CN1091209C - Turbine installation with pushing element and pushing element for turbine installation - Google Patents

Turbine installation with pushing element and pushing element for turbine installation Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1091209C
CN1091209C CN97196568A CN97196568A CN1091209C CN 1091209 C CN1091209 C CN 1091209C CN 97196568 A CN97196568 A CN 97196568A CN 97196568 A CN97196568 A CN 97196568A CN 1091209 C CN1091209 C CN 1091209C
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China
Prior art keywords
dilation
turbine
inner casing
point
turbine section
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Expired - Fee Related
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CN97196568A
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Chinese (zh)
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CN1225705A (en
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海因里希·奥恩豪森
阿克塞尔·伦伯格
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D25/00Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
    • F01D25/28Supporting or mounting arrangements, e.g. for turbine casing
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D25/00Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
    • F01D25/24Casings; Casing parts, e.g. diaphragms, casing fastenings
    • F01D25/26Double casings; Measures against temperature strain in casings

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
  • Switches With Compound Operations (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Strip Materials And Filament Materials (AREA)
  • Casting Support Devices, Ladles, And Melt Control Thereby (AREA)
  • Burglar Alarm Systems (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
  • Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
  • Control Of Turbines (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a turbine installation (1), in particular a steam turbine installation, has at least two partial turbines (2, 3a, 3b, 3c) having each a turbine rotor (5) which extends along a main axis (4) and an inner housing (7, 8a, 8b, 8c) that receives the guide blades (6). At least one inner housing (8a, 8b, 8c) can be moved in the axial direction, and a thermally expanding pushing element (9) is provided to ensure its axial displacement. The pushing element (9) has a first expanding component (10a) and a second expanding component (10b) joined by a coupling component (11). The coupling component (11) moves by mechanical and/or hydraulic means the second expanding component (10b) in the axial direction over a distance which is larger than the thermal expansion and/or axial displacement of the first expanding component (10a). Also disclosed is a pushing element (9).

