CN109152612A - 具有嵌入式成像仪的机器人手术系统 - Google Patents

具有嵌入式成像仪的机器人手术系统 Download PDF

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CN109152612A
CN109152612A CN201780031784.6A CN201780031784A CN109152612A CN 109152612 A CN109152612 A CN 109152612A CN 201780031784 A CN201780031784 A CN 201780031784A CN 109152612 A CN109152612 A CN 109152612A
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德怀特·梅格兰
卡希夫·伊克拉姆
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Abstract

本公开涉及机器人手术系统和相应的方法。所述系统包括至少一个机器人臂和耦合到所述机器人臂的辐射源。所述系统还包括具有数字成像接收器的手术台,所述数字成像接收器配置为基于从所述辐射源接收的辐射输出电信号。具有处理器和存储器的控制器被配置为接收所述电信号并基于所述电信号在所述手术台上生成患者的初始图像。所述控制器基于所述辐射源的方向将所述初始图像转换为转换图像。

Description

具有嵌入式成像仪的机器人手术系统
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2016年6月3日提交的第62/345,168号美国临时申请的权益和优先权,所述美国临时申请的全部内容通过引用并入本文。
背景技术
机器人手术系统,如远程手术系统,用于进行微创外科手术,提供了优于传统开放手术技术的许多益处,包括减轻疼痛、缩短住院时间、更快恢复正常活动、最小化瘢痕、缩短恢复时间和减少组织损伤。
机器人手术系统可以具有多个机器人臂,其响应于外科医生观察捕获的图像的输入装置的移动而移动附接的器械或工具,诸如图像捕获装置、抓紧器、吻合器、电外科器械等。通过手术部位的图像捕获装置。在外科手术过程中,每个工具都可以通过开口(例如,腹腔镜孔)插入患者体内并定位以操纵手术部位处的组织。开口位于患者身体附近,使得手术仪器可以用于协作地进行外科手术,并且图像捕获装置可以观察手术部位。
在外科手术过程中,可能需要放射摄影成像以查看患者内部解剖结构的状态以及位于其中的任何手术工具的位置。放射摄影成像通过带入手术室的C型臂式荧光镜,或者是安装在手术室内的专用荧光镜进行。可能必须将机器人手术系统与患者断开并移出,以便将荧光镜定位在患者附近以获得放射摄影图像。机器人手术系统的断开、移动和重连将延迟外科手术。由于这种延迟,放射摄影图像可能不能充分用作安全监测步骤或用于监测外科手术的进展。
因此,需要在不移动手术机器人手术系统的情况下获得放射摄影图像。
发明内容
在本公开的一个方面,提供了一种机器人手术系统。所述机器人手术系统包括至少一个机器人臂和可拆卸地耦合到所述机器人臂的辐射源。所述系统还包括具有数字成像接收器的手术台,所述数字成像接收器配置为基于从所述辐射源接收的辐射输出电信号。配置具有处理器和存储器的控制器以接收所述电信号并基于所述电信号在所述手术台上生成患者的初始图像。所述控制器基于所述辐射源相对于所述数字成像接收器的方向将所述初始图像转换为转换图像。
在实施例中,所述控制器确定所述辐射源相对于所述数字成像接收器的姿势。所述姿势可包括所述辐射源限定的成像轴线与垂直于所述数字成像接收器限定的平面延伸的轴线之间的角度。所述姿势可包括所述辐射源相对于所述数字成像接收器的位置。
所述控制器可基于所述角度将所述初始图像转换为转换图像。
在一些实施例中,所述初始图像可以是所述患者沿所述辐射源成像轴线的成角度(例如非垂直)的视图。
在一些实施例中,所述控制器可执行移动计划以生成患者的3D重建。所述移动计划可以使所述控制器移动所述辐射源多次。所述控制器可生成多个初始图像,其中每个初始图像对应于每次所述辐射线源移动。可以将所述多个初始图像转换为用于生成3D重建的多个切片。
在本公开的另一方面,提供了一种使用机器人手术系统为患者成像的方法。该方法包括从辐射源发射辐射,使用手术台上包括的数字成像接收器接收来自辐射源的辐射,以及将接收的辐射转化成电信号。将电信号转化成初始图像,基于辐射源相对于数字图像接收器的姿势将初始图像转换为转换图像。
在一些实施例中,该方法还包括由所述辐射源的位置和所述辐射源限定的成像轴线与垂直于所述数字成像接收器限定的平面的线之间的角度来确定所述辐射源相对于所述数字成像接收器的姿势。所述初始图像基于所述姿势转换为转换图像。
在一些实施例中,初始图像可以是患者的倾斜视图。
在一些实施例中,执行移动计划以生成患者的3D重建。移动计划可以使辐射源移动多次。将生成多个初始图像,其中每个初始图像对应于每次辐射源移动。可以将所述多个初始图像转换为用于生成3D重建的多个切片。
附图说明
下面参考附图描述本公开的各个方面,附图并入本说明书中并构成本说明书的一部分,其中:
图1是根据本公开的机器人手术系统的用户界面和机器人系统的示意图;
图2是根据本公开的成像系统的示意图;
