CN109100387B - A method for determining the heat flux density when a high-energy beam impinges on a plane - Google Patents
A method for determining the heat flux density when a high-energy beam impinges on a plane Download PDFInfo
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- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 16
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种测定高能束冲击平面时热流密度的方法。根据高能束在空气中传播时，截面热流密度大致遵循高斯分布的特性，当高能束作用于铁基材料一段时间后，材料会产生月牙形相变硬化，此月牙形相变区域的尺寸能直接反映出高能束的热流密度分布规律。通过仿真软件拟合，并调整系数得到相同相变区，进而将系数带入热流密度分布公式中，可得到截面热流密度分布。该发明所述方法，操作简单，无需专用接收靶板；能够得到连续的热流密度分布方程；且适用范围广极广。
The invention discloses a method for measuring the heat flux density when a high-energy beam hits a plane. According to the characteristic that the cross-sectional heat flux density roughly follows the Gaussian distribution when the high-energy beam propagates in the air, when the high-energy beam acts on the iron-based material for a period of time, the material will undergo a crescent-shaped phase transformation and hardening, and the size of the crescent-shaped phase transformation region can be directly It reflects the distribution law of heat flux density of high-energy beams. By fitting the simulation software and adjusting the coefficients to obtain the same phase transition region, and then bringing the coefficients into the heat flux density distribution formula, the cross-sectional heat flux density distribution can be obtained. The method of the invention has the advantages of simple operation, no need for a special receiving target plate; continuous heat flux density distribution equation can be obtained; and wide application range.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for measuring heat flow density when a high-energy beam impacts a plane.
Background
High energy beams, commonly referred to as lasers, electron beams and ion beams, have in common the characteristic that the power density supplied to the surface of the material is more than or equal to 103w/cm2. With the upgrade of the traditional manufacturing industry, high-energy beam processing has become one of the most advanced manufacturing technologies in the modern time, and is known as processing in the 21 st century. Because the high-power-density high-precision high-power-beam high-precision weapon equipment has the comprehensive advantages of high power density, short action time, non-contact heating process, good controllability, environmental friendliness and the like, the high-power-beam processing gradually becomes a key technology for researching high-precision weapon equipment, the proportion occupied by the high-power-beam high-precision weapon equipment in the industry is increased, and. The high-energy beam processing field further covers various aspects such as welding, cutting, etching, surface modification, spraying, vapor deposition and the like, and plays an important role in various fields such as aerospace, ships, weapons, nuclear energy, traffic, medical treatment and the like.
The quality and the application development of high-energy beam processing are closely related to the beam quality of the high-energy beam, and the beam quality mainly has two connotations: firstly, the stability and secondly the shape and energy distribution of the beam. Therefore, the heat flux density is measured when the distance between the beam and the nozzle is different from the cross section impact plane, whether the beam state and the energy distribution are good or not is further analyzed, and the method plays an extremely important role in improving the processing capacity and the processing quality.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for measuring the heat flow density distribution of a high-energy beam on a specific section impact plane by applying material surface phase change hardening and through experiments and simulation fitting.
The high-energy beam is characterized in that the heat flux density is uniformly distributed in the radial direction and the descending gradient in the axial direction is small. The characteristic is that the heat flow density distribution form of any section of the high-energy beam generally follows Gaussian distribution. Expressed by formula 1-1 as follows:
in the formula, qHmIs the maximum heat flow density, r is the distance from the center of the hot spot, and the total heat energy (Q) within the cross-sectional hot spot is expressed by the formula 1-2:
therefore, the temperature of the molten metal is controlled,
95% of the total heat energy (Q) will be concentrated within this hot spot, and thus the relationship between Q and k can be expressed as equations 1-4:
simplified formulas 1-4 result:
q is related to the high energy beam input power and can be expressed as formulas 1-6:
where P is the input power of the high energy beam, β is a coefficient related to heat loss (due to the cooling system of the high energy beam and the distance of the generator nozzle from the substrate surface), and η is the heat absorption rate, which is related to the thermophysical parameters of the substrate.