Description

The turbine equipment and the thrust component that have thrust component
The present invention relates to a kind of turbine equipment, especially have the steam turbine installation of at least two steam turbine sections, wherein each steam turbine section all has a turbine rotor that extends along main shaft, and wherein turbine rotor is rigidly connected each other.Each steam turbine section all has the inner casing that guide vane is housed, and having an inner casing at least at this axially is being movably.The thrust component that has a heat-swellable for the axial position of this inner casing.The present invention relates to thrust component itself in addition.
Set forth a kind of turbines in DE 35 22 916 A1, it is coaxial and be arranged at the high pressure and/or the middle-pressure turbine section of low-pressure turbine section upstream for the low-pressure turbine section that this unit has at least one low-pressure turbine section with shell and inner casing coaxial with it and at least one.The axle of each turbine stage rigid coupling each other becomes an axle system.Be equipped with an axial thrust bearing that is used for this system before the upstream of low-pressure turbine section, this bearing is determined a reference level, and reference level expands and mobile starting point as axial axle thus.Inner casing is connected one axially on the end of the axially movable supporting of adjacent turbine stage housing or be connected on the turbine bearing(s) casing by the connecting rod that transmits thrust.Seal element thermal walking ground and the vacuum-tight of this connecting rod by can limit lateral movement passes outside casing wall leads to.Be positioned at low-pressure turbine section turbine bearing(s) before and determined second reference level, reference level is as the turbine stage housing and the axial expansion of connected turbine stage housing and the starting point of displacement that are bearing on the turbine bearing(s) thus.Make axle system and turbine stage housing with practically identical axial expansion degree and on identical direction, produce axial displacement thus, between this adjacent working blade flange and guide vane flange, only have the axial clearance of minimum.Thrust is passed to the turbine bearing(s) part of transmitting thrust by connecting rod.The horizontal thermal walking pawl formula supporting of the vacuum seal sleeve pipe of this outer tie rod and low-pressure turbine section inner casing structurally merges.The pawl arm of inner casing extends and lies on the bearing of corresponding bearing housing with slidable supporting and guide surface being parallel on the direction of shaft axis.Connecting rod is connected with the pawl arm strength in the turbine bearing(s) scope with transmitting, and particularly the exterior annular flange on the shell end face of the diaphragm seal of vacuum seal sleeve pipe and low-pressure turbine section is connected with inner annular flange on the turbine bearing(s) casing.On the shell end wall and between the seating plane on the bearing housing, promptly have only the setting of the seal element between two parts of very little relative displacement, the big thermal walking and the seal element of inner casing are separated.
In DE-AS 1 216 322, set forth a kind of steam or gas turbine that has the turbine stage of arranging a plurality of coaxial front and back, the rigidity coupling and to have in their housing at least be axially movable and be connected with the turbine stage housing or the bearing spider of a fixed-site each other of the axle of these turbine stage.The low pressure housing of turbo machine is made up of a shell and an inner casing respectively.The inner casing of low-pressure turbine and the housing of an adjacent turbines section or being connected by a pull bar realization of bearing spider, this pull bar steam tight ground and thermal walking passing casing wall leads to the outside.This pull bar can be an independent bar, axially and radially is flexible sylphon seal by one on casing wall.This pull bar can also be made up of three hinged bars of axially connecting mutually, and that root bar in the middle of wherein being arranged in is slidingly fitted in a lining of casing wall, can move axially.Can make housing produce axial displacement by this pull bar, make the axial clearance between rotor and the housing keep a constant as far as possible by axial displacement.In order to change the size of axial clearance, can change pull bar length by the pull bar variation of temperature.This variation of temperature realizes by steam or the liquid parasitic thermal load to pull bar.
In GB-PS 1 145 612, set forth and a kind ofly like this changed the axial clearance size by a pipe input superheated steam.One axial each end face of expandable Guan Zaiqi is connected with a connecting rod, and this connecting rod is fixed on again on the inner casing of low-pressure turbine section.Inner casing is with respect to the axial displacement of the turbine rotor expansion by each inner casing, and the expansion of connecting rod and the expansion of expansion tube are formed.The thermal expansion of the inner casing that couples mutually determines that by an immovable point this point is positioned on the shell of the low-pressure turbine section that is in the upstream farthest.The starting point of this inner casing thermal expansion is different from the thermal expansion starting point that the bearing that is in the upstream by far away of rotor is determined.The compensator of each expansion tube by separately is connected with the shell of corresponding low-pressure turbine section, and the absolute expansion of the feasible system that is made up of inner casing and connecting rod must be absorbed by compensator.For the expansion between the system that guarantees that turbine rotor expands and be made up of inner casing and connecting rod is a constant as far as possible, must steam be imported expansion tube by given way.This steam must be taken from vapor recycle or be provided separately.The working state of looking steam turbine by this system also needs control and supervisory system in addition, so that will be used in the required steam input expansion tube of compensating axial clearance.
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of turbine equipment, make, especially do not need expensive control and monitoring system, the axial clearance between rotor and the inner casing is remained on below the predetermined value with simple mode and method.Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of thrust component of axial clearance between the turbine rotor and inner casing that is used for accordingly reducing in the turbine equipment.
