实现不同大小的光斑B的聚焦；c) By adjusting the moving distance of the beam expander concave lens 2 or the beam expander convex lens 5, the focusing of the light spots B of different sizes is realized by utilizing the principle of dynamic focusing optical levers;
d)在激光选区熔化成形过程中，利用光斑A对金属粉末进行预热和缓冷，能够提高材料对激光的吸收率，缓解应力，降低温度梯度，降低偏析、裂纹和孔隙等组织缺陷，同时利用光斑B成形，聚焦性能好，能量稳定，能够提高成形效率、精度和质量，通过大小光斑的共同作用即可制得所需的零部件。d) In the process of selective laser melting and forming, using spot A to preheat and slowly cool the metal powder can improve the laser absorption rate of the material, relieve stress, reduce temperature gradient, and reduce structural defects such as segregation, cracks and pores. Light spot B is formed, with good focusing performance and stable energy, which can improve the forming efficiency, precision and quality, and the required parts can be produced through the joint action of large and small light spots.
通过上述方法不仅可对激光吸收率较高的金属粉末进行激光选区熔化成形，还可对激光吸收率较低的金属粉末(包括Cu粉、Al粉及其混合物、合金等)进行激光选区熔化成形，能够降低成形过程中的温度梯度，改善温度场分布，有效控制成形件的变形和开裂问题，同时可在一定程度上提高粉末对激光的吸收率，提高粉末对能量的利用率，最终提高成形件的质量。Through the above method, not only metal powders with high laser absorption rate can be subjected to laser selective melting and forming, but also metal powders with low laser absorption rate (including Cu powder, Al powder and their mixtures, alloys, etc.) can be subjected to laser selective melting and forming , can reduce the temperature gradient in the forming process, improve the temperature field distribution, and effectively control the deformation and cracking of the formed part. At the same time, it can increase the absorption rate of the powder to the laser to a certain extent, improve the energy utilization of the powder, and finally improve the forming process. the quality of the piece.
下面结合具体实施例对本发明进行详细说明。The present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with specific embodiments.
实施例1Example 1
参考图1，本实施例采用的光学透镜包括不带平面B的扩束凹透镜2、不带平面D的准直凸透镜3和带有平面A的聚焦凸透镜4。其中，参考图5(a)，扩束凹透镜2的直径为D1，扩束凹透镜2的作用是将入射的准平行激光束1扩束，以降低准直凸透镜3和聚焦凹透镜4上的激光能量密度，起到保护镜片的作用。参考图7(a)，准直凸透镜3的直径为D3，准直凸透镜3的作用为将经由扩束凸透镜2扩束的激光束1平行输出。参考图8，聚焦凸透镜4的直径为D，其凸面的中心位置经打磨抛光后形成直径为d的平面A，聚焦凸透镜4的凸面部分的作用为将准直平行光束聚焦形成直径为d’的光斑B，聚焦凸透镜4的平面A的作用为将平行光束准直平行输出，形成直径为d的光斑A，从而产生不同光斑大小的同轴双光束。通过调节扩束凹透镜2的移动距离，利用动态聚焦光学杠杆原理，调节光斑B的大小。成形过程中，利用光斑A对金属粉末进行预热和缓冷，利用光斑B成形，即可进行激光选区熔化成形，制得所需的零部件。Referring to FIG. 1 , the optical lenses used in this embodiment include a beam expanding concave lens 2 without a plane B, a collimating convex lens 3 without a plane D, and a focusing convex lens 4 with a plane A. Wherein, with reference to Fig. 5 (a), the diameter of the beam expanding concave lens 2 is D1, and the effect of the beam expanding concave lens 2 is to expand the incident quasi-parallel laser beam 1 to reduce the laser energy on the collimating convex lens 3 and the focusing concave lens 4 Density, play a role in protecting the lens. Referring to FIG. 7( a ), the diameter of the collimating convex lens 3 is D3 , and the function of the collimating convex lens 3 is to output the laser beam 1 expanded by the beam expanding convex lens 2 in parallel. Referring to Fig. 8, the diameter of the focusing convex lens 4 is D, and the central position of its convex surface is ground and polished to form a plane A with a diameter of d. Spot B, the function of the plane A of the focusing convex lens 4 is to collimate the parallel beams and output them in parallel to form a spot A with a diameter of d, thereby generating coaxial double beams with different spot sizes. By adjusting the moving distance of the beam expander concave lens 2, the size of the spot B is adjusted by utilizing the principle of dynamic focusing optical levers. During the forming process, the metal powder is preheated and slowly cooled by spot A, and formed by spot B, and the laser selective melting can be carried out to obtain the required parts.