Simultaneous 1-3, 1-5, 1-6 formulae 1-7 are as follows:
to simplify the calculation and reduce the number of unknowns, a corresponding constant coefficient δ is used, and δ is expressed by the following formula 1-8:
thus, qH(r) may be expressed as formulas 1 to 9:
when the high-energy beam acts on the iron-based material for a period of time, the material can generate crescent phase change hardening, and the size of the obtained heat affected zone can directly reflect the heat flux density distribution rule of the high-energy beam. Based on the principle, the same technological parameters as those of the experiment are set in the numerical simulation, the same phase change region is obtained by adjusting the coefficient, and then the coefficient is brought into the heat flow density distribution formula (1-9), so that the cross-section heat flow density distribution can be obtained.
The specific determination steps are as follows:
step 1: selecting an iron-based material, processing the iron-based material into a set standard shape as a base material, adjusting the distance between the surface of the base material and a nozzle of a high-energy beam generator to be a vertical distance d = 1-500 mm, then setting the scanning speed to be a speed which does not melt the surface of the base material to be 10-3000 mm/min, and then performing single-pass quenching hardening operation;
step 2: cutting the base material along the hardened section, and observing the size (width W and depth D) of the hardened area under a microscope after polishing and corrosion;
and step 3: setting initial parametersδAnd rH，δIs a coefficient related to the thermal efficiency, the type of the base material and the vertical distance d, and is in the range of 0.1-0.7, rHThe initial value of (a) is a hardening zone width D;
and 4, step 4: carrying out numerical simulation on the hardening process by using finite element software, setting simulation parameters as process parameters used in experiments, dividing a simulated hardening zone according to the critical temperature of austenitizing the material, and obtaining the width W of the simulated hardening zone1And depth D1;
And 5: adjustment ofδAnd rHSo as to simulate the width W of the hardened zone1And depth D1Approximately the same size as the width W and depth D of the actual hardened zone;
step 6: will be provided withδAnd rHSubstituting into formula
(P is power, r is distance from the center of the circular spot), the heat flow density distribution of the high-energy beam at the position d away from the nozzle can be obtained.
The method for measuring the heat flux density of the high-energy beam has the following advantages:
1. the operation is simple, and a special receiving target plate is not needed. Because the hardening area of the iron-based material is used as the standard for measuring the heat flux density, only the common iron-based material is used as a base material, and a special receiving target plate does not need to be manufactured and a special probe is not needed to be installed on the target plate. The experimental process is simple and easy to operate, because the probe does not need to be arranged, the error caused by the inconsistency of the probe is avoided, and the cost required in the measuring process is low;
2. a continuous heat flow density distribution equation can be obtained. Comparing the heat affected zone fitted by finite element simulation with the actual hardening zone, and substituting the obtained parameter values into a formula to obtain a complete continuous equation;
3. the application range is wide. The measuring method is widely applicable to various high-energy fluids, the hardening area can be obtained only by adjusting the type of the base material and the scanning speed, and the heat flow density distribution is further obtained by fitting simulation.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a high energy beam generator and a substrate to be quenched, wherein (1) is a plasma generator, (2) is a substrate, and (3) is a plasma flame stream;
FIG. 2 is an embodiment working diagram;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a heat-affected zone test;
FIG. 4 is a simulated cross-sectional view of a heat affected zone.
Detailed Description
The method of determining the heat flux density at the high energy beam impingement plane according to the present invention is further illustrated by the following examples.
Example one
Using plasma as a high-energy beam, using U75V as a substrate (200 × 100 × 15 mm in size), fixing the position of the substrate and a plasma generator as shown in FIG. 1, setting the distance D to 4mm, turning on the plasma generator, inputting 11.3 kW of power, scanning the surface of the substrate at a speed v =900mm/min, cutting the substrate along the hardened section after natural cooling, polishing and corroding, and observing the size of the hardened area under a microscope, wherein the width W =10.3mm and the depth D =1.5 mm. Performing finite element simulation and adjustmentδAnd rHMaking the width W of the heat-affected zone in the simulation result1=10mm≈W=10.3mm，D1=1.5 ≈ D =1.5mm, givesδAnd rH0.67 and 9.5, respectively, the heat flow density distribution is:
(r is from the center of the circular spot).