The purpose of the relevant turbine equipment of the present invention aspect realizes thus, promptly, settle a thermal expansion thrust component for axial displacement on the inner casing of an axial displacement, this element has first dilation and second dilation, and two-part interconnect by a coupling unit.This coupling unit makes second dilation produce an axial displacement with the methods of machinery and/or hydraulic pressure, and this displacement is greater than the axial displacement and/or the axial thermal expansion of first dilation.
Described coupling unit is preferably a mechanical lever.This lever can rotate around an immovable point, and wherein first dilation is connected with this lever on tie point separately equally rotationally with second dilation.The distance of second tie point and immovable point is greater than the distance of first tie point and immovable point.The displacement of first tie point that is caused by the thermal expansion and/or the displacement of first dilation acts on mechanical lever, makes it to rotate around immovable point.Because the lever arm of second dilation, i.e. distance between second tie point and the immovable point, greater than the lever arm of first dilation, this mechanical lever makes second dilation produce an axial displacement, and this displacement is aligned and greater than the axial displacement of first tie point.
Especially high-power for obtaining in to the layout of three low-pressure turbine sections thus, these three low-pressure turbine sections are used in the steam turbine installation under low coolant water temperature, third level low pressure inner casing keeps very for a short time with respect to the relative expansion of turbine rotor, even if make that the axial clearance between the static guide vane and the working blade of rotation also remains on below the predetermined value when the steam turbine equipment full load.By select a corresponding aligning lever arm axial clearance can be adjusted to one basically with the corresponding axial clearance value of another low-pressure turbine section on.Therefore all low-pressure turbine sections can constitute by same structure.
Certainly all low-pressure turbine sections that are provided with vertically can be connected with described simple hinged mechanism by a thrust component.Can make each low-pressure turbine section produce axial displacement by suitable selection lever arm and corresponding therewith velocity ratio, this axial displacement makes it the relative expansion amount of turbine rotor has been reduced by a predetermined value.Especially the relative expansion amount can be adjusted into constant.Machinery can be need not equally by the thrust component of rigidity or hydraulic type displacement amplifier ground is connected with each other each low-pressure turbine section.
Axial displacement that makes first dilation with the mode and the method for machinery and/or hydraulic pressure and/or the coupling unit that axial expansion amplifies in the same way structurally can realize easily, and do not need complicated monitoring and control gear also not to need by additional pipeline input steam.The minimizing of axial clearance between the guide vane and working blade in the turbine equipment can be realized by this coupling unit and the structure seldom that brings thus and operating cost, the power of turbine equipment can be improved thus.
Thrust component preferably passes around the sealing of the shell of inner casing with the bearing spider of supporting inner casing bearing.Sealing preferably has expandable vertically sealing bellows.Reduced the via count of shell is also structurally simplified thus by this shared pathway.
Axial expansion association, comprise the thrust component (lever) with displacement amplification, an inner casing or an a plurality of inner casing and the thrust component (connecting rod) and the interconnective turbine rotor that do not have the displacement amplification in case of necessity have a common axial restraint point.This axial restraint point is in the expansion association that is made up of the inner casing of the shell of middle-pressure turbine section and two or more low-pressure turbine sections, preferably one is arranged at before all turbine stage vertically, is used for supporting the turbine bearing(s) of the shell of middle-pressure turbine section.
Be used to reduce between two separate parts that can expand along main shaft, especially the thrust component of the rotor of turbine equipment and the different axial expansions between the inner casing, according to the present invention, be to have first dilation by one, the thrust component of second dilation and coupling unit is realized.This coupling unit is a mechanical lever that can rotate around immovable point preferably, and first dilation and second dilation are on the same side of this lever rotatably is connected separately tie point.The distance of second tie point and immovable point is greater than the distance of first tie point and immovable point.By leverage, second tie point produces vertically than the displacement of the bigger displacement of first tie point and amplifies when the first tie point displacement thus.This thrust component also can have a hydraulic displacement amplifier, for example by constituting along the tapered hydraulic channel of main shaft, connects first dilation and second dilation respectively in channel end.The displacement of first dilation on hydraulic channel diminishes direction causes the incompressible hydraulic fluid in the passage to be extruded in the tapering part.Because the degree that volume constancy, hydraulic fluid are clamp-oned in the tapering part is bigger than the degree of its being pushed by first dilation.Produced the displacement amplification by incompressible hydraulic fluid thus.
Elaborate the turbine equipment that has thrust component by the accompanying drawing illustrated embodiment below, in the accompanying drawing:
Fig. 1 a and Fig. 1 b are respectively the longitdinal cross-section diagram and the corresponding expansion curve figure of steam turbine installation,
Fig. 2 is the longitdinal cross-section diagram that has the bearing between two low-pressure turbine sections of thrust component,
Fig. 3 is the plan view of thrust component shown in Figure 2.
