CN108989128B - Fault positioning method and device based on networking structure - Google Patents

Fault positioning method and device based on networking structure Download PDF

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Publication number
CN108989128B
CN108989128B CN201810929699.8A CN201810929699A CN108989128B CN 108989128 B CN108989128 B CN 108989128B CN 201810929699 A CN201810929699 A CN 201810929699A CN 108989128 B CN108989128 B CN 108989128B
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fault
transmission equipment
taking
path information
light path
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CN108989128A (en
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张召路
仇树卿
朱冰
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Beijing Tianyuan Innovation Technology Co ltd
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Beijing Tianyuan Innovation Technology Co ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L41/00Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
    • H04L41/06Management of faults, events, alarms or notifications
    • H04L41/0677Localisation of faults
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/07Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems
    • H04B10/075Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal
    • H04B10/079Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal using measurements of the data signal
    • H04B10/0791Fault location on the transmission path

Abstract

The invention provides a fault positioning method and a device based on a networking structure, wherein the method comprises the following steps: if network quit warning messages of a plurality of physical devices are received, determining transmission device information of the uplink of each physical device based on the networking structure of the area where each physical device is located; acquiring light path information corresponding to each piece of transmission equipment information, counting the occurrence frequency of each piece of light path information, and taking the transmission equipment corresponding to the light path information with the occurrence frequency of one as a fault breakpoint; and constructing a transmission equipment binary tree based on the networking structure by taking any fault breakpoint as a starting point until the end point of the transmission equipment binary tree is the next fault breakpoint, traversing the transmission equipment binary tree, and outputting a fault positioning result of the transmission equipment. According to the invention, the network networking structure is utilized to obtain the uplink transmission equipment of the physical equipment, the failure point of the transmission equipment is analyzed, the failure source can be positioned from the topological layer, and the problem that the same failure dispatches a plurality of work orders and the work order failure positioning is inaccurate is solved.

Description

Fault positioning method and device based on networking structure
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of communication network operation and maintenance, in particular to a fault positioning method and device based on a networking structure.
Background
The transmission equipment bears physical equipment, and the transmission equipment is connected together through optical cables, tail fibers and the like to form a transmission network. With the rapid increase of the scale of the transmission network, the number of devices and the complexity of the network increase dramatically, the workload of network operation and maintenance increases accordingly, and the mobile communication network operator faces a severe pressure of insufficient number of operation and maintenance personnel.
The traditional fault location is based on physical equipment analysis, and can locate the faults of the physical equipment, such as physical equipment faults and physical equipment port faults. However, the method is not suitable for the scenario that the service of the near-end physical device is blocked due to the failure of the far-end physical device or the service is blocked due to the broken link of the line between the physical devices based on the physical device analysis.
Aiming at the problem of network withdrawal of large-area equipment caused by node faults of transmission equipment, as the fault source cannot be positioned, a warning monitoring system can send a plurality of work orders aiming at the same fault after the fault occurs, and more manpower is required to be invested for operation and maintenance. In addition, since an accurate fault source cannot be transmitted to the operation and maintenance staff, the operation and maintenance staff consumes time and labor when performing fault processing, and is low in efficiency. Therefore, the improvement of the work order dispatching accuracy and the fault positioning accuracy is particularly urgent.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention provides a method and apparatus for fault location based on a networking architecture that overcomes, or at least partially solves, the above-mentioned problems.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a fault location method based on a networking structure, including:
if network quit warning messages of N physical devices are received, determining transmission device information of the uplink of each physical device based on the networking structure of the area where each physical device is located; wherein N is a positive integer greater than or equal to a preset threshold;
acquiring light path information corresponding to the information of each transmission device, counting the occurrence frequency of each light path information, and taking the transmission device corresponding to the light path information with one occurrence frequency as a fault breakpoint;
and constructing a transmission equipment binary tree based on the networking structure by taking any fault breakpoint as a starting point until the end point of the transmission equipment binary tree is the next fault breakpoint, traversing the transmission equipment binary tree, and outputting a fault positioning result of the transmission equipment.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a fault location device based on a networking structure, comprising:
the determining module is used for determining the transmission equipment information of the uplink of each physical equipment based on the networking structure of the area where each physical equipment is located if the network quitting alarm message of N physical equipment is received; wherein N is a positive integer greater than or equal to a preset threshold;
the fault positioning module is used for acquiring light path information corresponding to the information of each transmission device, counting the occurrence frequency of each light path information, and taking the transmission device corresponding to the light path information with one occurrence frequency as a fault breakpoint;
and the output module is used for constructing a transmission equipment binary tree based on the networking structure by taking any fault breakpoint as a starting point until the end point of the transmission equipment binary tree is the next fault breakpoint, traversing the transmission equipment binary tree and outputting a fault positioning result of the transmission equipment.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided an electronic apparatus comprising:
at least one processor; and
at least one memory communicatively coupled to the processor, wherein:
the memory stores program instructions executable by the processor, and the processor calls the program instructions to perform the method provided by any of the various possible implementations of the first aspect.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided a non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing computer instructions enabling the computer to perform a method as provided by any one of the various possible implementations of the first aspect described above.
