CN109100387B - Method for measuring heat flux density when high-energy beam impacts plane - Google Patents

Method for measuring heat flux density when high-energy beam impacts plane Download PDF

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CN109100387B
CN109100387B CN201810860524.6A CN201810860524A CN109100387B CN 109100387 B CN109100387 B CN 109100387B CN 201810860524 A CN201810860524 A CN 201810860524A CN 109100387 B CN109100387 B CN 109100387B
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energy beam
flux density
width
heat flux
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余德平
段亚洲
徐继业
邱吉尔
李磊
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Sichuan University
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Abstract

The invention discloses a method for measuring heat flux density when a high-energy beam impacts a plane. According to the characteristic that the heat flux density of the cross section approximately follows Gaussian distribution when the high-energy beam propagates in the air, after the high-energy beam acts on the iron-based material for a period of time, the material can generate crescent phase change hardening, and the size of a crescent phase change area can directly reflect the heat flux density distribution rule of the high-energy beam. Fitting by simulation software, adjusting coefficients to obtain the same phase change region, and substituting the coefficients into a heat flow density distribution formula to obtain the cross-section heat flow density distribution. The method of the invention has simple operation and does not need a special receiving target plate; a continuous heat flow density distribution equation can be obtained; and has wide application range.

Description

Method for measuring heat flux density when high-energy beam impacts plane
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for measuring heat flow density when a high-energy beam impacts a plane.
Background
High energy beams, commonly referred to as lasers, electron beams and ion beams, have in common the characteristic that the power density supplied to the surface of the material is more than or equal to 103w/cm2. With the upgrade of the traditional manufacturing industry, high-energy beam processing has become one of the most advanced manufacturing technologies in the modern time, and is known as processing in the 21 st century. Because the high-power-density high-precision high-power-beam high-precision weapon equipment has the comprehensive advantages of high power density, short action time, non-contact heating process, good controllability, environmental friendliness and the like, the high-power-beam processing gradually becomes a key technology for researching high-precision weapon equipment, the proportion occupied by the high-power-beam high-precision weapon equipment in the industry is increased, and. The high-energy beam processing field further covers various aspects such as welding, cutting, etching, surface modification, spraying, vapor deposition and the like, and plays an important role in various fields such as aerospace, ships, weapons, nuclear energy, traffic, medical treatment and the like.
The quality and the application development of high-energy beam processing are closely related to the beam quality of the high-energy beam, and the beam quality mainly has two connotations: firstly, the stability and secondly the shape and energy distribution of the beam. Therefore, the heat flux density is measured when the distance between the beam and the nozzle is different from the cross section impact plane, whether the beam state and the energy distribution are good or not is further analyzed, and the method plays an extremely important role in improving the processing capacity and the processing quality.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for measuring the heat flow density distribution of a high-energy beam on a specific section impact plane by applying material surface phase change hardening and through experiments and simulation fitting.
The high-energy beam is characterized in that the heat flux density is uniformly distributed in the radial direction and the descending gradient in the axial direction is small. The characteristic is that the heat flow density distribution form of any section of the high-energy beam generally follows Gaussian distribution. Expressed by formula 1-1 as follows:
Figure 963922DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
(1-1)
in the formula, qHmIs the maximum heat flow density, r is the distance from the center of the hot spot, and the total heat energy (Q) within the cross-sectional hot spot is expressed by the formula 1-2:
Figure 607392DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
(1-2)
therefore, the temperature of the molten metal is controlled,
Figure 942559DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
(1-3)
95% of the total heat energy (Q) will be concentrated within this hot spot, and thus the relationship between Q and k can be expressed as equations 1-4:
Figure 671480DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
(1-4)
simplified formulas 1-4 result:
Figure 750295DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
(1-5)
q is related to the high energy beam input power and can be expressed as formulas 1-6:
Figure 248272DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
(1-6)
where P is the input power of the high energy beam, β is a coefficient related to heat loss (due to the cooling system of the high energy beam and the distance of the generator nozzle from the substrate surface), and η is the heat absorption rate, which is related to the thermophysical parameters of the substrate.
Simultaneous 1-3, 1-5, 1-6 formulae 1-7 are as follows:
Figure 334433DEST_PATH_IMAGE007
(1-7)
to simplify the calculation and reduce the number of unknowns, a corresponding constant coefficient δ is used, and δ is expressed by the following formula 1-8:
Figure 347389DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
(1-8)
thus, qH(r) may be expressed as formulas 1 to 9:
Figure 229894DEST_PATH_IMAGE009
(1-9)
when the high-energy beam acts on the iron-based material for a period of time, the material can generate crescent phase change hardening, and the size of the obtained heat affected zone can directly reflect the heat flux density distribution rule of the high-energy beam. Based on the principle, the same technological parameters as those of the experiment are set in the numerical simulation, the same phase change region is obtained by adjusting the coefficient, and then the coefficient is brought into the heat flow density distribution formula (1-9), so that the cross-section heat flow density distribution can be obtained.