Steam turbine installation 1 shown in Fig. 1 a has the high-pressure turbine section 23 that is provided with along main shaft 4 front and back, medium pressure turbine section 2 and three the essentially identical low-pressure turbine sections of structure 3a, 3b and 3c.Low- pressure turbine section 3a, 3b and 3c are connected with fluid technique by steam input pipe road 24 and medium pressure turbine section 2.Medium pressure turbine section 2 has shell 22.Each low- pressure turbine section 3a, 3b and 3c have inner casing 8a separately, 8b and 8c and around inner casing 8a, the shell 14 of 8b and 8c.Each inner casing 8a, 8b and 8c have the guide vane 6 that is used to load low pressure steam.At each inner casing 8a, be provided with the turbine rotor that has operating on low voltage blade 27 5 that extends along main shaft 4 among 8b and the 8c.Medium pressure turbine section 2 has an inner casing 7.The low-pressure turbine section 3a adjacent with each between the medium pressure turbine section 2 and the first low- pressure turbine section 3a, 3b is equipped with bearing 15 between the 3c.Bearing 15 not only is used for supporting turbine rotor but also is used for supporting each inner casing 8a, 8b and 8c.The turbine rotor that one bearing 15a is used for supporting steam turbine section 2,23 is housed between high-pressure turbine section 23 and medium pressure turbine section 2 equally.At each bearing 15 each inner casing 8a of supporting, respectively be connected with the connecting rod 9a that is parallel to main shaft 4 in the bearing scope of 8b and 8c.Each connecting rod 9a couples together the medium pressure turbine section 2 and the first low-pressure turbine section 3a, and makes each steam turbine section 3a, 3b, and the inner casing 8a that 3c is adjacent one another are, 8b and 8c are connected with each other.Shell 22, inner casing 8a, 8b and 8c and couple bar 9a with what they coupled together, 21 constitute an expansion association, this expansion association when loading hot steam along main shaft 4 axial expansions.The expansion association of Gou Chenging has a immovable point 20 on the bearing 15a between high-pressure turbine section 23 and the medium pressure turbine section 2 like this.The thermal expansion value along main shaft 4 counted of immovable point 20 is represented with expansion curve 25 in Fig. 1 b thus.Medium pressure turbine section 2 and low- pressure turbine section 3a, 3b, the corresponding expansion curve 26 of the mutual rigidly connected turbine rotor 5 of 3c is illustrated in Fig. 1 b equally.By with low- pressure turbine section 3a, 3b, 3c are combined into expansion association and in conjunction with the shell 22 of medium pressure turbine section 2, utilize each thermal expansion to make inner casing 8a, and 8b and 8c move towards unshowned generator direction along main shaft 4.All inner casing 8a, the thermal expansion of 8b and 8c is along main shaft 4 additions, and the relative expansion for mutual rigidly connected turbine rotor 5 reduces thus.However comparison shows that between expansion curve 25 and 26, still having differential expansion on the whole length of steam turbine equipment 1 between the inner casing 8c of turbine rotor 5 and last low-pressure turbine section 3c.This differential expansion has caused each low- pressure turbine section 3a, and 3b has different axial clearance between the guide vane 6 of 3c and the working blade 27.
By having that use is shown specifically in Fig. 2 and 3 to low- pressure turbine section 3a, 3b, the inner casing 8a of 3c, the displacement of 8b and 8c has the thrust component 9 of amplification, and this differential expansion can be reduced a predetermined value significantly.This thrust component 9 can be arranged between the medium pressure turbine section 2 and the first low-pressure turbine section 3a and each adjacent low-pressure turbine section 3a as the alternative of connecting rod 9a, and 3b is between the 3c.Be preferably mounted between latter two low-pressure turbine section 3b and 3c.This thrust component 9 has one and is essentially the shaft-like first dilation 10a and and is essentially shaft-like dilation 10b equally.These dilations 10a, 10b is hinged by a coupling unit 11.As shown in Figure 3, coupling unit is can be around the mechanical lever of immovable point 12 rotations.At tie point 13a separately, last each the dilation 10a of 13b, 10b is connected on main shaft 4 directions with dilation 11 rotationally by the pin that is not shown specifically movablely.Tie point 13a is than the more close immovable point 12 of tie point 13b.Between tie point 13b and immovable point 12, make tie point 13a cause the bigger displacement of tie point 13b on main shaft 4 directions at this tie point 13a in the displacement on main shaft 4 directions.Dilation 10a, 10b penetrate separately bearing 15 and with separately bearing part 28b, 28c passes corresponding separately low-pressure turbine section 3b, the shell 14 of 3c together.Sealed airtightly by sealing 16 when passing shell 14, wherein sealing 16 has expandable sealing bellows 18 on main shaft 4 directions.Inner casing 8b is bearing on the bearing 28a, and this dilation 10a spiral is tightened on the inner casing 8b.Inner casing 8c correspondingly is bearing on the bearing 28b, and dilation 10b also spiral is tightened on the inner casing 8c last one corresponding bearing claw 17.
Look tie point 13a, 13b can amplify corresponding displacement adjustment one predetermined value with respect to the position of immovable point 12 by coupling unit 11.The mode of coupling unit 11 and Maintenance free simple with project organization and method have realized that displacement amplifies and need not causing that by steam temperature raises control, detection and the pipe-line system of necessary costliness when displacement amplified thus.
Outstanding part of the present invention is to use a kind of thrust component in the turbine equipment that has the multi-stage turbine section, has realized the displacement amplification by this thrust component with method machinery and/or hydraulic pressure.This thrust component preferably has one and is the coupling unit of mechanical lever, is hinged with two push rods on this lever, and they have different respectively, but is positioned at the lever arm of the same side with respect to immovable point.The axial clearance between the guide vane of the working blade that allows to reduce turbine rotor and inner casing is amplified in the displacement of the inner casing of turbine stage in the displacement that axially produces.These are except causing the efficient that can adopt structure also to improve whole turbine equipment the essentially identical inner casing.Described turbine equipment is preferably and has a high-pressure turbine section, a medium pressure turbine section and two or more, particularly three low-pressure turbine sections steam turbine installation.Certain this thrust component also is applicable to having and is used for reducing axial clearance on the gas-turbine plant of a plurality of turbine stage.

