CN109150332B - Device and method for pre-measuring passive intermodulation by using vector harmonics - Google Patents

Device and method for pre-measuring passive intermodulation by using vector harmonics Download PDF

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CN109150332B
CN109150332B CN201810840282.4A CN201810840282A CN109150332B CN 109150332 B CN109150332 B CN 109150332B CN 201810840282 A CN201810840282 A CN 201810840282A CN 109150332 B CN109150332 B CN 109150332B
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duplexer
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vector
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CN109150332A (en
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余雷
G·马汀
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Spinner Telecommunication Devices Shanghai Co ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
    • H04B17/30—Monitoring; Testing of propagation channels
    • H04B17/309—Measuring or estimating channel quality parameters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
    • H04B17/30—Monitoring; Testing of propagation channels
    • H04B17/382—Monitoring; Testing of propagation channels for resource allocation, admission control or handover
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/14—Two-way operation using the same type of signal, i.e. duplex

Abstract

The invention relates to a device for pre-measuring passive intermodulation by using vector harmonics, which is characterized by comprising the following components: a signal source; a power amplifier; a first duplexer; and a second duplexer. The invention also provides a method for pre-measuring the passive intermodulation by utilizing the vector harmonics based on the device. The advantage of the simplicity of the single carrier device provided by the invention is very obvious, since only one signal generator and one power amplifier are required. And since no signal synthesis is required, the 3dB power loss is improved compared to conventional intermodulation testing, so that the signal generator and power amplifier only need half of the previous power. The carrier wave and the third harmonic have huge frequency interval, and the duplexer structure used in the device provided by the invention can be greatly simplified.

