CN109123322A - 桑叶提取物在制备饲料抗氧化剂中的应用及饲料和饲料制备方法 - Google Patents
桑叶提取物在制备饲料抗氧化剂中的应用及饲料和饲料制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109123322A CN109123322A CN201811306088.4A CN201811306088A CN109123322A CN 109123322 A CN109123322 A CN 109123322A CN 201811306088 A CN201811306088 A CN 201811306088A CN 109123322 A CN109123322 A CN 109123322A
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- mulberry
- feed
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
- A23L3/34—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals
- A23L3/3454—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
- A23L3/3463—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
- A23L3/3472—Compounds of undetermined constitution obtained from animals or plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
- A23K10/22—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from fish
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/174—Vitamins
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
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- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
- Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
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- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)
Abstract
本发明提供了一种桑叶提取物在制备饲料抗氧化剂中的应用及饲料和饲料制备方法,桑叶提取物的制备方法为:将桑叶烘干、粉碎,然后加入有机溶剂或水进行提取、过滤,得滤液和滤渣;重复提取1‑3次,合并滤液,减压蒸馏至恒重制得;将制得的桑叶提取物用于制备饲料,尤其是鱼饲料,桑叶提取物占鱼饲料总质量的3.80~7.00‰,其余成分为鱼粉、豆粕、面粉、葵花籽油、磷酸二氢钙、维生素添加剂和矿物质添加剂。制备方法包括:将桑叶提取物加入葵花籽油中,混匀,然后加入剩余组分,混匀,并将其制成颗粒。本发明应用桑叶提取物为鱼饲料抗氧化剂,避免了传统合成抗氧化剂对鱼的毒性作用,开发桑叶新用途,有效利用了桑叶资源。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于饲料领域,具体涉及桑叶提取物在制备饲料抗氧化剂中的应用及饲料和饲料制备方法。
背景技术
目前在饲料工业中使用较多的抗氧化剂主要是合成抗氧化剂,包括乙氧基喹啉(EQ)、丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)、二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)等,但已有报道显示,这些抗氧化剂对动物具有致癌和遗传毒性,而且会导致其在鱼肉制品内的残留和富集,造成食品安全隐患危及人体健康。2017年2月,欧盟发布2017年第G/SPS/EU/190公告:停止在动物饲料中添加使用EQ;同时有报道显示,在动物饲料中添加BHT和BHA的致癌风险高于EQ。因此这些合成抗氧化剂的弊端将导致市场对天然来源的抗氧化剂的需求提高,开发新型天然的饲料抗氧化剂具有重要意义。