图3是描绘本公开的成像系统的操作的流程图;及
图4是描绘本公开的成像系统的另一操作的流程图。
具体实施方式
可以在不使用传统C型臂式荧光镜的情况下获得荧光透视图像。本公开涉及使用机器人手术系统获得荧光透视图像的系统和方法。在本文所述的系统中,将辐射源并入到附接到机器人手术系统的臂的末端效应器中。可以将接收器并入到手术台中或放置在手术台上。将接收器配置为接收由辐射源发射的x射线。将接收的x射线转化成具有倾斜透视图的图像,然后将其转换成具有相对于患者的垂直透视图的图像。
通过将辐射源作为末端效应器放置在机器人臂上并且将接收器放置在手术台上,可以生成放射照片而无需将手术机器人移到独立成像装置,例如C型臂式荧光镜或专用荧光镜的路径之外。通过了解末端效应器相对于由手术台表面限定的平面的方向的角度,可以校正所获得的图像以产生适当的图像,即患者的垂直透视图。
转到图1,机器人手术系统100可以与一个或多个控制台102一起使用,控制台102紧邻手术室或位于远程位置。在这种情况下,一组临床医生或护士可以为患者准备进行手术并且为机器人手术系统100配置一个或多个末端效应器104,而另一名临床医生(或另一组临床医生)通过机器人手术系统100远程控制该仪器。正如可以认识到的那样,高度熟练的临床医生可以进行多个场所的多个操作而无需离开他/她的远程控制台,这既在经济上有利,又对患者或一系列患者有益。
手术系统100的机器人臂106通常通过控制器110与一对主手柄108耦合。控制器110可以与控制台102集成在一起,或者作为手术室内的独立装置提供。手柄106可由临床医生移动以产生与机器人臂106附连的任何类型的末端效应器104(例如,探针、机械或电外科学末端效应器、抓握器、刀、剪刀、吻合器等)的工作端的相应移动。例如,末端效应器104可以是包括图像捕获装置的探针。
控制台102包括配置为显示二维或三维图像的显示装置112。显示装置112显示手术部位的三维图像,其可包括由位于臂106的末端114上的末端效应器104捕获的数据和/或包括由位于手术室周围的成像装置(例如,位于手术部位内的成像装置,位于患者附近的成像装置,位于成像臂远端的成像装置)捕获的数据。成像装置可以捕获手术部位的视觉图像、红外图像、超声图像、X射线图像、热图像和/或任何其它已知的实时图像。成像装置将捕获的成像数据发送到控制器110,控制器110由成像数据实时地创建手术部位的图像,并将图像发送到显示装置112以进行显示。
可以缩放主手柄108的移动,使得工作端具有与由临床医生的操作手所进行的移动不同、更小或更大的相应移动。比例因子或传动比可以是可调节的,以便操作者可以控制末端效应器104的工作端的分辨率。
在手术系统100的操作期间,主手柄108由临床医生操作以产生机器人臂106和/或末端效应器104的相应移动。主手柄108向控制器110提供信号,然后控制器110向一个或多个驱动马达114提供相应的信号。一个或多个驱动马达114与机器人臂106耦合,以便移动机器人臂106和/或末端效应器104。
主手柄108可以包括各种触觉部116,以向临床医生提供与各种组织参数或条件有关的反馈,例如,由于操纵、切割或以其它方式处理产生的组织阻力,由仪器施加到组织上的压力,组织温度、组织阻抗等。正如可以认识到的那样,这种触觉部116为临床医生提供了模拟实际操作条件的增强的触觉反馈。触觉部116可以包含振动马达、电动式聚合物、压电装置、静电装置、亚音速音频波表面致动装置、反向电振动或能够向用户提供触觉反馈的任何其它装置。主手柄108还可以包括各种不同的致动器(未示出),用于精细的组织操纵或治疗,进一步增强临床医生模拟实际操作条件的能力。
控制器110包括收发器118和处理器120。收发器118接收来自置于末端效应器104上的辐射源122的指示辐射源122的位置和方向的信号,以及来自置于手术台126上或内部的数字成像接收器(DIR)124的信号,下面将更详细对此进行描述。在一些实施例中,处理器120可以确定辐射源122的位置和方向。来自辐射源122和/或DIR 124的信号可以通过任何传统的有线或无线方法传输到收发器118。收发器118将信号提供给处理器120中的图像生成单元128,其基于辐射源122和DIR 124的位置和方向生成图像。存储器130可以存储用于进行图像生成的算法。
转到图2,在参考图1的同时,临床医生可以将包括辐射源122的末端效应器104附接到其中一个机器人臂106。辐射源122向患者发射x射线。当x射线穿过患者时,在它们穿过时x射线衰减不同的量,有一些能量被吸收,或偏离患者的各种组织。衰减的x射线由DIR124接收,DIR 124将接收的x射线转化成电信号,提供给图像生成单元128。图像生成单元将电信号转化为表示患者的倾斜视图的初始图像。
一旦生成初始图像,图像生成单元128就使用包括辐射线源122的位置和方向在内的姿势来进行仿射转换,其中将初始图像转换为将在显示器112上显示的转换图像。应当认识到初始图像可以是偏斜图像,其至少梯型变型为转换图像。垂直视图呈现垂直于成像轴线“R”的视图。
预期转换图像可以是垂直于患者的视图,使得所显示的视图是垂直于患者纵轴线的俯视图。例如,如图2所示,辐射源的方向用角度“a”表示。角度“a”是延伸通过辐射源122的成像轴线“R”和垂直于手术台126平面“X”的线“P”之间的角度。基于角度“a”,图像生成单元可以进行初始图像到俯视显示图像的转换。