Description

Device and method for pre-measuring passive intermodulation by using vector harmonics
Technical Field
The invention relates to a device for pre-measuring passive intermodulation by utilizing vector harmonics and a method for pre-measuring the passive intermodulation based on the device.
Background
Passive intermodulation generally refers to the distortion produced by non-linearities in passive components when two or more signals are passed through a transmission path. In mobile communication systems, primarily third order intermodulation products are of greater importance because they are close to the transmitted signal and therefore may fall into the receive band. In this case, the signal to noise ratio will be reduced, affecting all data transmission rates. Since the distortion cannot be filtered out in terms of frequency and technology, high system stability is required, so that the generation of passive intermodulation is avoided as much as possible.
For this reason, all components in modern mobile communication systems need to be designed with the lowest PIM (passive intermodulation) level and have to be tested. Testing in the field is also required to ensure proper installation and connection between all components. The test standard is as per IEC62037-1, commonly used +43dBm as the power of the test signal.
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a most common dual carrier test, in which two sinusoidal signals are generated by a signal source, amplified by a power amplifier, and combined by a 3dB bridge to the same port for output. The isolator effectively increases the isolation of the input ports to avoid intermodulation products being amplified by the power amplifier. The bridge combines two paths of carrier power, and half of the power is absorbed by a load through one port and converted into heat. The other half of the power enters the duplexer through another port to the measurement port. Intermodulation signals generated by a tested device DUT connected to the measuring port are transmitted forwards and backwards, and reflected signals generated by the tested device DUT pass through a duplexer at a receiving end and then can be measured by instruments such as a frequency spectrograph and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is: the test system built for avoiding the generation of passive intermodulation is simplified. Another object of the invention is: and the test flow is simplified.
In order to achieve the above object, an aspect of the present invention provides an apparatus for pre-measuring passive intermodulation by using vector harmonics, including:
a signal source for generating only one sinusoidal signal;
the power amplifier is used for amplifying the sinusoidal signal generated by the signal source to the power with the corresponding amplitude value to form a carrier signal;
the input end of the first duplexer is connected with the output end of the power amplifier, the third harmonic of the carrier signal output by the power amplifier is used as a reference signal and is input to the vector test equipment through the first output end of the first duplexer, and the carrier signal output by the power amplifier is also input to the second duplexer through the second output end of the first duplexer;
the second duplexer, the input of the second duplexer is connected with the second output end of the first duplexer, the test end of the second duplexer is connected with the tested piece, the output end of the second duplexer is connected with the vector test equipment, the carrier signal is fed back to the tested piece through the test end after being input into the second duplexer through the input end, the reflected signal generated by the tested piece is fed back to the second duplexer through the test end, and the third harmonic of the reflected signal is fed back to the vector test equipment through the output end by the second duplexer.
Preferably, the vector testing device is a vector network analyzer.
Another technical solution of the present invention is to provide a method for pre-measuring passive intermodulation by using vector harmonics based on the above apparatus, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, amplifying a sinusoidal signal generated by a signal source to power with a corresponding amplitude value through a power amplifier to form a carrier signal;
step 2, inputting the carrier signal into the first duplexer, distributing the third harmonic of the carrier signal to vector test equipment by using the first duplexer as a reference signal, and distributing the carrier signal to the second duplexer by using the first duplexer;
step 3, distributing the received carrier signal to the tested piece through the testing end by the duplexer II, and distributing the third harmonic of the reflected signal to the vector testing equipment by the duplexer II after the reflected signal generated by the tested piece is fed back to the duplexer II through the testing end;
and 4, comparing the third harmonic of the reflected signal with the amplitude and the phase of the third harmonic serving as the reference signal by the vector test equipment, and determining the tested signal.
The advantage of the simplicity of the single carrier device provided by the invention is very obvious, since only one signal generator and one power amplifier are required. And since no signal synthesis is required, the 3dB power loss is improved compared to conventional intermodulation testing, so that the signal generator and power amplifier only need half of the previous power. The carrier wave and the third harmonic have huge frequency interval, and the duplexer structure used in the device provided by the invention can be greatly simplified. The traditional device using double-carrier measurement needs a cavity type filter with very steep edge rejection, while the duplexer used by the single-carrier measurement device of the invention can be realized by a microstrip technology, and the duplexer has the advantages of low cost and compact structure.
The invention makes it possible to measure amplitude and phase more simply, despite being a single carrier device. The invention can also be calibrated by a similar calibration vector meshing instrument. The measurement procedure is described below: the measured amplitudes and phases can provide a distribution of all non-linearities in the DUT in time and space by fourier transformation. The swept bandwidth of the third harmonic is three times the swept bandwidth of the carrier signal.
Because harmonics and intermodulation differ in frequency, the present invention cannot be used to measure narrowband products such as: and a filter. However, for the broadband transmission path, the invention has the advantage of large scanning bandwidth, thereby improving the spatial resolution of the time domain measurement and the selectivity of the gating function.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a dual carrier intermodulation test;
FIG. 2 is a theoretical test schematic for measuring third harmonic using a vector network analyzer;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of experimental verification of a practical measurement method;
FIG. 4 is a test result of measuring one-130 dBc intermodulation standard component using the single carrier principle;
fig. 5A and 5B are results of measuring a transmission line having 2 strong non-linear points using a TDR measurement method;
fig. 6A and 6B show the measurement results of removing a non-linear point and using a gating function (gating).
Detailed Description
In order to make the invention more comprehensible, preferred embodiments are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Assuming a single-port device, its two sinusoidal signals are of equal amplitude and frequency f1And f2. The voltage and current of one port have the following relationship:
i(t)＝f(u(t)) (1)
let the excitation signal be:
Figure GDA0002897349700000031
in the formula (2), the reaction mixture is,
Figure GDA0002897349700000032
representing the input voltage magnitude.
The Taylor series expansion is obtained by substituting formula (1):
i(t)＝k0+k1u(t)+k2u2(t)+k3u3(t)+k4u4(t)+… (3)
in the formula (3), the reaction mixture is,
Figure GDA0002897349700000033
and N is as large as N0，f(n)(0) Denotes the nth derivative of f (0), N0Representing a natural number.
The third harmonic and third order intermodulation products occur primarily in the fourth term of the taylor series expansion. In the following calculation since knGenerally decreases rapidly with increasing n, so the effect of higher order terms on third order intermodulation products can be neglected. In most cases, this is also sufficiently realistic that the product of the fifth order intermodulation, i.e. the sixth term in equation (3), is typically several tens of dB less than the third order intermodulation product.
The second term k can be seen according to this approximation1u (t) from the original carrier f1And f2Composition of the third term k2u2(t) from the carrier | f1±f2L and 2f1And 2f2Composition of the fourth term k3u3(t) developed as follows:
Figure GDA0002897349700000041
third order intermodulation product |2f1±f2| and |2f2±f1I possess three times of the third harmonic 3f1And 3f2The amplitude of (d). The difference in power values is 9.54dB due to the voltage ratio. If the second carrier f is switched off at this time2Then equation (4) is:
Figure GDA0002897349700000042
the amplitude of the third harmonic remains unchanged. By measuring this amplitude value, the amplitude of the third order intermodulation products can be effectively predicted.
Based on the above research on the applicability of the passive intermodulation prediction, the present invention provides an apparatus for measuring passive intermodulation by using vector harmonics, comprising:
the signal Source is used for generating only one sinusoidal signal;
the power amplifier PA is used for amplifying the sinusoidal signal generated by the Source signal to the power with the corresponding amplitude, such as 43dBm, so as to form a carrier signal;
the input end of the first duplexer-Diplexer No.1 is connected with the output end of the power amplifier PA, the third harmonic of a carrier signal output by the power amplifier PA is used as a reference signal and is input to a vector test device Receiver through the first output end of the first duplexer-Diplexer No.1, and the carrier signal output by the power amplifier PA is also input to the second duplexer-Diplexer No.2 through the second output end of the first duplexer-Diplexer No. 1;
the input end of the two duplexers No.2 is connected with the output end of the one duplexers No.1, the test port of the two duplexers No.2 is connected with the DUT, the output end of the two duplexers No.2 is connected with the vector test equipment Receiver, the carrier signal is input into the two duplexers No.2 through the input end and then is sent to the DUT through the test port, the reflected signal generated by the DUT is fed back to the two duplexers No.2 through the test port, and the third harmonic of the reflected signal is sent to the vector test equipment Receiver through the output end of the two duplexers No.2 through the low noise amplifier LNA.
The method for pre-measuring the passive intermodulation by utilizing the vector harmonics based on the device comprises the following steps:
step 1, amplifying a sinusoidal signal generated by a Source of a signal Source to power with a corresponding amplitude value through a power amplifier PA to form a carrier signal;
step 2, inputting the carrier signal into a first duplexer-Diplexer No.1, distributing the third harmonic of the carrier signal as a reference signal to a vector test device Receiver by the first duplexer-Diplexer No.1, and distributing the carrier signal to a second duplexer-Diplexer No.2 by the first duplexer-Diplexer No. 1;
step 3, distributing the received carrier signal to a tested device DUT through a test port by the two duplexers No.2, and distributing the third harmonic of the reflected signal to a vector test device Receiver by the two duplexers No.2 after the reflected signal generated by the tested device DUT is fed back to the two duplexers No.2 through the test port;
and 4, comparing the third harmonic of the reflected signal with the amplitude and the phase of the third harmonic serving as the reference signal by the vector test equipment Receiver, and determining the tested signal.
Fig. 3 is an improved measurement schematic diagram that can evaluate the accuracy of single carrier measurements. The carrier signal is generated by the vector network analyzer VNA, and the reference signal and the measurement signal are also obtained by the receiver of the vector network analyzer VNA. The vector network analyzer VNA should select a hybrid measurement mode when measuring, and the receiving frequency is set to be three times the source signal frequency. The output port of the second duplexer should try to select the 7-16 taps to increase the accuracy of the measurement.
To obtain accurate and meaningful measurements, the vector network analyzer VNA needs to correct for systematic errors when used. The calibration is done using SSL technology. PIM standard is used as a short circuit (short). The standard used had a intermodulation value of-113 dBc (the test used a dual carrier 20 watt power). In addition, an offset short circuit (offset short) is created by connecting a transmission line in front of the previous PIM standard, the length of which should be a quarter wavelength of the center frequency in the third harmonic frequency range. The transmission line is physically composed of an integrated outer conductor and an integrated inner conductor so as to obtain the lowest intermodulation value and avoid the generation of large errors.
Furthermore, the short (short) and the offset short (offset short) may be assumed to have almost equal magnitudes but different phases over the frequency band being evaluated. The manufacture of a matched load standard part (match) is optimized on the basis of the traditional low intermodulation load, and the test value of the matched load standard part (match) is not lower than 175dBc (the test uses 20W power of a double carrier).
SSL has been used for calibration procedures for vector network analyzers. The measurements after the verification were completed are shown as S11 parameter from 2.4 to 2.69 GHz. The reference level 0dB refers to the intermodulation level of the PIM used to calibrate the standard, i.e., -113 dBc.
An excellent feature of the time domain function is that the gating function (gating) can display the state of a specific region on the transmission path.
From the perspective of simplifying the measuring device, it is significant to use the third harmonic measuring method to measure the intermodulation of the broadband component. The measurement setup and the required components are much simpler than the dual carrier measurement method.
When the phase information is also calculated, a more accurate measurement result than the dual carrier measurement can be obtained by a quasi-TDR measurement technology with higher resolution.
After multiple double-carrier and single-carrier measurements, the consistency of the results obtained by the two measurement methods can be determined. The DUT is an intermodulation standard. It is first regulated to specific value in a conventional double-carrier GSM1800 intermodulation instrument, then the GSM900 frequency band is tested, and then the test is carried out on a single-carrier instrument by the same flow.
At the first dual carrier test, the intermodulation standard was tuned to-130 dBc over the GSM1800 range, after which-136 dBc was measured on the GSM900 instrument. This difference in measurement may be defined as the capacitive coupling in the intermodulation standard being weak at lower frequencies.
The results of the test using a single carrier are then shown in fig. 4. The measurement has been increased by 113dBc in dB. Therefore, the result of the single carrier measurement should be between-133 dBc and-135 dBc in the frequency range. The above slight difference in measurement with a single carrier can be explained as the difference in the absence of AGC (automatic gain control) and the insertion loss of the measurement device over the frequency domain. These functions are used on the dual-carrier measurement instrument, so the difference in the frequency domain is very small.
The DUT is adjusted to other groups of intermodulation values again, and the test of the steps is repeated, and the result is shown in the following table:
Figure GDA0002897349700000061
it can be seen that the results of the single carrier and dual carrier methods have good consistency in the GSM900 band, but the results in the GSM1800 band are very large. This is because the single carrier measurement signal frequency range is 800MHz to 896MHz very close to the GSM900 band. The previously discussed difference of amplitude 9.54dB does not occur here because the system error correction function has gone to it. It has to be explained here that the measurement results of the last column contain much uncertainty, since the residual intermodulation loaded by the dual carrier test and the noise floor of the single carrier device have a great influence on the measurement results at this level.
The single carrier measurement device provides information on the amplitude and phase of the third harmonic and can therefore be measured by the on-time domain function of the VNA. Where the fourier transform is applied to the amplitude measurement in the frequency domain and the phase gives a non-linear spatial distribution in the time domain (for non-dispersive transmission paths). Fig. 5A and 5B show the results of two-113 dBc intermodulation standard components connected by a 5 meter long 1/2 inch ultra-flexible jumper wire, the first standard component being connected to the test port and the second being near the optimal load side. Fig. 5A shows the spatial distribution (time domain) of the intermodulation generation sources, and fig. 5B shows the mutual superposition and cancellation of the two intermodulation generation sources in the frequency domain. As expected, the superposition of the two intermodulation sources in phase yields a result that is 6dB higher than normal intermodulation.
A very efficient function of the time domain is to use a gating function to show a specific area under the transmission path. Fig. 6A is the result of a single carrier harmonic measured using this function. Or the previous transmission path, only the standard part of the test port is removed, and a jumper wire is directly connected with the test port. It can be seen in the spatial distribution that the first intermodulation source has almost disappeared, leaving only a small bump. This small bump is a slight non-linearity that results from the jumper wire connection to the test port. The second peak is still about 0dB (-113dBc) generated by the previous intermodulation standard. Fig. 6B is a frequency domain response using a gating function at the first segment connection. It can be seen that strong non-linearities on the transmission path are very well filtered out by the gating function and a measurement of about-160 dBc is obtained, which is the actual value of the non-linearity at the test port and jumper connections. The amplitude increases at both the low and high ends of the frequency domain due to the effect of the filter on the side bands being reduced. However, a realistic intermodulation value can be obtained by evaluating the center value of the frequency band.

