CN109142429A - A kind of detection system and detection method of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic - Google Patents
A kind of detection system and detection method of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic Download PDFInfo
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- CN109142429A CN109142429A CN201710453482.XA CN201710453482A CN109142429A CN 109142429 A CN109142429 A CN 109142429A CN 201710453482 A CN201710453482 A CN 201710453482A CN 109142429 A CN109142429 A CN 109142429A
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- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 52
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 98
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 98
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 claims description 6
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- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
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- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 abstract description 27
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
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- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
- G01N25/20—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity
Abstract
The present invention provides the detection systems and detection method of a kind of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic, are related to technical field of direct current power transmission, and the true temperature rise situation for reflecting vertical grounding electrode in practical soil is assessed for vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic.The detection system of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic includes the conductive container for accommodating the backfill bed of material and pedotheque, and pedotheque is located between the chamber wall of conductive container and the outer wall of the backfill bed of material；The metal electrode that first end is inserted perpendicularly into from the center of conductive container, second end are connected by concatenated current measuring device and power supply unit with chamber wall, are also connected by voltage measuring apparatus with chamber wall；Backfill the part of the inner wall contact metal electrode insertion conductive container of the bed of material；At least one is set to the surface and/or the temperature signal collection device in pedotheque that metal electrode is located at the part in conductive container.The detection system of above-mentioned vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic is for reflecting temperature rise situation of the vertical grounding electrode in practical soil.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the detection system of technical field of direct current power transmission more particularly to a kind of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic and
Detection method.
Background technique
Earthing pole refers to embedment the earth so as to the electrode connecting with the earth, and earthing pole is the important set in DC transmission engineering
At part.Traditional earthing pole is mostly circular ring shape, and horizontally embedded in soil shallow-layer, this earthing pole is known as horizontal grounding pole,
Not only occupied area is larger for horizontal grounding pole, also requires pole location to have wide and flat area, however as direct current transportation skill
The rapid development of art, the problem that the addressing of horizontal grounding pole is difficult, expropriation of land is difficult become increasingly conspicuous.In order to overcome the problems referred above, vertical grounding electrode
Just it is widely applied.Compared with horizontal grounding pole, vertical grounding electrode is inserted perpendicularly into soil, not only can be by earth current
Deep under ground is imported, also with occupied area is small, ground resistance is effectively reduced and the advantage of step voltage.
However, for vertical grounding electrode, it may have some defects for being difficult to overcome, for example, due to end effect
In the presence of, electric current being unevenly distributed along vertical grounding electrode, this results in the current density and temperature rise of vertical grounding electrode end
It is higher, it will seriously affect the thermal stability of vertical grounding electrode if design is improper, when temperature rise is excessively high.Also, it is directed to and has put into operation at present
DC transmission system for, most DC transmission systems use two-terminal DC transmission system mode, DC engineering construction just
Phase, when causing a pole out of service because of maintenance, vertical grounding electrode will work under Ground return mode, vertically be connect at this time
The electric current that earth polar enters ground is system nominal current.Powerful earth current causes the fever of feed rod and neighbouring soil.Soil temperature
Degree, which increases, causes moisture to evaporate, and may harden agglomeration when serious because of high temperature, vertical grounding electrode is caused to can not work normally.Therefore
The temperature characteristic of accurate evaluation vertical grounding electrode is extremely important to the safe operation of DC transmission system.
In the prior art, the mode for generalling use analog simulation studies vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic, but mould
It is quasi- to emulate and accurately embody vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic in practical soil.If wanting in practical soil to vertically connecing
The temperature characteristic in earth polar is tested, the temperature-rise test device that need to be just designed using circular ring electrode is directed to, but the device
Can not the current distribution to vertical grounding electrode accurately simulated, thus be unable to satisfy vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic research
It needs.
Summary of the invention
The present invention provides the detection system and detection method of a kind of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic, can really reflect vertical
Temperature rise situation of the earthing pole in practical soil, and then assessed for the temperature characteristic of vertical grounding electrode.
In order to achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme:
The first aspect of the present invention provides a kind of detection system of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic, comprising:
Conductive container；The backfill bed of material and pedotheque are accommodated in the conductive container；The pedotheque is located at described
Between the chamber wall of conductive container and the outer wall of the backfill bed of material；
The first end of metal electrode, the metal electrode is inserted perpendicularly into from the center of the conductive container, the metal electricity
The second end of pole is connected by concatenated current measuring device and power supply unit with the chamber wall of the conductive container；The metal
The second end of electrode also passes through voltage measuring apparatus and is connected with the chamber wall of the conductive container；
The inner wall of the backfill bed of material contacts the part that the metal electrode is inserted into the conductive container；
At least one temperature signal collection device, the temperature signal collection device are set to the metal electrode positioned at described
The surface of part in conductive container and/or be set to the pedotheque in.