According to the fault positioning method and device based on the networking structure, the network networking structure is utilized to obtain the uplink transmission equipment of the physical equipment, the fault point of the transmission equipment is analyzed, the faults of the transmission equipment are packaged, and the faults of the physical equipment are hung below the transmission equipment, so that the fault source can be positioned from the topological layer, and the problems that multiple work orders are dispatched from the same fault and the fault positioning of the work orders is inaccurate are solved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic flowchart of a fault location method based on a networking structure according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a networking architecture according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a diagram providing a constructed transmission device binary tree according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram of a fault location device based on a networking architecture according to another embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of an electronic device according to another embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of embodiments of the present invention is provided in connection with the accompanying drawings and examples. The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
In order to overcome the above problems in the prior art, embodiments of the present invention provide a fault location method based on a networking structure, the invention aims at the problem of network quit of large-area physical equipment caused by node failure of the transmission equipment, acquires the uplink transmission equipment of the physical equipment by using a network networking structure, analyzes the failure of the transmission equipment of the uplink of the physical equipment, finds a failure point, the fault point is taken as a starting point and an end point, the connection relation binary tree is constructed according to the networking structure of the transmission equipment, then the transmission equipment fault and the physical equipment fault in the connection relation binary tree are combined together, the transmission equipment fault and the transmission equipment downlink physical equipment fault are packaged, the fault reason is identified as the fault point of the transmission equipment, and the setting is beneficial in that, the fault source can be positioned from the topological layer, and the problems that a plurality of work orders are dispatched from the same fault and the fault positioning of the work orders is inaccurate are solved.
As shown in fig. 1, which is a schematic flow chart of a fault location method based on a networking structure according to an embodiment of the present invention, an execution subject of the method provided in the embodiment of the present invention is an alarm monitoring system, and the alarm monitoring system is located at a first line of a communication network operation maintenance work, and is mainly used for monitoring alarms reported by network devices, verifying alarm information, screening alarm validity, locating a fault source, dispatching a real-time work order, and supervising alarm processing. As shown, the method includes:
s101, if network quit warning messages of N physical devices are received, determining transmission device information of the uplink of each physical device based on the networking structure of the area where each physical device is located; wherein, N is a positive integer greater than or equal to a preset threshold value.
In particular, the physical device refers to a device in charge of the basic communication service in the network, such as a base station. The transmission device refers to a device responsible for a link transmission function. The transmission device information includes identification information of the transmission device, such as the name of the transmission device.
When the alarm monitoring system receives network quitting alarm messages sent by a plurality of physical devices, whether the number of the network quitting physical devices is larger than or equal to a preset threshold value or not is judged, and if the number of the network quitting physical devices is larger than or equal to the preset threshold value, the transmission device information of the network quitting physical devices which are connected with each other is determined based on the networking structure of the approximate area where the network quitting physical devices are located.
The networking structure can reflect the up-down connection relation between the physical equipment and the transmission equipment and the connection relation between the transmission equipment. As shown in fig. 2, which is a schematic diagram of a networking structure, in fig. 2, a triangle symbol represents a physical device, and a circle represents a transmission device. If the physical device information is determined, the transmission device information of the physical device which is connected with the network can be found based on the networking structure. The preset threshold value can be set according to the complex situation of the networking structure of the network.