Claims (7)

1. a turbine equipment (1), it has at least two steam turbine sections (2,3a, 3b, 3c), each steam turbine section all has a turbine rotor (5) that extends along main shaft (4), these turbine rotors (5) are rigidly connected each other, each steam turbine section also all has the inner casing (8a that guide vane (6) is housed, 8b, 8c), wherein have at least an inner casing (8a, 8b, 8c) removable vertically and for this inner casing (8a, 8b, 8c) move axially the thrust component (9) that is provided with a heat-swellable, it is characterized in that this thrust component (9) has first dilation (10a) and second dilation (10b), two-part interconnect by coupling unit (11), and wherein coupling unit (11) makes thermal expansion and/or the axial displacement of the axial displacement of second dilation (10b) greater than first dilation (10a) in the mode of machinery and/or hydraulic pressure.
2. turbine equipment as claimed in claim 1 (1), wherein said coupling element (11) is one around the rotating mechanical lever of immovable point (12), first dilation (10a) and second dilation (10b) are at separately tie point (13a, be connected with this lever rotationally 13b), the distance of second tie point (13b) and immovable point (12) is greater than the distance of first tie point (13a) with immovable point.
3. as the described turbine equipment of above-mentioned each claim (1), wherein has a turbine stage (3a who is connected with this thrust component (9) at least, 3b, 3c) have one around inner casing (8a, 8b, shell 8c) (14), wherein said thrust component (9) and supporting inner casing (8b, (28a 28b) passes a sealing (16) to the bearing of bearing 8c) (15) together.
4. turbine equipment as claimed in claim 1 or 2 (1), wherein one comprises that the axial expansion association of thrust component (9) and interconnective turbine rotor (5) have a common axial restraint point (20).
5. turbine equipment as claimed in claim 1 or 2 (1), its have the low-pressure turbine section that a medium pressure turbine section (2) and at least two are provided with along main shaft (4) (3a, 3b), low-pressure turbine section (3a wherein, (8a 8b) is connected with described thrust component (9) inner casing 3b).
6. turbine equipment as claimed in claim 5 (1), wherein medium pressure turbine section (2) has a shell (22), this shell by a thrust connecting rod (21) be arranged at vertically after the inner casing (8a) of low-pressure turbine section (3a) be connected, bearing (15a) that is connected with shell (22) constitutes the axial restraint point (20) for axial thermal expansion.
7. thrust component (9) that is used to reduce the different axial expansions between the separate parts that can expand along main shaft (4) of two of turbine equipment, it has first dilation (10a), second dilation (10b) and a coupling element (11), wherein this coupling element (11) is can be around the mechanical lever of immovable point (12) rotation, first dilation (10a) and second dilation (10b) are at separately tie point (13a, be connected with this lever rotationally 13b), and the distance of second tie point (13b) and immovable point (12) is greater than the distance of first tie point (13a) with immovable point.
CN97196568A 1996-07-24 1997-07-22 Turbine installation with pushing element and pushing element for turbine installation Expired - Fee Related CN1091209C (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19629933.0 1996-07-24
DE19629933A DE19629933C1 (en) 1996-07-24 1996-07-24 Steam-turbine plant e.g. with two inner low-pressure (ND) housings

