CN109024986A - 一种热湿气候适宜性的装配式竹木-多孔材料组合外墙 - Google Patents
一种热湿气候适宜性的装配式竹木-多孔材料组合外墙 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种热湿气候适宜性的装配式竹木‑多孔材料组合外墙,包括内部模块和外部模块,内部模块和外部模块之间通过型钢纵杆连接;内部模块包括竹木内面板、夹层、竹木间隔板,竹木内面板和竹木间隔板之间为夹层,夹层中设有内部支架,竹木内面板和竹木间隔板通过内部支架连接;外部模块包括多孔材料层,多孔材料层和型钢纵杆之间设置防水内层,防水内层附于多孔材料层内侧。本发明具有提高墙体热湿性能、面层表观质量好、有利于避免外部湿环境的干扰、有利于改善构件热稳定性等优点。本发明属于墙体技术领域。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于墙体技术领域,尤其涉及一种热湿气候适宜性的装配式竹木-多孔材料组合外墙。
背景技术
在建筑工业中推广竹木材料应用具有森林资源高值化利用和建筑工业可持续发展等多重意义。作为表观密度值相对较低的竹木材料,竹木材料长距离运输会带来生态成本的显著提高,因而研究地域条件下的就近利用具有重要意义。以竹材为例,世界竹林广泛分布在热带和亚热带地区,其中以中国的竹林资源最为丰富,研发这一气候条件下的适宜性构造方法是其推广应用的必要前提。随着竹木材料技术发展,胶合板、纤维板、刨花板等典型人造板产品被相继成功开发,一般尺寸规格为1220mm×2440mm×18/28mm(宽×高×厚)。与这一材料形式相对应地,在建筑层面形成竹木层式构造体系,即以竹木人造板形成构造框架,在其构造腔中填充保温材料以满足外墙、屋面等传热系数要求。由于构造面密度小,这一体系又被称作轻型竹木建筑体系。木材建造在欧、美、日等国家和地区有着成熟的体系,满足国家和地区规范,然而对于包括中国南方地区在内的热湿气候区则无充分的应对经验。而另一方面,在热湿气候区利用多孔材料的被动式蒸发冷却特性,作为气候适宜性技术得到较多关注,主要包括多孔材料饰面砖和多孔材料砌体。前者成本低廉,但由于厚度小,所能发挥的作用有限,且在长期的热湿应力作用下容易造成脱落问题;后者具有较大潜力,但在含湿情况下,材料导热系数提高,因而单纯依靠多孔材料满足传热系数需求,会导致墙体厚度的加大。目前尚没有将竹木层式构造体系与地区已有的被动式蒸发冷却技术结合的产品。
发明内容
针对上述问题,本发明提供一种热湿气候适宜性的装配式竹木-多孔材料组合外墙,通过将竹木层式构造体系与地区已有的被动式蒸发冷却技术结合,发挥各材料功能优势,具有有效发挥各材料层功能、提高墙体热湿性能等优点。
一种热湿气候适宜性的装配式竹木-多孔材料组合外墙,包括内部模块和外部模块,内部模块和外部模块之间通过型钢纵杆连接;内部模块包括竹木内面板、夹层、竹木间隔板,竹木内面板和竹木间隔板之间为夹层,夹层中设有内部支架,竹木内面板和竹木间隔板通过内部支架连接;外部模块包括多孔材料层,多孔材料层和型钢纵杆之间设置防水内层,防水内层附于多孔材料层内侧。
优选的,内部支架通过横杆与型钢纵杆锚固,内部支架的纵杆与型钢纵杆错开,竹木内面板和竹木间隔板之间填充保温、隔声和调湿材料以形成填充层。保温、隔声和调湿材料可选用植物纤维材料。
优选的,竹木内面板和竹木间隔板之间无填充材料以形成空气层,空气层厚度小于等于50mm。
优选的,竹木内面板采用竹重组材制成;竹木内面板的长×宽×厚为2400mm×1200mm×28mm。
优选的,竹木间隔板采用竹胶合板制成,竹木间隔板的长×宽×厚为2400mm×1200mm×18mm。
优选的,多孔材料层采用大板加气混凝土模块制成,多孔材料层的长×宽×厚为2400mm×600mm×60mm,开放孔隙率为70%。大板加气混凝土模块采用大板加气混凝土制成。
优选的,大板加气混凝土模块长边预埋焊接钢片,焊接钢片的纵向轴线间距600mm,焊接钢片与型钢纵杆翼缘焊接。