在我国桑树种植历史悠久,桑叶主要用来养蚕,可食用和入药,但目前有关桑叶提取物在饲料抗氧化方面的应用未见报道。在我国桑叶资源丰富,但利用十分有限;每年有大量桑落叶被废弃,开发桑叶新用途,改善传统的桑叶利用结构,发挥桑叶的综合利用潜力,变废为宝,提高桑叶经济和社会效益,具有十分重要的意义。
发明内容
针对现有技术中存在的上述问题,本发明提供一种桑叶提取物在制备饲料抗氧化剂中的应用及饲料和饲料制备方法,应用桑叶提取物为饲料抗氧化剂尤其是鱼饲料抗氧化剂,可避免传统合成抗氧化剂对鱼的毒性作用,开发桑叶新用途,有效利用了桑叶资源。
为实现上述目的,本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是:提供了桑叶提取物在制备饲料抗氧化剂中的应用,桑叶提取物通过以下制备方法制得:
将桑叶烘干、粉碎,然后加入到有机溶剂或水中,于600-800r/min搅拌6-10h后过滤,得滤液和滤渣,向滤渣中再次加入有机溶剂或水,重复提取1-3次,合并滤液,将滤液减压蒸馏至恒重制得;其中,所述有机溶剂为石油醚、乙酸乙酯或乙醇。
进一步,有机溶剂为乙酸乙酯。
进一步,一种饲料包含上述的桑叶提取物。
进一步,饲料为鱼饲料。
进一步,桑叶提取物占鱼饲料总重量的1.00~7.00‰。
进一步,桑叶提取物占鱼饲料总重量的3.80~7.00‰。
进一步,鱼饲料包括以下重量份组分:鱼粉25.00~29.00份、豆粕35.00~38.00份、面粉31.00~34.00份、葵花籽油1.00~3.00份、磷酸二氢钙0.30~0.80份、桑叶提取物0.38~0.70份、维生素添加剂0.50~2.00份和矿物质添加剂0.50~2.00份。
进一步,维生素添加剂包括以下重量份组分:视黄醇0.013份、维生素D3 0.001份、DL-α-生育酚1.000份、维生素K3 0.010份、维生素B1 0.010份、核黄素0.050份、吡哆醇0.074份、氰钴胺0.001份、D-泛酸钙0.246份、烟酸0.279份、D-生物素0.010份、肌醇5.181份和叶酸0.050份。
进一步,矿物质添加剂包括以下重量份组分:FeSO4·7H2O 6.970份、CuSO4·5H2O0.118份、ZnSO4·7H2O 2.1.42份、MnSO4·H2O 0.405份、Na2SeO3·5H2O 0.008份和KI 0.015份。
进一步,鱼饲料制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将桑叶提取物加入葵花籽油中,超声振荡30分钟使其混匀;
(2)向步骤(1)所得混合物加入剩余组分,混匀,然后制成直径2mm的颗粒。
综上所述,本发明具有以下优点:
1.本发明首次在鱼饲料中添加桑叶提取物作为抗氧化剂,代替传统的合成抗氧化剂乙氧基喹啉(EQ)、丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)、二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)等,防止合成抗氧化剂在鱼肉制品内残留和富集,造成食品安全隐患,危及人体健康。
2.在桑叶提取物的提取过程中,采用乙酸乙酯作为溶剂效果最佳,将所得的桑叶提取物用于鱼饲料中,具有明显的抗氧化效果,其抗氧化功能与其多酚类物质有密切关系,当桑叶提取物占鱼饲料总重量的3.80~7.00‰时可有效抑制鱼饲料氧化,尤其是桑叶提取物含量为4.90g/kg时,抗氧化效果最佳,同时还具有提高摄食和促进鱼生长的作用,天然无污染,无毒素富集。
3.以桑叶提取物为鱼饲料抗氧化剂,有效利用桑叶资源,变废为宝,开发桑叶新用途,改善传统的桑叶利用结构,发挥桑叶的综合利用潜力,提高桑叶经济和社会效益。
附图说明
图1为不同极性桑叶提取物抗亚油酸氧化效果示意图;
图2为不同极性桑叶提取物抗亚麻酸氧化效果示意图;
图3为不同极性桑叶提取物抗鱼饲料氧化效果示意图
图4为不同浓度桑叶提取物鱼饲料中PO含量折线图;
图5为不同浓度桑叶提取物鱼饲料中CD含量折线图;
图6为不同浓度桑叶提取物鱼饲料中MDA含量折线图;
图7为不同极性桑叶提取物抗氧化效果与其多酚类含量的关系示意图;
图8为不同浓度桑叶提取物鱼饲料对鲫鱼摄食量影响折线图;
图9为不同浓度桑叶提取物鱼饲料对鲫鱼增重影响折线图。