In the detection system of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic provided by the present invention, reflux pole is simulated with conductive container,
And then the diffusing situation of vertical grounding electrode is simulated, and it is true greatly with pedotheque simulation, with being perpendicularly inserted into conductive container
Metal electrode simulates vertical grounding electrode, and by temperature signal collection device, acquires the temperature of the metal electrode of corresponding position
Spend the temperature signal of the pedotheque of signal and/or corresponding position.Wherein, the second end of metal electrode passes through concatenated electric current
Measuring device and power supply unit are connected with the chamber wall of conductive container, and power supply unit is powered to metal electrode, simulate to vertically connecing
Earth polar is continually fed into DC current signal, so the size of the DC current signal according to measured by current measuring device and
The temperature signal of each measuring point collected obtains the temperature variations of each measuring point under certain DC current signal.For
Acquisition soil resistivity, the second end of metal electrode also pass through voltage measuring apparatus and are connected with the chamber wall of conductive container, into
And the size of the electrode voltage signal between the metal electrode according to measured by voltage measuring apparatus and the chamber wall of conductive container,
And the temperature signal of each measuring point collected, obtain the temperature variations of each measuring point under certain soil resistivity.This
Outside, the temperature of each measuring point under certain metal electrode length, metal electrode buried depth and backfill bed of material sectional area can also be obtained
Situation of change is spent, and then according to the temperature variations of acquired each measuring point, the transient state temperature characteristic of metal electrode is carried out
Analysis and research.
The second aspect of the present invention provides a kind of detection method of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic, the vertical grounding electrode
The detection method of temperature characteristic is applied to the detection system of the vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic as described in the first aspect of the present invention,
The detection method of the vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic includes:
Power supply unit provides lasting DC current signal to metal electrode；
Current measuring device measures the DC current signal that the power supply unit provides, and voltage measuring apparatus measures the gold
Belong to the electrode voltage signal between electrode and the chamber wall of conductive container, the gold of temperature signal collection device sensing corresponding position
Belong to the temperature signal of the temperature signal of electrode and/or the pedotheque of corresponding position；
According to the metal of measured DC current signal, electrode voltage signal and the corresponding position sensed electricity
The temperature signal of the pedotheque of the temperature signal and/or corresponding position of pole carries out the temperature characteristic of the metal electrode
Analysis.
The beneficial effect of the detection method of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic provided by the present invention and first party of the invention
The beneficial effect of the detection system of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic provided by face is identical, and details are not described herein again.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to more clearly explain the embodiment of the invention or the technical proposal in the existing technology, to embodiment or will show below
There is attached drawing needed in technical description to be briefly described, it should be apparent that, the accompanying drawings in the following description is only this
Some embodiments of invention for those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts, can be with
Other attached drawings are obtained according to these attached drawings.
Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram of the detection system of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic provided by the embodiment of the present invention one
One；
Fig. 2 is the structural schematic diagram of the detection system of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic provided by the embodiment of the present invention one
Two；
Fig. 3 is the flow chart of the detection method of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic provided by the embodiment of the present invention two.
Description of symbols:
1- conductive container；2- metal electrode；
3- current measuring device；4- power supply unit；
5- current measuring device；6- temperature signal collection device；
7- backfills the bed of material；8- pedotheque；
9- temperature signal reception device.
Specific embodiment
In order to make the foregoing objectives, features and advantages of the present invention clearer and more comprehensible, implement below in conjunction with the present invention
Attached drawing in example, technical scheme in the embodiment of the invention is clearly and completely described.Obviously, described embodiment
Only a part of the embodiment of the present invention, instead of all the embodiments.Based on the embodiments of the present invention, the common skill in this field
Art personnel all other embodiment obtained without creative labor belongs to the model that the present invention protects
It encloses.
It should be noted that the particular number of temperature signal collection device shown in the attached drawing that following embodiment combines
It is only schematically illustrate, do not constitute the restriction to its actual quantity.
Embodiment one
As shown in Figure 1, present embodiments providing a kind of detection system of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic, the vertical grounding electrode
The detection system of temperature characteristic specifically includes conductive container 1, metal electrode 2, current measuring device 3, power supply unit 4, voltage and surveys
Measure device 5 and at least one temperature signal collection device 6.