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN1225705A CN1225705A (en) 1999-08-11
CN1091209C true CN1091209C (en) 2002-09-18

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CN97196568A Expired - Fee Related CN1091209C (en) 1996-07-24 1997-07-22 Turbine installation with pushing element and pushing element for turbine installation

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EP (1) EP0914543B1 (en)
JP (1) JP3898229B2 (en)
CN (1) CN1091209C (en)
AT (1) ATE206502T1 (en)
DE (2) DE19629933C1 (en)
ES (1) ES2165623T3 (en)
PT (1) PT914543E (en)
RU (1) RU2185516C2 (en)
WO (1) WO1998004810A1 (en)

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CN106687664A (en) * 2014-09-09 2017-05-17 株式会社神户制钢所 Rotary machine unit

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JP4175859B2 (en) * 2002-10-10 2008-11-05 株式会社東芝 Steam turbine bearing device
JP2004245187A (en) * 2003-02-17 2004-09-02 Toshiba Corp Non-contact seal device for turbo machine and steam turbine equipment using this device
EP1710399B1 (en) * 2005-04-05 2008-03-19 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Displacement system, turbine pair, turbine arrangement and method for transmitting a position change between two turbines
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JP5524411B2 (en) * 2011-03-31 2014-06-18 三菱重工業株式会社 Casing position adjustment device for steam turbine
EP2554801A1 (en) * 2011-08-02 2013-02-06 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft A turbine system comprising a push rod arrangement between two housings
JP6000140B2 (en) * 2013-01-23 2016-09-28 三菱日立パワーシステムズ株式会社 Position adjustment mechanism and steam turbine
EP2821593A1 (en) * 2013-07-04 2015-01-07 Alstom Technology Ltd Method and apparatus for controlling a steam turbine axial clearance
EP2910741A1 (en) * 2014-02-24 2015-08-26 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Heatable push rod for a steam turbine
CN106837432B (en) * 2015-12-03 2019-10-11 上海电气电站设备有限公司 Steam turbine differential expansion control structure and control method
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CN106687664A (en) * 2014-09-09 2017-05-17 株式会社神户制钢所 Rotary machine unit

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DE59704804D1 (en) 2001-11-08
JP3898229B2 (en) 2007-03-28
PT914543E (en) 2002-03-28
JP2001508146A (en) 2001-06-19
EP0914543B1 (en) 2001-10-04
ATE206502T1 (en) 2001-10-15
DE19629933C1 (en) 1997-09-04
RU2185516C2 (en) 2002-07-20
EP0914543A1 (en) 1999-05-12
WO1998004810A1 (en) 1998-02-05
CN1225705A (en) 1999-08-11
ES2165623T3 (en) 2002-03-16

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