具体实施方式
实施例1
桑叶提取物,其制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将桑叶在50℃以下的鼓风干燥箱内干燥至恒重,粉碎过18目筛,得到桑叶粉末;
(2)将桑叶粉末和乙酸乙酯按重量比为1:9混合,用旋转搅拌器在室温下,700r/min混合搅拌8小时,分别将混合液用布氏漏斗和中速定性滤纸过滤,重复3次,获得澄清无残渣滤液;
(3)将滤液置于旋转蒸发仪内减压蒸馏至恒重,去除乙酸乙酯,获得桑叶提取物(乙酸乙酯提取物)。
实施例2
桑叶提取物,其制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将桑叶在50℃以下的鼓风干燥箱内干燥至恒重,粉碎过18目筛,得到桑叶粉末;
(2)将桑叶粉末和石油醚按重量比为1:9混合,用旋转搅拌器在室温下,700r/min混合搅拌8小时,分别将混合液用布氏漏斗和中速定性滤纸过滤,重复3次,获得澄清无残渣滤液;
(3)将滤液置于旋转蒸发仪内减压蒸馏至恒重,去除石油醚,获得桑叶提取物(石油醚提取物)。
实施例3
桑叶提取物,其制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将桑叶在50℃以下的鼓风干燥箱内干燥至恒重,粉碎过18目筛,得到桑叶粉末;
(2)将桑叶粉末和乙醇按重量比为1:9混合,用旋转搅拌器在室温下,700r/min混合搅拌8小时,分别将混合液用布氏漏斗和中速定性滤纸过滤,重复3次,获得澄清无残渣滤液;
(3)将滤液置于旋转蒸发仪内减压蒸馏至恒重,去除乙醇,获得桑叶提取物(乙醇提取物)。
实施例4
桑叶提取物,其制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将桑叶在50℃以下的鼓风干燥箱内干燥至恒重,粉碎过18目筛,得到桑叶粉末;
(2)将桑叶粉末和水按重量比为1:9混合,用旋转搅拌器在室温下,700r/min混合搅拌8小时,分别将混合液用布氏漏斗和中速定性滤纸过滤,重复3次,获得澄清无残渣滤液;
(3)将滤液置于旋转蒸发仪内减压蒸馏至恒重,去除水,获得桑叶提取物(水提取物)。
将实施例1-4所制得的桑叶提取物分别溶于亚油酸乳化液和亚麻酸乳化液,使其终浓度为0(空白)和1mg/ml,于45℃密闭避光保存6-8天,测定乳化液中PO、CD和MDA含量,检测结果见图1和图2。其中数据表示为3个重复的平均数±标准差;在同一指标内,标注字母不同者表示数据间差异显著,相同者表示差异不显著(P<0.05)。
由图1和图2可知,实施例1-4所制得的桑叶提取物均具有抗氧化作用,尤其是实施例1中用乙酸乙酯提取的桑叶提取物,抗氧化效果最佳。
将实施例1-4制得的桑叶提取物用于饲料中,其作为抗氧化剂使用,优选用于鱼饲料中,具体为:
实施例5
一种鱼饲料,包括基础饲料和桑叶提取物,桑叶提取物占鱼饲料的浓度为0和1g/kg;其中,基础饲料包括以下重量百分比的组分:鱼粉27.0%、豆粕36.00%、面粉32.50%、葵花籽油2.00%、磷酸二氢钙0.50%、维生素添加剂1.00%和矿物质添加剂1.00%;其基础饲料中含粗蛋白34.32%、含粗脂肪6.84%、含磷1.73%。
其中,维生素添加剂包括以下组分:视黄醇0.013份、维生素D3 0.001份、DL-α-生育酚1.000份、维生素K3 0.010份、维生素B1 0.010份、核黄素0.050份、吡哆醇0.074份、氰钴胺0.001份、D-泛酸钙0.246份、烟酸0.279份、D-生物素0.010份、肌醇5.181份和叶酸0.050份。
矿物质添加剂包括以下组分:FeSO4·7H2O 6.970份、CuSO4·5H2O 0.118份、ZnSO4·7H2O 2.1.42份、MnSO4·H2O 0.405份、Na2SeO3·5H2O 0.008份和KI 0.015份。
上述鱼饲料的制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将桑叶提取物加入葵花籽油中,超声振荡30分钟使其混匀;
(2)向步骤(1)所得混合物加入剩余组分,混匀,并制成直径2mm的颗粒。
将实施例5制得的颗粒饲料分别装入烧杯中,密封避光保存在45℃环境下,8天后测定饲料中PO、CD和MDA含量,其测量结果见图3,其中空白为不添加桑叶提取物。从图3中可以看出,采用乙酸乙酯、石油醚、乙醇和水进行提取的桑叶提取物,在鱼饲料中均具有抗氧化作用,尤其是采用乙酸乙酯进行提取的桑叶提取物在鱼饲料中的抗氧化效果最佳。