Wherein, the backfill bed of material 7 is accommodated in conductive container 1 and pedotheque 8, pedotheque 8 are located at the appearance of conductive container 1
Between wall and the outer wall for backfilling the bed of material 7.The first end of metal electrode 2 is inserted perpendicularly into from the center of conductive container 1, metal electrode
2 second end is connected by concatenated current measuring device 3 and power supply unit 4 with the chamber wall of conductive container 1, metal electrode 2
Second end also pass through voltage measuring apparatus 5 and be connected with the chamber wall of conductive container 1；Backfill the inner wall contact metal electricity of the bed of material 7
The part of the insertion of pole 2 conductive container 1.Temperature signal collection device 6 is set to metal electrode 2 and is located at the part in conductive container 1
Surface and/or be set to pedotheque 8 in.
In the detection system of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic provided by the present embodiment, is simulated and flowed back with conductive container 1
Pole, and then simulate the diffusing situation of vertical grounding electrode, with pedotheque 8 simulate it is true greatly, with being perpendicularly inserted into conductive container 1
Interior metal electrode 2 simulates vertical grounding electrode, and by temperature signal collection device 6, acquires the metal electricity of corresponding position
The temperature signal of the pedotheque 8 of the temperature signal and/or corresponding position of pole 2.Wherein, the second end of metal electrode 2 passes through
Concatenated current measuring device 3 and power supply unit 4 are connected with the chamber wall of conductive container 1, and power supply unit 4 is supplied to metal electrode 2
Electricity simulates to vertical grounding electrode and is continually fed into DC current signal, and then the DC current according to measured by current measuring device 3
The temperature signal of the size of signal and each measuring point collected obtains each measuring point under certain DC current signal
Temperature variations.In order to obtain soil resistivity, the second end of metal electrode 2 also passes through voltage measuring apparatus 5 and conductive appearance
The chamber wall of device 1 is connected, and then between metal electrode 2 and the chamber wall of conductive container 1 according to measured by voltage measuring apparatus 5
Electrode voltage signal size and each measuring point collected temperature signal, obtain it is each under certain soil resistivity
The temperature variations of measuring point.In addition, can also obtain in certain 2 length of metal electrode, 2 buried depth of metal electrode and backfill
The temperature variations of each measuring point under 7 sectional area of the bed of material, and then according to the temperature variations of acquired each measuring point, to gold
The transient state temperature characteristic for belonging to electrode 2 is analyzed and is studied.
It is understood that when the detection system using vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic provided by the present embodiment is to temperature rise
When being detected, pass through and change 2 length of metal electrode and/or 2 buried depth of metal electrode, so that it may analyze 2 length of metal electrode and/
Or influence of 2 buried depth of metal electrode to the transient state temperature characteristic of metal electrode 2.By replacing the backfill bed of material 7 of different cross-sectional,
Influence of backfill 7 sectional area of the bed of material to the transient state temperature characteristic of metal electrode 2 can be analyzed.By being using power supply unit 4
Metal electrode 2 provides different DC current signals, so that it may it is special to the transient state temperature rise of metal electrode 2 to analyze DC current signal
The influence of property.And pass through replacement differing texture, the pedotheque 8 of different moisture content, i.e., changeable soil resistivity, so that it may point
Influence of the soil resistivity to the transient state temperature characteristic of metal electrode 2 is precipitated, and analyzes the dispersibility of practical soil parameters
Influence to thermo parameters method and changing rule.
It should be noted that using the detection system of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic provided by the present embodiment, although nothing
Method restores practical vertical grounding electrode length, vertical grounding electrode buried depth and soil environment completely, but it is the similar original based on field
Reason carries out, and the current field of the detection system of the vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic and the distribution in temperature field and actual conditions have certain
Similitude, therefore, the detection system of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic provided by the present embodiment be can really reflect it is vertical
Temperature rise situation of the earthing pole in practical soil.Also, using the detection system of the vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic, it is easy to change
The structural parameters for becoming edaphic condition and metal electrode 2, can carry out test of many times, have very strong practicability.
In addition, in order to be more nearly the true soil regime greatly of simulation, it should being placed on 8 uniform compaction of pedotheque
In conductive container 1.Also, it when needing true soil greatly to be simulated that there is layered structure, is placed in conductive container 1
Pedotheque 8 should also have layered structure.In order to keep the temperature signal of pedotheque 8 collected more representative, it is preferred that
At least one temperature signal collection device 6 can be placed in each soil layering.