优选的,防水内层采用防水涂料制成,防水内层厚度为2mm。
优选的,型钢纵杆为H型钢。
本发明的有益效果:将竹木轻型层式构造和多孔材料实体构造方法结合,有效发挥各材料层功能,提高墙体热湿性能;内部模块为竹木内面板,为调整构件传热系数提供较大灵活性;面层表观质量好,可避免二次装修;夹层置于内侧,有利于避免外部湿环境的干扰;外部模块为多孔材料,有利于改善构件热稳定性;采用耐久性好的无机材料,对构造整体起保护作用;外部模块选择孔隙特征以开孔结构为主的多孔材料,外侧不施加防水,而在内侧施加防水隔汽措施,保证有效发挥被动式蒸发冷却性能的同时,不会对构造内部带来湿分破坏;连接两模块的型钢纵杆之间的空隙为构造排汽提供通道;施工方式灵活,在热湿气候区新建和既有建筑改造工程中具有良好的应用前景。
附图说明
图1为一种热湿气候适宜性的装配式竹木-多孔材料组合外墙的结构示意图。
图2为一种热湿气候适宜性的装配式竹木-多孔材料组合外墙的分解示意图。
图3为一种热湿气候适宜性的装配式竹木-多孔材料组合外墙的分模块组装流程图。
图4为一种热湿气候适宜性的装配式竹木-多孔材料组合外墙根据既有建筑改造的流程图。
其中,1-竹木内面板,2-竹木间隔板,3-内部支架,4-夹层,5-多孔材料层,6-防水内层,7-型钢纵杆,8-螺栓,9-焊接钢片。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明做进一步的具体说明。
一种热湿气候适宜性的装配式竹木-多孔材料组合外墙,它包括内部模块和外部模块,内部模块和外部模块之间通过型钢纵杆连接。
内部模块包括竹木内面板、夹层、竹木间隔板。竹木内面板选择表观质量较好、蒸汽渗透阻力大、隔声好的面板材料,厚度宜选择28mm规格。竹木间隔板选择力学强度高、蒸汽渗透阻力小的板材材料,厚度宜选择18mm规格。在夹层中内部支架通过横杆与型钢纵杆锚固,内部支架的纵杆与型钢纵杆错开,避免纵杆与型钢纵杆重叠,以减少冷热桥传递面积。夹层可填充填充物,填充物可为保温、隔声和调湿材料,从而形成填充层,以提高构件热湿性能,此时保温、隔声和调湿材料宜选用植物纤维材料,以避免和竹木板材之间存在伸缩率不匹配的问题。夹层也可不填充填充物,作为空腔以形成空气层,此时空气层的厚度d[mm],且宜有d≤50mm。
外部模块包括多孔材料层。多孔材料层选择孔隙特征以开孔结构为主的多孔材料,以提高材料储水容量,多孔材料的开放孔隙率Φ[-],宜有Φ≥65%,多孔材料层的厚度d[mm],宜有d≥60mm。多孔材料层的外侧不加防水措施,将材料的孔隙暴露,接收雨水和日照作用,促进“吸水-蓄水-蒸发”过程,提高被动式蒸发冷却效应,改善热工性能。多孔材料层的内侧施加防水隔汽措施,以将外部模块湿分对构造湿性能的不利影响阻隔在外,而不影响外部模块蒸发冷却效益对构造热性能的改善;可通过防水砂浆或防水涂料直接涂刷于多孔材料层的内侧,或通过防水薄膜紧邻多孔材料层的内侧布置,从而形成多孔材料层的防水内层,防水内层的厚度为2mm。防水内层形成的蒸汽渗透阻力等效空气层厚度sd[m],宜有sd≥5m。
对本组合外墙的制造方法,可采用整体预制、分模块预制再现场组装、既有建筑改造三种方法。下面对三种制造方法进行详细介绍。
整体预制:
内部模块采用竹重组材为竹木内面板;竹木内面板的规格为2400mm×1200mm×28mm(长×宽×厚),表观密度1000kg/m3;采用竹胶合板为竹木间隔板,竹木间隔板为2400mm×1200mm×18mm(长×宽×厚),表观密度750kg/m3;夹层为空气层,厚度40mm;空气层中采用实木作为内部支架,纵杆和横杆的截面尺寸均为40mm×40mm,轴线间距均为60cm。
外部模块的多孔材料层采用大板加气混凝土,多孔材料层的规格为2400mm×600mm×60mm(长×宽×厚),表观密度800kg/m3,开放孔隙率为70%;大板加气混凝土内侧预施防水涂料,防水涂料层为2mm;大板加气混凝土模块长边预埋焊接钢片,纵向轴线间距600mm。