S102, obtaining light path information corresponding to the information of each transmission device, counting the occurrence frequency of each light path information, and taking the transmission device corresponding to the light path information with the occurrence frequency of one as a fault breakpoint.
Specifically, the optical path information refers to an optical path name, such as an optical cable name, connected to both sides of the transmission apparatus. And acquiring the light path information corresponding to the information of each transmission device, namely acquiring the light path information corresponding to each transmission device connected to the network quitting physical device.
The purpose of counting the occurrence number of each of the optical path information is that if the transmission device A, B has a connection relationship, the optical path information between the transmission device a and the transmission device B is counted twice, that is, the optical path calculation result is 2. Only when one of the transmission devices corresponding to the two ends of the optical path information is not the transmission device connected to the physical network disconnection device, the counting result of the optical path information is 1, which indicates that a problem may occur in the optical path corresponding to the optical path information, and thus the transmission device connected to the optical path has no uplink node, and the failure point may be located on the transmission device corresponding to the optical path information.
Traversing all the transmission equipment physically connected with the network, completing the counting of all the optical path information, and taking the transmission equipment corresponding to the optical path information with the occurrence frequency of one as a fault breakpoint.
S103, constructing a transmission equipment binary tree based on the networking structure by taking any fault breakpoint as a starting point until the end point of the transmission equipment binary tree is the next fault breakpoint, traversing the transmission equipment binary tree, and outputting a transmission equipment fault positioning result.
Specifically, the transmission devices between the fault break points and the optical paths between the transmission devices are possible fault positions, and therefore it is necessary to store the transmission devices between the fault break points. The connection relation of the transmission equipment between the fault breakpoints is saved by adopting a data structure of the binary tree, and the method has the advantages of being convenient to store and traverse.
The process of constructing the transmission equipment binary tree based on the networking structure is as follows:
and taking any fault breakpoint as a starting point, and taking out the transmission equipment information which is in connection relation with the fault breakpoint in the networking structure in sequence.
Then, taking the fault breakpoint as a current node, taking any next-stage transmission equipment of the current node as a left child node of the current node, taking transmission equipment with the same level as the current node as a right child node of the current node, and taking the left child node as a next current node;
and repeating the binary tree construction process until the left child node is the next fault breakpoint.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a completed transmission device binary tree.
If more than two fault breakpoints exist, at least two transmission equipment binary trees are constructed based on the networking structure.
And finally, traversing the transmission equipment binary tree and outputting a transmission equipment fault positioning result, wherein a plurality of transmission equipment faults contained in the transmission equipment binary tree and physical equipment faults hung under the transmission equipment. Namely, the alarm monitoring system combines the transmission equipment fault and the drop physical equipment fault, the fault reason is identified as the transmission equipment fault point, and then the transmission equipment fault point is packaged and pushed to the work order system.
According to the fault positioning method based on the networking structure, the network networking structure is utilized to obtain the uplink transmission equipment of the physical equipment, the fault point of the transmission equipment is analyzed, the faults of the transmission equipment are packaged, and the faults of the physical equipment hung below the transmission equipment are analyzed, so that the fault source can be positioned from the topological layer, and the problems that multiple work orders are dispatched from the same fault, and the fault positioning of the work orders is inaccurate are solved.
Based on the foregoing embodiment, as an optional embodiment, the obtaining optical path information corresponding to each piece of transmission device information, and counting the occurrence frequency of each piece of optical path information, where the step of using the transmission device corresponding to the optical path information with the occurrence frequency of one as a fault breakpoint specifically includes:
establishing a fault network element list by taking the transmission equipment of the uplink of each physical equipment as a node and taking the optical path information corresponding to the transmission equipment and the physical equipment information of the downlink as the attribute of the node;
counting the occurrence frequency of each light path information in the fault network element list, taking each light path information as a node, taking a counting result corresponding to the light path information as the attribute of the node, and establishing a light path information list;
and traversing the light path information list, and taking the transmission equipment which is not in the fault network element list and corresponds to the node with the attribute value of one in the light path information list as a fault breakpoint.