In addition, the detection system of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic provided by the present embodiment can also wrap referring again to Fig. 1
The temperature signal reception device 9 being connected at least one temperature signal collection device 6 is included, is acquired in temperature signal collection device 6
To after the temperature signal of the pedotheque 8 of the temperature signal and/or corresponding position of the metal electrode 2 of corresponding position, can incite somebody to action
It is transmitted to temperature signal receiving device, so that staff is more convenient, is intuitively read out.Specifically, as shown in Fig. 2,
Temperature signal reception device 9 can be temperature polling instrument.
Preferably, coke layer can be used as the backfill bed of material 7.Coke is to convert 2 metal electron conduction of metal electrode to
A kind of intermediate medium of soil ion conduction, on the one hand, coke can protect metal electrode 2 when being inserted into pedotheque 8 not
It is damaged, on the other hand, the characteristic based on coke low-resistivity and high heat conductance, coke can also promote metal electrode 2 to radiate,
Reduce by 2 temperature rise of metal electrode.
Optionally, conductive container 1 can be metal drum, such as cylindric steel drum.
Optionally, metal electrode 2 can be the reinforcing bar being of moderate size.
Optionally, the second end of metal electrode 2 sequentially passes through current measuring device 3 and power supply unit 4 and conductive container 1
Chamber wall is connected.
Wherein, referring again to Fig. 2, the concretely ammeter of current measuring device 3, the concretely direct current of power supply unit 4
Constant current source.The anode of direct current constant current source is connected with the anode of ammeter, and the of the cathode of ammeter and metal electrode 2
Two ends are connected, and the cathode of direct current constant current source is connected with the chamber wall of conductive container 1.Direct current constant current source is used for metal
Electrode 2 provides steady and sustained DC current signal, i.e. electrode injection electric current, and ammeter is used for real-time measurement direct current constant electric current
The size of DC current signal provided by source, so that subsequent analysis DC current signal is to 2 transient state temperature characteristic of metal electrode
Influence.Concretely voltmeter, the anode of voltmeter are connected voltage measuring apparatus 5 with the second end of metal electrode 2, voltage
Cathode is connected with the chamber wall of conductive container 1.Voltmeter for real-time measurement metal electrode 2 and conductive container 1 chamber wall it
Between electrode voltage signal size, the influence so as to subsequent analysis soil resistivity to 2 transient state temperature characteristic of metal electrode.
Embodiment two
A kind of detection method of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic is present embodiments provided, the vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic
Detection method is applied in the detection system of the vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic as described in embodiment one.
As shown in figure 3, the detection method of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic provided by the present embodiment specifically includes:
Step S1: power supply unit provides lasting DC current signal to metal electrode.
Step S2: current measuring device measures the size for the DC current signal that power supply unit provides, voltage measuring apparatus
Measure the size of the electrode voltage signal between metal electrode and the chamber wall of conductive container, temperature signal collection device sensing pair
Answer the temperature signal of the temperature signal of the metal electrode at position and/or the pedotheque of corresponding position.
Step S3: it according to the size of measured DC current signal, the size of electrode voltage signal and is sensed
The temperature signal of the pedotheque of the temperature signal and/or corresponding position of the metal electrode of corresponding position, to metal electrode
Temperature characteristic analyzed.
In the detection method of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic provided by the present embodiment, power supply unit is mentioned to metal electrode
For lasting DC current signal, the size of the DC current signal according to measured by current measuring device and collected
The temperature signal of each measuring point obtains the temperature variations of each measuring point under certain DC current signal.It is surveyed according to voltage
Measure the size of electrode voltage signal between metal electrode and the chamber wall of conductive container measured by device and collected
The temperature signal of each measuring point obtains the temperature variations of each measuring point under certain soil resistivity.In addition, can also obtain
The temperature variations of certain metal electrode length, metal electrode buried depth and each measuring point under backfill bed of material sectional area, into
And according to the temperature variations of acquired each measuring point, the transient state temperature characteristic of metal electrode is analyzed and studied.
Certainly, pass through and change metal electrode length and/or metal electrode buried depth, so that it may analyze metal electrode length and/
Or influence of the metal electrode buried depth to the transient state temperature characteristic of metal electrode.Pass through replacement differing texture, the soil of different moisture content
Earth sample, i.e., changeable soil resistivity, so that it may analyze influence of the soil resistivity to the transient state temperature characteristic of metal electrode.