实施例2Example 2
参考图2，本实施例采用的光学透镜包括带有平面B的扩束凹透镜2、带有平面D的准直凸透镜3和带有平面A的聚焦凸透镜4。其中，参考图5(b)，扩束凹透镜2的直径为D1，其凹面的中心位置经打磨抛光后形成直径为d1的平面B，平面B使得激光束1直接平行透过，不进行扩束，扩束凹透镜2的凹面部分的作用是将入射的准平行激光束扩束，以降低准直凸透镜3和聚焦凹透镜4上的激光能量密度，起到保护镜片的作用。参考图7(b)，准直凸透镜3的直径为D3，其凸面的中心位置经打磨抛光后形成直径为d3的平面D，平面D使得透过平面B的激光束直接平行透过，准直凸透镜3的凸面部分的作用为将经由扩束凸透镜2的凹面部分扩束的激光束平行输出。参考图8，聚焦凸透镜4的直径为D，其凸面的中心位置经打磨抛光后形成直径为d的平面A，平面A使得透过平面D的激光束直接平行透过，形成直径为d的光斑A(比实施例1中的光斑A的能量密度大)，聚焦凸透镜4的凸面部分的作用为将经由准直凸透镜3的凸面部分准直的平行光束聚焦形成直径为d’的光斑B，从而产生不同光斑大小的同轴双光束。通过调节扩束凹透镜2的移动距离，利用动态聚焦光学杠杆原理，调节光斑B的大小。成形过程中，利用光斑A对金属粉末进行预热和缓冷，利用光斑B成形，即可进行激光选区熔化成形，制得所需的零部件。Referring to FIG. 2 , the optical lenses used in this embodiment include a beam expanding concave lens 2 with a plane B, a collimating convex lens 3 with a plane D, and a focusing convex lens 4 with a plane A. Wherein, referring to Fig. 5(b), the diameter of the beam expander concave lens 2 is D1, and the center position of the concave surface is ground and polished to form a plane B with a diameter of d1. The plane B allows the laser beam 1 to pass through directly in parallel without beam expansion. The function of the concave portion of the beam expander concave lens 2 is to expand the incident quasi-parallel laser beam to reduce the laser energy density on the collimating convex lens 3 and the focusing concave lens 4, and to protect the lens. Referring to Figure 7(b), the diameter of the collimating convex lens 3 is D3, and the center of its convex surface is ground and polished to form a plane D with a diameter of d3. The function of the convex portion of the convex lens 3 is to parallel output the laser beam expanded by the concave portion of the beam expander convex lens 2 . Referring to Figure 8, the diameter of the focusing convex lens 4 is D, and the center of the convex surface is ground and polished to form a plane A with a diameter of d. The plane A allows the laser beam passing through the plane D to pass directly in parallel to form a spot with a diameter of d. A (larger than the energy density of spot A in embodiment 1), the function of the convex portion of the focusing convex lens 4 is to focus the parallel beams collimated through the convex portion of the collimating convex lens 3 to form a spot B with a diameter of d′, thereby Produces coaxial dual beams with different spot sizes. By adjusting the moving distance of the beam expander concave lens 2, the size of the spot B is adjusted by utilizing the principle of dynamic focusing optical levers. During the forming process, the metal powder is preheated and slowly cooled by spot A, and formed by spot B, and the laser selective melting and forming can be carried out to obtain the required parts.
实施例3Example 3
参考图3，本实施例采用的光学透镜包括不带平面C的扩束凸透镜5、不带平面D的准直凸透镜3和带有平面A的聚焦凸透镜4。其中，参考图6(a)，扩束凸透镜5的直径为D2，扩束凸透镜5的作用是将入射的准平行激光束1扩束，以降低准直凸透镜3和聚焦凹透镜4上的激光能量密度，起到保护镜片的作用。参考图7(a)，准直凸透镜3的直径为D3，准直凸透镜3的作用为将经由扩束凸透镜2扩束的激光束1平行输出。参考图8，聚焦凸透镜4的直径为D，其凸面的中心位置经打磨抛光后形成直径为d的平面A，聚焦凸透镜4的凸面部分的作用为将准直平行光束聚焦形成直径为d’的光斑B，聚焦凸透镜4的平面A的作用为将平行光束准直平行输出，形成直径为d的光斑A，从而产生不同光斑大小的同轴双光束。通过调节扩束凸透镜5的移动距离，利用动态聚焦光学杠杆原理，调节光斑B的大小。成形过程中，利用光斑A对金属粉末进行预热和缓冷，利用光斑B成形，即可进行激光选区熔化成形，制得所需的零部件。Referring to FIG. 3 , the optical lenses used in this embodiment include a beam expander convex lens 5 without a plane C, a collimating convex lens 3 without a plane D, and a focusing convex lens 4 with a plane A. Wherein, with reference to Fig. 6 (a), the diameter of the beam expanding convex lens 5 is D2, and the effect of the beam expanding convex lens 5 is to expand the beam of the incident quasi-parallel laser beam 1, to reduce the laser energy on the collimating convex lens 3 and the focusing concave lens 4 Density, play a role in protecting the lens. Referring to FIG. 7( a ), the diameter of the collimating convex lens 3 is D3 , and the function of the collimating convex lens 3 is to output the laser beam 1 expanded by the beam expanding convex lens 2 in parallel. Referring to Fig. 8, the diameter of the focusing convex lens 4 is D, and the central position of its convex surface is ground and polished to form a plane A with a diameter of d. Spot B, the function of the plane A of the focusing convex lens 4 is to collimate the parallel beams and output them in parallel to form a spot A with a diameter of d, thereby producing coaxial double beams with different spot sizes. By adjusting the moving distance of the beam expander convex lens 5, the size of the spot B is adjusted by utilizing the principle of dynamic focusing optical levers. During the forming process, the metal powder is preheated and slowly cooled by spot A, and formed by spot B, and the laser selective melting and forming can be carried out to obtain the required parts.