The specific determination steps are as follows:
step 1: selecting an iron-based material, processing the iron-based material into a set standard shape as a base material, adjusting the distance between the surface of the base material and a nozzle of a high-energy beam generator to be a vertical distance d = 1-500 mm, then setting the scanning speed to be a speed which does not melt the surface of the base material to be 10-3000 mm/min, and then performing single-pass quenching hardening operation;
step 2: cutting the base material along the hardened section, and observing the size (width W and depth D) of the hardened area under a microscope after polishing and corrosion;
and step 3: setting initial parametersδAnd rH，δIs a coefficient related to the thermal efficiency, the type of the base material and the vertical distance d, and is in the range of 0.1-0.7, rHThe initial value of (a) is a hardening zone width D;
and 4, step 4: carrying out numerical simulation on the hardening process by using finite element software, setting simulation parameters as process parameters used in experiments, dividing a simulated hardening zone according to the critical temperature of austenitizing the material, and obtaining the width W of the simulated hardening zone1And depth D1;
And 5: adjustment ofδAnd rHSo as to simulate the width W of the hardened zone1And depth D1Approximately the same size as the width W and depth D of the actual hardened zone;
step 6: will be provided withδAnd rHSubstituting into formula
Figure 582378DEST_PATH_IMAGE010
(P is power, r is distance from the center of the circular spot), the heat flow density distribution of the high-energy beam at the position d away from the nozzle can be obtained.
The method for measuring the heat flux density of the high-energy beam has the following advantages:
1. the operation is simple, and a special receiving target plate is not needed. Because the hardening area of the iron-based material is used as the standard for measuring the heat flux density, only the common iron-based material is used as a base material, and a special receiving target plate does not need to be manufactured and a special probe is not needed to be installed on the target plate. The experimental process is simple and easy to operate, because the probe does not need to be arranged, the error caused by the inconsistency of the probe is avoided, and the cost required in the measuring process is low;
2. a continuous heat flow density distribution equation can be obtained. Comparing the heat affected zone fitted by finite element simulation with the actual hardening zone, and substituting the obtained parameter values into a formula to obtain a complete continuous equation;
3. the application range is wide. The measuring method is widely applicable to various high-energy fluids, the hardening area can be obtained only by adjusting the type of the base material and the scanning speed, and the heat flow density distribution is further obtained by fitting simulation.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a high energy beam generator and a substrate to be quenched, wherein (1) is a plasma generator, (2) is a substrate, and (3) is a plasma flame stream;
FIG. 2 is an embodiment working diagram;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a heat-affected zone test;
FIG. 4 is a simulated cross-sectional view of a heat affected zone.
Detailed Description
The method of determining the heat flux density at the high energy beam impingement plane according to the present invention is further illustrated by the following examples.
Example one
Using plasma as a high-energy beam, using U75V as a substrate (200 × 100 × 15 mm in size), fixing the position of the substrate and a plasma generator as shown in FIG. 1, setting the distance D to 4mm, turning on the plasma generator, inputting 11.3 kW of power, scanning the surface of the substrate at a speed v =900mm/min, cutting the substrate along the hardened section after natural cooling, polishing and corroding, and observing the size of the hardened area under a microscope, wherein the width W =10.3mm and the depth D =1.5 mm. Performing finite element simulation and adjustmentδAnd rHMaking the width W of the heat-affected zone in the simulation result1=10mm≈W=10.3mm，D1=1.5 ≈ D =1.5mm, givesδAnd rH0.67 and 9.5, respectively, the heat flow density distribution is:
Figure 524926DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
(r is from the center of the circular spot).
Example two
Using plasma as a high-energy beam, using U75V as a substrate (200 × 100 × 15 mm in size), fixing the position of the substrate and a plasma generator as shown in FIG. 1, setting the distance D to 10mm, turning on the plasma generator, inputting 11.3 kW of power, scanning the surface of the substrate at a speed v =800mm/min, cutting the substrate along the hardened section after natural cooling, polishing and corroding, and observing the size of the hardened area under a microscope, wherein the width W =8.2mm and the depth D =1.1 mm. Performing finite element simulation and adjustmentδAnd rHMaking the width W of the heat-affected zone in the simulation result1=8.6mm≈W，D11.1 ≈ D, yieldingδAnd rH0.42 and 8.1, respectively, the heat flux density distribution is:
Figure 775910DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
(r is from the center of the circular spot).
EXAMPLE III
Using plasma as a high-energy beam, using U75V as a substrate (200 × 100 × 15 mm in size), fixing the position of the substrate and a plasma generator as shown in FIG. 1, setting the distance D to 20mm, turning on the plasma generator, inputting 11.3 kW of power, scanning the surface of the substrate at a speed v =650mm/min, cutting the substrate along the hardened section after natural cooling, polishing and corroding, and observing the size of the hardened area under a microscope, wherein the width W =6mm and the depth D =0.6 mm. Performing finite element simulation and adjustmentδAnd rHMaking the width W of the heat-affected zone in the simulation result1=5.8mm≈W，D1=0.7 ≈ D, givesδAnd rH0.18 and 6.2, respectively, the heat flux density distribution is:
Figure 196527DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
(r is from the center of the circular spot).
Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and not for limiting, and those skilled in the art should understand that the technical solutions of the present invention can be modified or substituted by equivalent solutions without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, and all that should be covered by the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (4)