Claims (3)

1. An apparatus for pre-measuring passive intermodulation with vector harmonics, comprising:
a signal source for generating only one sinusoidal signal;
the power amplifier is used for amplifying the sinusoidal signal generated by the signal source to the power with the corresponding amplitude value to form a carrier signal;
the input end of the first duplexer is connected with the output end of the power amplifier, the third harmonic of the carrier signal output by the power amplifier is used as a reference signal and is input to the first port of the vector test equipment through the first output end of the first duplexer, and the carrier signal output by the power amplifier is also input to the second duplexer through the second output end of the first duplexer;
the second duplexer, the input of the second duplexer is connected with the second output of the first duplexer, the test end of the second duplexer is connected with the tested piece, the second port of the vector test equipment is connected with the output of the second duplexer, after the carrier signal passes through the second input duplexer, the carrier signal is sent to the tested piece through the test end, the reflected signal generated by the tested piece is fed back to the second duplexer through the test end, and the third harmonic of the reflected signal is sent to the second port of the vector test equipment through the output end by the second duplexer.
2. The apparatus for pre-measuring passive intermodulation with vector harmonics according to claim 1, wherein the vector test device is a vector network analyzer.
3. A method for pre-measuring passive intermodulation using vector harmonics based on the apparatus of claim 1, comprising the steps of:
step 1, amplifying a sinusoidal signal generated by a signal source to power with a corresponding amplitude value through a power amplifier to form a carrier signal;
step 2, inputting the carrier signal into the first duplexer, distributing the third harmonic of the carrier signal to vector test equipment by using the first duplexer as a reference signal, and distributing the carrier signal to the second duplexer by using the first duplexer;
step 3, distributing the received carrier signal to the tested piece through the testing end by the duplexer II, and distributing the third harmonic of the reflected signal to the vector testing equipment by the duplexer II after the reflected signal generated by the tested piece is fed back to the duplexer II through the testing end;
and 4, comparing the third harmonic of the reflected signal with the amplitude and the phase of the third harmonic serving as the reference signal by the vector test equipment, and determining the tested signal.
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