图3是描绘根据本公开实施例的成像系统的操作的流程图。下面将结合图1和图2描述图3。如图3所示,在步骤s302中将辐射源122移动到位。一旦到位,处理器120就确定或接收辐射源122的姿势,包括辐射源122的位置和方向,以在步骤s304中确定角度“a”。在步骤s306中,处理器120确定角度“a”是否小于预定角度“p”。如果角度“a”不小于预定角度“p”,则所得转换图像可能不能很好地工作或者根本不能工作。如果角度“a”不小于角度“p”,则该过程返回到移动辐射源的步骤s302。例如,如果预定角度“p”和成像轴线“R”的偏差很大,则梯形转换可因图像一端的大像素化而产生粗略图像。如果角度“a”小于角度“p”,则该过程进行到步骤s308,其中基于由DIR 124接收的x射线生成初始图像。然后,在步骤s310中由图像生成单元128对初始图像进行转换,以生成转换图像。然后在步骤s312中将转换图像显示在显示器112上。在步骤s314中,用户可以决定结束该程序或继续该程序。如果继续该程序,则用户可以在步骤s316中确定是否需要移动辐射源122。如果不需要移动辐射源,则该过程返回到步骤s308。如果需要移动辐射源,则该过程返回到步骤s302。
在一些实施例中,可以根据存储器130中存储的移动计划来移动辐射源122。将结合图1和图2进行讨论的图4描绘了用于生成患者的3D重建的方法。如图4所示,在步骤s402中,控制器110执行移动计划(即,从存储器130加载移动计划由处理器120执行)。在步骤s404中,控制器110通过控制辐射源122发射x射线并基于从辐射源122接收的x射线从DIR124接收电信号来产生初始图像。然后在步骤s406中控制器基于辐射源122的方向将初始图像转换为图像切片。例如,如果成像轴线“R”垂直于患者的中心线,则图像切片是平行于患者横向平面的患者图像。然而,预期成像轴线“R”可以相对于患者呈任何角度设置。在步骤s408中,控制器110确定移动计划是否完成。如果移动计划没有完成,则控制器110在步骤s410中移动辐射源122,然后进入步骤s404。如果移动计划完成,则控制器110使用由控制器110生成的多个切片在步骤s412中生成患者的3D重建。
本文公开的实施例是本公开的实例,并且可以以各种形式体现。因此,本文中公开的具体的结构性和功能性细节不应当被解释为限制性的,而是应当解释为权利要求书的基础并且解释为用于教导本领域技术人员在实际上任何适当详细描述的结构中采用本公开的代表性基础。在整个附图的描述中,相同的附图标记可以指代相似或相同的元件。
短语“在实施例中”,“在多个实施例中”,“在一些实施例中”或“在其它实施例中”可以各自指代根据本公开的相同或不同实施例中的一个或多个。“A或B”形式的短语意指“(A)、(B)或(A和B)”。“A、B或C中的至少一个”形式的短语意指“(A)、(B)、(C)、(A和B)、(A和C)、(B和C)或(A、B和C)。”使用者可以指执行医疗程序的外科医生或任何医疗专业人员,如医生、护士、技师、医疗助理等。
本文描述的系统还可以利用一个或多个控制器来接收各种信息并且转换接收的信息以生成输出。控制器可以包含任何类型的计算装置、计算电路或能够执行存储在存储器中的一系列指令的任何类型的处理器或处理电路。控制器可以包含多个处理器和/或多核中央处理单元(CPU),并且可以包含任何类型的处理器,如微处理器、数字信号处理器、微控制器等等。控制器还可以包括存储器,用于存储数据和/或算法以执行一系列指令。
本文描述的方法、程序、算法或代码中的任一种可以被转换为编程语言或计算机程序或者以编程语言或计算机程序表达。“编程语言”和“计算机程序”包含用于指定计算机指令的任何语言,并且包含(但不限于)这些语言及其衍生物:汇编程序、Basic、批处理文件、BCPL、C、C+、C++、Delphi、Fortran、Java、JavaScript、机器代码、操作系统命令语言、Pascal、Perl、PL1、脚本语言、Visual Basic,自身指定程序的元语言,以及所有第一、第二、第三、第四和第五代计算机语言。还包含数据库和其它数据模式以及任何其它元语言。在解释、编译或使用编译和解释方法的语言之间没有区别。程序的编译版本和源代码版本之间也没有区别。因此,对程序的引用是对任何和所有这些状态的引用,其中编程语言可以存在于多个状态(如源、编译、对象或链接)中。对程序的引用可以涵盖实际指令和/或那些指令的意图。
本文描述的方法、程序、算法或代码中的任一种可以含有在一个或多个机器可读媒体或存储器上。术语“存储器”可以包含以如处理器、计算机或数字处理装置之类的机器可读的形式提供(例如,存储和/或发送)信息的机制。例如,存储器可以包含只读存储器(ROM)、随机存取存储器(RAM)、磁盘存储媒体、光存储媒体、闪存装置或任何其它易失性或非易失性存储器存储装置。其上含有的代码或指令可以由载波信号、红外信号、数字信号和其它类似信号表示。
应该理解,前面的描述仅是对本公开的说明。在不脱离本公开的情况下,本领域技术人员可以设计出各种替代和修改。例如,本文描述的任何增强图像可以组合成单个增强图像以显示给临床医生。因此,本公开旨在涵盖所有这些替代、修改和变化。呈现参考附图描述的实施例仅用于证明本公开的某些实例。与上文所描述的和/或所附权利要求中基本上不同的其它元件、步骤、方法和技术也旨在落入本公开的范围内。