实施例4Example 4
参考图4，本实施例采用的光学透镜包括带有平面C的扩束凸透镜5、带有平面D的准直凸透镜3和带有平面A的聚焦凸透镜4。其中，参考图6(b)，扩束凸透镜5的直径为D2，其凸面的中心位置经打磨抛光后形成直径为d2的平面C，平面C使得激光束1直接平行透过，不进行扩束，扩束凸透镜5的凸面部分的作用是将入射的准平行激光束扩束，以降低准直凸透镜3和聚焦凹透镜4上的激光能量密度，起到保护镜片的作用。参考图7(b)，准直凸透镜3的直径为D3，其凸面的中心位置经打磨抛光后形成直径为d3的平面D，平面D使得透过平面C的激光束直接平行透过，准直凸透镜3的凸面部分的作用为将经由扩束凸透镜5的凸面部分扩束的激光束平行输出。参考图8，聚焦凸透镜4的直径为D，其凸面的中心位置经打磨抛光后形成直径为d的平面A，平面A使得透过平面D的激光束直接平行透过，形成直径为d的光斑A(比实施例3中的光斑A的能量密度大)，聚焦凸透镜4的凸面部分的作用为将经由准直凸透镜3的凸面部分准直的平行光束聚焦形成直径为d’的光斑B，从而产生不同光斑大小的同轴双光束。通过调节扩束凸透镜5的移动距离，利用动态聚焦光学杠杆原理，调节光斑B的大小。成形过程中，利用光斑A对金属粉末进行预热和缓冷，利用光斑B成形，即可进行激光选区熔化成形，制得所需的零部件。Referring to FIG. 4 , the optical lenses used in this embodiment include a beam expander convex lens 5 with a plane C, a collimating convex lens 3 with a plane D, and a focusing convex lens 4 with a plane A. Wherein, referring to Fig. 6(b), the diameter of the beam expander convex lens 5 is D2, and the center position of its convex surface is ground and polished to form a plane C with a diameter of d2, and the plane C allows the laser beam 1 to pass through directly in parallel without beam expansion. The function of the convex portion of the beam expander convex lens 5 is to expand the incident quasi-parallel laser beam to reduce the laser energy density on the collimating convex lens 3 and the focusing concave lens 4, so as to protect the glasses. Referring to Figure 7(b), the diameter of the collimating convex lens 3 is D3, and the center of its convex surface is ground and polished to form a plane D with a diameter of d3. The function of the convex portion of the convex lens 3 is to parallel output the laser beam expanded by the convex portion of the beam expander convex lens 5 . Referring to Figure 8, the diameter of the focusing convex lens 4 is D, and the center of the convex surface is ground and polished to form a plane A with a diameter of d. The plane A allows the laser beam passing through the plane D to pass directly in parallel to form a spot with a diameter of d. A (larger than the energy density of spot A in embodiment 3), the function of the convex portion of the focusing convex lens 4 is to focus the parallel light beams collimated through the convex portion of the collimating convex lens 3 to form a spot B with a diameter of d′, thereby Produces coaxial dual beams with different spot sizes. By adjusting the moving distance of the beam expander convex lens 5, the size of the spot B is adjusted by utilizing the principle of dynamic focusing optical levers. During the forming process, the metal powder is preheated and slowly cooled by spot A, and formed by spot B, and the laser selective melting and forming can be carried out to obtain the required parts.
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| CN110039047A (en) * | 2018-01-13 | 2019-07-23 | 西安增材制造国家研究院有限公司 | Metal powder laser melts increasing material manufacturing device and its manufacturing process |
| CN108709164A (en) * | 2018-05-16 | 2018-10-26 | 德州尧鼎光电科技有限公司 | A kind of light source output Wavelength tuning device |
| CN109023351B (en) * | 2018-09-12 | 2021-01-05 | 中国人民解放军陆军装甲兵学院 | Preparation method of crack-free laser cladding amorphous coating |
| CN112276081B (en) * | 2020-09-30 | 2022-07-15 | 华中科技大学 | Double-beam SLM (selective laser melting) forming method and system giving consideration to forming efficiency and forming quality |
| CN112711143A (en) * | 2020-12-26 | 2021-04-27 | 华中光电技术研究所（中国船舶重工集团公司第七一七研究所） | High-energy laser emission tracking aiming system capable of continuously focusing |
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