Example two
Using plasma as a high-energy beam, using U75V as a substrate (200 × 100 × 15 mm in size), fixing the position of the substrate and a plasma generator as shown in FIG. 1, setting the distance D to 10mm, turning on the plasma generator, inputting 11.3 kW of power, scanning the surface of the substrate at a speed v =800mm/min, cutting the substrate along the hardened section after natural cooling, polishing and corroding, and observing the size of the hardened area under a microscope, wherein the width W =8.2mm and the depth D =1.1 mm. Performing finite element simulation and adjustmentδAnd rHMaking the width W of the heat-affected zone in the simulation result1=8.6mm≈W，D11.1 ≈ D, yieldingδAnd rH0.42 and 8.1, respectively, the heat flux density distribution is:
(r is from the center of the circular spot).
EXAMPLE III
Using plasma as a high-energy beam, using U75V as a substrate (200 × 100 × 15 mm in size), fixing the position of the substrate and a plasma generator as shown in FIG. 1, setting the distance D to 20mm, turning on the plasma generator, inputting 11.3 kW of power, scanning the surface of the substrate at a speed v =650mm/min, cutting the substrate along the hardened section after natural cooling, polishing and corroding, and observing the size of the hardened area under a microscope, wherein the width W =6mm and the depth D =0.6 mm. Performing finite element simulation and adjustmentδAnd rHMaking the width W of the heat-affected zone in the simulation result1=5.8mm≈W，D1=0.7 ≈ D, givesδAnd rH0.18 and 6.2, respectively, the heat flux density distribution is:
(r is from the center of the circular spot).
Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and not for limiting, and those skilled in the art should understand that the technical solutions of the present invention can be modified or substituted by equivalent solutions without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, and all that should be covered by the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A method for measuring the heat flux density when a high-energy beam impacts a plane is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: selecting an iron-based material, processing the iron-based material into a set standard shape as a base material, adjusting the distance between the surface of the base material and a nozzle of a high-energy beam generator to be a vertical distance d = 1-500 mm, then setting the scanning speed to be a speed which does not melt the surface of the base material to be 10-3000 mm/min, and then performing single-pass quenching hardening operation;
step 2: cutting the base material along the hardened section, and observing the size of the hardened area under a microscope after polishing and corrosion, wherein the measured size comprises the width W and the depth D;
and step 3: setting initial parametersδAnd rH，δIs a coefficient related to the thermal efficiency, the type of the base material and the vertical distance d, and is in the range of 0.1-0.7, rHThe initial value of (a) is a hardening zone width D;
and 4, step 4: carrying out numerical simulation on the hardening process by using finite element software, setting simulation parameters as process parameters used in experiments, dividing a simulated hardening zone according to the critical temperature of austenitizing the material, and obtaining the width W of the simulated hardening zone1And depth D1;
And 5: adjustment ofδAnd rHSo as to simulate the width W of the hardened zone1And depth D1Approximately the same size as the width W and depth D of the actual hardened zone;
step 6: subjecting the product obtained in step 5δAnd rHSubstituting into formula
And in the formula, P is power, and r is the distance from the center of the circular spot, so that the heat flow density distribution of the high-energy beam at the position d away from the nozzle is obtained.
2. The method of determining heat flux density at a high energy beam impingement plane of claim 1, wherein: in step 1, the iron-based material comprises 45 steel, AISI 304 and cast iron.
3. The method of determining heat flux density at a high energy beam impingement plane of claim 1, wherein: in step 2, the width and depth of the hardened zone are judged by the color transition of the cross section after corrosion.
4. The method of determining heat flux density at a high energy beam impingement plane of claim 1, wherein: in step 4, the simulation width and depth are obtained through numerical simulation software, wherein the numerical simulation software comprises Ansys and Abaqus.
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