Claims (20)

1.一种机器人手术系统,其包括:
至少一个机器人臂;
可拆卸地耦合到所述机器人臂的辐射源;
具有数字成像接收器的手术台,所述数字成像接收器配置为基于从所述辐射源接收的辐射输出电信号;和
具有处理器和存储器的控制器,所述控制器配置为接收所述电信号并基于所述电信号在所述手术台上生成患者的初始图像,其中所述控制器基于所述辐射源相对于所述数字成像接收器的方向将所述初始图像转换为转换图像。
2.根据权利要求1所述的机器人手术系统,其中所述控制器确定所述辐射源相对于所述数字成像接收器的姿势。
3.根据权利要求2所述的机器人手术系统,其中所述姿势包括所述辐射源限定的成像轴线与垂直于所述数字成像接收器限定的平面延伸的轴线之间的角度。
4.根据权利要求3所述的机器人手术系统,其中所述姿势包括所述辐射源相对于所述数字成像接收器的位置。
5.根据权利要求2所述的机器人手术系统,其中所述控制器基于所确定的姿势将所述初始图像转换为转换图像。
6.根据权利要求1所述的机器人手术系统,其中所述初始图像是所述患者沿所述辐射源成像轴线的倾斜视图。
7.根据权利要求1所述的机器人手术系统,其中所述控制器执行移动计划以生成患者的3D重建。
8.根据权利要求7所述的机器人手术系统,其中所述移动计划使所述控制器移动所述辐射源多次。
9.根据权利要求8所述的机器人手术系统,其中所述控制器生成多个初始图像,其中每个初始图像对应于每次所述辐射线源移动。
10.根据权利要求9所述的机器人手术系统,其中所述控制器将所述多个初始图像转换为多个切片。
11.根据权利要求10所述的机器人手术系统,其中所述3D重建是基于所述多个切片。
12.一种使用机器人手术系统为患者成像的方法,所述方法包括:
从辐射源发射辐射;
使用数字成像接收器接收来自辐射源的辐射;
将接收的辐射转换为电信号;
将所述电信号转换为初始图像;和
基于所述辐射源相对于所述数字图像接收器的姿势将所述初始图像转换为转换图像。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其还包括由所述辐射源的位置和所述辐射源限定的成像轴线与垂直于所述数字成像接收器限定的平面延伸的轴线之间的角度来确定所述辐射源相对于所述数字成像接收器的姿势。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述初始图像基于所述姿势转换为转换图像。
15.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述初始图像是所述患者的倾斜视图。
16.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其还包括执行移动计划以生成患者的3D重建。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述移动计划使所述辐射源移动多次。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其还包括生成多个初始图像,其中每个初始图像对应于每次所述辐射线源移动。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中所述多个初始图像转换为多个切片。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中所述3D重建是基于所述多个切片。
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