By the backfill bed of material for replacing different cross-sectional, so that it may analyze backfill bed of material sectional area to the transient state temperature characteristic of metal electrode
Influence.Different DC current signals is provided for metal electrode by power supply unit, so that it may analyze DC current signal pair
The influence of the transient state temperature characteristic of metal electrode.
In addition, temperature signal and/or place in the metal electrode of temperature signal collection device sensing to corresponding position
After the temperature signal of the pedotheque of position, the detection method of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic further include: temperature signal collection dress
It sets the temperature signal that will be sensed and is transmitted to temperature signal reception device.So, staff can be enabled more convenient
Intuitively know the temperature signal that temperature signal collection device collected is sensed.
The foregoing is merely a specific embodiment of the invention, but scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto, any
In the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, any changes or substitutions that can be easily thought of by those familiar with the art, all answers
It is included within the scope of the present invention.Therefore, protection scope of the present invention should be with the scope of protection of the claims
It is quasi-.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of detection system of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic characterized by comprising
Conductive container；The backfill bed of material and pedotheque are accommodated in the conductive container；The pedotheque is located at the conduction
Between the chamber wall of container and the outer wall of the backfill bed of material；
The first end of metal electrode, the metal electrode is inserted perpendicularly into from the center of the conductive container, the metal electrode
Second end is connected by concatenated current measuring device and power supply unit with the chamber wall of the conductive container；The metal electrode
Second end also pass through voltage measuring apparatus and be connected with the chamber wall of the conductive container；
The inner wall of the backfill bed of material contacts the part that the metal electrode is inserted into the conductive container；
At least one temperature signal collection device, the temperature signal collection device are set to the metal electrode and are located at the conduction
The surface of part in container and/or be set to the pedotheque in.
2. the detection system of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the vertical ground connection
The detection system of pole temperature characteristic further includes temperature signal reception device, the temperature signal reception device and at least one described in
Temperature signal collection device is connected.
3. the detection system of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic according to claim 2, which is characterized in that the temperature signal
Reception device is temperature polling instrument.
4. the detection system of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the backfill bed of material
For coke layer.
5. the detection system of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the conductive container
For metal drum.
6. the detection system of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the metal electrode
For reinforcing bar.
7. the detection system of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the metal electrode
Second end sequentially pass through current measuring device and power supply unit and be connected with the chamber wall of the conductive container.
8. the detection system of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic according to claim 7, which is characterized in that the current measurement
Device is ammeter, and the power supply unit is direct current constant current source；
The anode of the direct current constant current source is connected with the anode of the ammeter, the cathode of the ammeter and the metal
The second end of electrode is connected, and the cathode of the direct current constant current source is connected with the chamber wall of the conductive container；
The voltage measuring apparatus is voltmeter, and the anode of the voltmeter is connected with the second end of the metal electrode, described
The cathode of voltage is connected with the chamber wall of the conductive container.
9. a kind of detection method of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic, which is characterized in that the inspection of the vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic
Survey method is applied to the detection system of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic as described in any one of claims 1 to 8, described vertically to connect
The detection method of earth polar temperature characteristic includes:
Power supply unit provides lasting DC current signal to metal electrode；
Current measuring device measures the size for the DC current signal that the power supply unit provides, described in voltage measuring apparatus measurement
The size of electrode voltage signal between metal electrode and the chamber wall of conductive container, temperature signal collection device sensing correspond to position
Set the temperature signal of the temperature signal of the metal electrode at place and/or the pedotheque of corresponding position；
According to the metal electrode of measured DC current signal, electrode voltage signal and the corresponding position sensed
The temperature signal of temperature signal and/or the pedotheque of corresponding position carries out the transient state temperature characteristic of the metal electrode
Analysis.
10. the detection method of vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic according to claim 9, which is characterized in that
Temperature signal and/or position in metal electrode of the temperature signal collection device sensing to corresponding position
After the temperature signal of pedotheque, the detection method of the vertical grounding electrode temperature characteristic further include: the temperature signal collection
The temperature signal sensed is transmitted to temperature signal reception device by device.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111521872A (en) * | 2020-04-05 | 2020-08-11 | 国网湖北省电力有限公司检修公司 | Experimental device and method for analyzing temperature rise characteristics of coke for grounding electrode |
| CN112098758A (en) * | 2020-09-18 | 2020-12-18 | 国网湖南省电力有限公司 | Test platform and test method for extra-high voltage direct current deep well grounding electrode |
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