1. A method for measuring the heat flux density when a high-energy beam impacts a plane is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: selecting an iron-based material, processing the iron-based material into a set standard shape as a base material, adjusting the distance between the surface of the base material and a nozzle of a high-energy beam generator to be a vertical distance d = 1-500 mm, then setting the scanning speed to be a speed which does not melt the surface of the base material to be 10-3000 mm/min, and then performing single-pass quenching hardening operation;
step 2: cutting the base material along the hardened section, and observing the size of the hardened area under a microscope after polishing and corrosion, wherein the measured size comprises the width W and the depth D;
and step 3: setting initial parametersδAnd rH，δIs a coefficient related to the thermal efficiency, the type of the base material and the vertical distance d, and is in the range of 0.1-0.7, rHThe initial value of (a) is a hardening zone width D;
and 4, step 4: carrying out numerical simulation on the hardening process by using finite element software, setting simulation parameters as process parameters used in experiments, dividing a simulated hardening zone according to the critical temperature of austenitizing the material, and obtaining the width W of the simulated hardening zone1And depth D1;
And 5: adjustment ofδAnd rHSo as to simulate the width W of the hardened zone1And depth D1Approximately the same size as the width W and depth D of the actual hardened zone;
step 6: subjecting the product obtained in step 5δAnd rHSubstituting into formula
Figure 698381DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
And in the formula, P is power, and r is the distance from the center of the circular spot, so that the heat flow density distribution of the high-energy beam at the position d away from the nozzle is obtained.
2. The method of determining heat flux density at a high energy beam impingement plane of claim 1, wherein: in step 1, the iron-based material comprises 45 steel, AISI 304 and cast iron.
3. The method of determining heat flux density at a high energy beam impingement plane of claim 1, wherein: in step 2, the width and depth of the hardened zone are judged by the color transition of the cross section after corrosion.
4. The method of determining heat flux density at a high energy beam impingement plane of claim 1, wherein: in step 4, the simulation width and depth are obtained through numerical simulation software, wherein the numerical simulation software comprises Ansys and Abaqus.
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