实施例6
将实施例1制得的桑叶提取物(乙酸乙酯提取物)分别按0、1、2、3、4、5、6和7g/kg的浓度添加到鱼饲料中,按照实施例5中的配方及制备方法,制成相应的8种饲料。将颗粒饲料分别装入样品袋,密封避光保存在20-28℃环境下,2个月后测定饲料中PO、CD和MDA含量和进行折线回归分析,检测结果见图4、图5和图6,其中数据表示为3个重复的平均数±标准差。由图4~图6可知,桑叶提取物在饲料中的最适添加浓度为4.90g/kg。
采用Folin-Ciocalteau试剂法测定四种桑叶提取物的酚类化合物含量,进行抗脂质氧化效果和多酚类含量相关性分析,结果见表1和图7,其中数据表示为3个重复的平均数±标准差。在同一列中数据标注字母不同者表示差异显著,相同者表示差异不显著(P<0.05)。从表1和图7分析得出,桑叶提取物的抗氧化功能与其多酚类物质含量存在密切关系,桑叶提取物的总酚类含量为214.4-231.7g/kg。
表1各桑叶提取物的获得率和多酚类物质含量
实施例7
将实施例6制得的不同浓度桑叶提取物(乙酸乙酯提取物)的饲料投喂鲫鱼60天,测定此桑叶提取物对鲫鱼的生长、摄食量和饲料效率的影响,结果见表2、图8和图9,其中数据表示为4个重复的平均数±标准差,每个重复20尾鱼。在同一列中数据标注字母不同者表示差异显著,相同者表示差异不显著(P<0.05);增重=末重-初重;饲料效率=100×增重/摄食量。
从表2、图8和图9可以得出,桑叶提取物(乙酸乙酯提取物)提高了鱼的生长、摄食量和饲料效率;分别添加4.11g/kg和3.97g/kg饲料以上的桑叶提取物(乙酸乙酯提取物)的提高摄食和促生长效果最佳。
表2乙酸乙酯提取物对鲫鱼的生长、摄食量和饲料效率的影响(60天)
上述内容对本发明的具体实施方式进行了详细地描述,但不应理解为对本专利的保护范围的限定。在权利要求书所描述的范围内,本领域技术人员不经创造性劳动即可作出的各种修改和变形仍属本专利的保护范围。
Claims (10)
1.桑叶提取物在制备饲料抗氧化剂中的应用,所述桑叶提取物通过以下制备方法制得:
将桑叶烘干、粉碎,然后加入有机溶剂或水中,于600-800r/min搅拌6-10h后过滤,得滤液和滤渣;向滤渣中再次加入有机溶剂或水,重复提取1-3次,合并滤液,将滤液减压蒸馏至恒重制得;其中,所述有机溶剂为石油醚、乙酸乙酯或乙醇。
2.根据权利要求1所述的桑叶提取物在制备饲料抗氧化剂中的应用,其特征在于,所述有机溶剂为乙酸乙酯。
3.一种饲料,其特征在于,包含权利要求1或2任一项所述的桑叶提取物。
4.根据权利要求3所述的饲料,其特征在于,所述饲料为鱼饲料。
5.根据权利要求4所述的饲料,其特征在于,所述桑叶提取物占鱼饲料总重量的1.00~7.00‰。
6.根据权利要求5所述的饲料,其特征在于,所述桑叶提取物最佳用量为占鱼饲料总重量的3.80~7.00‰。
7.根据权利要求4、5或6所述的饲料,其特征在于,包括以下重量份组分:鱼粉25.00~29.00份、豆粕35.00~38.00份、面粉31.00~34.00份、葵花籽油1.00~3.00份、磷酸二氢钙0.30~0.80份、桑叶提取物0.38~0.70份、维生素添加剂0.50~2.00份和矿物质添加剂0.50~2.00份。
8.如权利要求7所述的饲料,其特征在于,所述维生素添加剂包括以下重量份组分:视黄醇0.013份、维生素D3 0.001份、DL-α-生育酚1.000份、维生素K3 0.010份、维生素B10.010份、核黄素0.050份、吡哆醇0.074份、氰钴胺0.001份、D-泛酸钙0.246份、烟酸0.279份、D-生物素0.010份、肌醇5.181份和叶酸0.050份。
9.如权利要求7所述的饲料,其特征在于,所述矿物质添加剂包括以下重量份组分:FeSO4·7H2O 6.970份、CuSO4·5H2O 0.118份、ZnSO4·7H2O 2.1.42份、MnSO4·H2O 0.405份、Na2SeO3·5H2O 0.008份和KI 0.015份。
10.如权利要求4-9任一项所述的饲料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)将桑叶提取物加入葵花籽油中,超声振荡30分钟使其混匀;
(2)向步骤(1)所得混合物中加入剩余组分,混匀,并制成直径2mm的颗粒。
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