用于内外模块之间连接的型钢纵杆为H型钢,截面尺寸60mm×60mm(长×宽);内部模块通过螺栓将内部支架的横杆与H型钢纵杆翼缘锚固,而内部支架的纵杆与型钢纵杆形成错位关系;外部模块通过预埋钢片与型钢纵杆翼缘焊接;采用整体预制,内外两模块预先与型钢纵杆固定,型钢纵杆预留与外部连接的接口,在施工现场整体安装。
以上内部模块的竹木内面板还可以是竹集成材、实木板、纤维板等类型;竹木间隔板还可以是竹/木刨花板、OSB、木丝轻质板等类型;内部支架还可以是竹/木重组材、薄壁型钢等类型;外部模块的多孔材料层还可以是多孔砖、砌体、轻质混凝土等类型;内侧防水隔汽措施还可以采用防水涂料、隔汽薄膜等类型;以上材料层几何尺寸、材料表观密度、连接配件尺寸和间距等均可根据需求灵活调整。
分模块预制,现场组装:
如图3所示,内部模块、外部模块和型钢纵杆可在工厂预制,运输到施工现场,先施型钢纵杆形成框架,再安装预制的内部模块和外部模块。当外部模块采用自承重方式时,以上外部模块还可以是现场浇筑的板材或者砌筑的砌体等类型。
既有建筑改造:
如图4所示,对于以多孔材料为外墙的既有建筑改造工程,保留多孔材料现有墙体作为外部模块;再在保留墙体的内侧施加防水砂浆、防水涂料或者隔汽薄膜等;随后依次在外部模块内侧布置型钢纵杆和安装预制的内部模块。
上述实施例为发明较佳的实施方式,但本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制,其他的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化,均应为等效的置换方式,都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (9)
1.一种热湿气候适宜性的装配式竹木-多孔材料组合外墙,其特征在于:包括内部模块和外部模块,内部模块和外部模块之间通过型钢纵杆连接;内部模块包括竹木内面板、夹层、竹木间隔板,竹木内面板和竹木间隔板之间为夹层,夹层中设有内部支架,竹木内面板和竹木间隔板通过内部支架连接;外部模块包括多孔材料层,多孔材料层和型钢纵杆之间设置防水内层,防水内层附于多孔材料层内侧。
2.根据权利要求1所述一种热湿气候适宜性的装配式竹木-多孔材料组合外墙,其特征在于:内部支架通过横杆与型钢纵杆锚固,内部支架的纵杆与型钢纵杆错开,竹木内面板和竹木间隔板之间填充保温、隔声和调湿材料以形成填充层。
3.根据权利要求1所述一种热湿气候适宜性的装配式竹木-多孔材料组合外墙,其特征在于:竹木内面板和竹木间隔板之间无填充材料以形成空气层,空气层厚度小于等于50mm。
4.根据权利要求1所述一种热湿气候适宜性的装配式竹木-多孔材料组合外墙,其特征在于:竹木内面板采用竹重组材制成;竹木内面板的长×宽×厚为2400mm×1200mm×28mm。
5.根据权利要求1所述一种热湿气候适宜性的装配式竹木-多孔材料组合外墙,其特征在于:竹木间隔板采用竹胶合板制成,竹木间隔板的长×宽×厚为2400mm×1200mm×18mm。
6.根据权利要求1所述一种热湿气候适宜性的装配式竹木-多孔材料组合外墙,其特征在于:多孔材料层采用大板加气混凝土模块制成,多孔材料层的长×宽×厚为2400mm×600mm×60mm,开放孔隙率为70%。
7.根据权利要求6所述一种热湿气候适宜性的装配式竹木-多孔材料组合外墙,其特征在于:大板加气混凝土模块长边预埋焊接钢片,焊接钢片的纵向轴线间距600mm,焊接钢片与型钢纵杆翼缘焊接。
8.根据权利要求1所述一种热湿气候适宜性的装配式竹木-多孔材料组合外墙,其特征在于:防水内层采用防水涂料制成,防水内层厚度为2mm。
9.根据权利要求1所述一种热湿气候适宜性的装配式竹木-多孔材料组合外墙,其特征在于:型钢纵杆为H型钢。
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