For example, referring to fig. 2, assuming that the physical devices a, B, C, D, E, F, G, I go out of network, it is determined that the transmission devices a, B, C, D, E, F, G, I are nodes in the failure network list, optical path information corresponding to the transmission devices a, B, C, D, E, F, G, I is obtained respectively, the number of times of occurrence of each optical path information is counted, as can be seen from fig. 2, the counting result of the optical path information corresponding to the transmission device a is 1, another transmission device corresponding to the optical path information is J, and the transmission device J corresponding to the optical path information, which is not in the failure network list, is taken as a failure breakpoint. The purpose of having J as a fault break point instead of a is to include not only the transmission apparatus J in the fault localization result but also the optical path fault that may occur between a and J in the fault localization result. Likewise, the transmission device K is also a fault breakpoint.
Based on the above embodiment, before the step of determining the transmission device information associated with each of the physical devices based on the networking structure of the area in which each of the physical devices is located if the logout alert message of the N physical devices is received, the method further includes:
and acquiring the data of the up-down connection relation between the physical equipment and the transmission equipment and the data of the connection relation between the transmission equipment.
In implementation, the data of the up-down relationship between the physical device and the transmission device and the data of the connection relationship between the transmission devices need to be obtained in advance.
According to another aspect of the present invention, an apparatus is further provided in the embodiments of the present invention, referring to fig. 4, fig. 4 shows a functional block diagram of a fault location apparatus based on a networking structure provided in the embodiments of the present invention, which is used for implementing the fault location method based on a networking structure described in the foregoing embodiments. Therefore, the description and definition of the method in the foregoing embodiments may be used for understanding the execution modules in the embodiments of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 4, the apparatus includes:
a determining module 401, configured to determine, if network logout alarm messages of N physical devices are received, transmission device information of an uplink of each physical device based on a networking structure of an area where each physical device is located; wherein N is a positive integer greater than or equal to a preset threshold;
a fault location module 402, configured to obtain light path information corresponding to each piece of transmission device information, count occurrence times of each piece of light path information, and use a transmission device corresponding to light path information with one occurrence time as a fault breakpoint;
an output module 403, configured to construct a transmission device binary tree based on the networking structure with any one of the fault breakpoints as a starting point, traverse the transmission device binary tree until an end point of the transmission device binary tree is a next fault breakpoint, and output a transmission device fault location result.
According to the fault positioning device based on the networking structure, provided by the embodiment of the invention, the network networking structure is utilized to acquire the uplink transmission equipment of the physical equipment, the fault point of the transmission equipment is analyzed, the faults of the transmission equipment are packaged, and the faults of the physical equipment are hung below the transmission equipment, so that the fault source can be positioned from the topological layer, and the problems that a plurality of work orders are dispatched from the same fault and the fault positioning of the work orders is inaccurate are solved.
Based on the above embodiments, the fault location module 402 is specifically configured to:
establishing a fault network element list by taking the transmission equipment of the uplink of each physical equipment as a node and taking the optical path information corresponding to the transmission equipment and the physical equipment information of the downlink as the attribute of the node;
counting the occurrence frequency of each light path information in the fault network element list, taking each light path information as a node, taking a counting result corresponding to the light path information as the attribute of the node, and establishing a light path information list;
and traversing the light path information list, and taking the transmission equipment which is not in the fault network element list and corresponds to the node with the attribute value of one in the light path information list as a fault breakpoint.
The output module 403 is specifically configured to:
taking any fault breakpoint as a starting point, and taking out transmission equipment information which is in a connection relation with the fault breakpoint in the networking structure in sequence;
taking the fault breakpoint as a current node, taking any next-stage transmission equipment of the current node as a left child node of the current node, taking transmission equipment with the same level as the current node as a right child node of the current node, and taking the left child node as a next current node;
and repeating the binary tree construction process until the left child node is the next fault breakpoint.
Fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of an electronic device according to another embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 5, a processor (processor)501, a memory (memory)502, and a bus 503;
the processor 501 and the memory 502 respectively complete communication with each other through a bus 503; processor 501 is configured to call program instructions in storage 502 to execute the networking architecture based fault location method provided by the foregoing embodiments, for example, including: if network quit warning messages of N physical devices are received, determining transmission device information of the uplink of each physical device based on the networking structure of the area where each physical device is located; wherein N is a positive integer greater than or equal to a preset threshold; acquiring light path information corresponding to the information of each transmission device, counting the occurrence frequency of each light path information, and taking the transmission device corresponding to the light path information with one occurrence frequency as a fault breakpoint; and constructing a transmission equipment binary tree based on the networking structure by taking any fault breakpoint as a starting point until the end point of the transmission equipment binary tree is the next fault breakpoint, traversing the transmission equipment binary tree, and outputting a fault positioning result of the transmission equipment.
An embodiment of the present invention provides a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, where the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium stores computer instructions, where the computer instructions cause a computer to execute the method for locating a fault based on a networking structure provided in the foregoing embodiment, for example, the method includes: if network quit warning messages of N physical devices are received, determining transmission device information of the uplink of each physical device based on the networking structure of the area where each physical device is located; wherein N is a positive integer greater than or equal to a preset threshold; acquiring light path information corresponding to the information of each transmission device, counting the occurrence frequency of each light path information, and taking the transmission device corresponding to the light path information with one occurrence frequency as a fault breakpoint; and constructing a transmission equipment binary tree based on the networking structure by taking any fault breakpoint as a starting point until the end point of the transmission equipment binary tree is the next fault breakpoint, traversing the transmission equipment binary tree, and outputting a fault positioning result of the transmission equipment.
The above-described embodiments of the apparatus are merely illustrative, and the units described as separate parts may or may not be physically separate, and the parts displayed as units may or may not be physical units, may be located in one place, or may be distributed on a plurality of network units. Some or all of the modules may be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the solution of the present embodiment. One of ordinary skill in the art can understand and implement it without inventive effort.
Through the above description of the embodiments, those skilled in the art will clearly understand that each embodiment can be implemented by software plus a necessary general hardware platform, and certainly can also be implemented by hardware. With this understanding in mind, the above-described technical solutions may be embodied in the form of a software product, which can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium, such as ROM/RAM, magnetic disk, optical disk, etc., and includes instructions for causing a computer device (which may be a personal computer, a server, or a network device, etc.) to execute the methods of the various embodiments or some parts of the embodiments.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, but not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims (8)

1. A fault positioning method based on a networking structure is characterized by comprising the following steps:
if network quit warning messages of N physical devices are received, determining transmission device information of the uplink of each physical device based on the networking structure of the area where each physical device is located; wherein N is a positive integer greater than or equal to a preset threshold;
acquiring light path information corresponding to the information of each transmission device, counting the occurrence frequency of each light path information, and taking the transmission device corresponding to the light path information with one occurrence frequency as a fault breakpoint;
constructing a transmission equipment binary tree based on the networking structure by taking any fault breakpoint as a starting point until the end point of the transmission equipment binary tree is the next fault breakpoint, traversing the transmission equipment binary tree, and outputting a transmission equipment fault positioning result;
the step of constructing a transmission equipment binary tree based on the networking structure with any fault breakpoint as a starting point until an end point of the transmission equipment binary tree is a next fault breakpoint specifically includes:
taking any fault breakpoint as a starting point, and taking out transmission equipment information which is in a connection relation with the fault breakpoint in the networking structure in sequence;
taking the fault breakpoint as a current node, taking any next-stage transmission equipment of the current node as a left child node of the current node, taking transmission equipment with the same level as the current node as a right child node of the current node, and taking the left child node as a next current node;
and repeating the binary tree construction process until the left child node is the next fault breakpoint.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of counting the occurrence frequency of each piece of the optical path information, and using the transmission device corresponding to the optical path information with the occurrence frequency of one as a fault breakpoint specifically includes:
establishing a fault network element list by taking the transmission equipment of the uplink of each physical equipment as a node and taking the optical path information corresponding to the transmission equipment and the physical equipment information of the downlink as the attribute of the node;
counting the occurrence frequency of each light path information in the fault network element list, taking each light path information as a node, taking a counting result corresponding to the light path information as the attribute of the node, and establishing a light path information list;
and traversing the light path information list, and taking the transmission equipment which is not in the fault network element list and corresponds to the node with the attribute value of one in the light path information list as a fault breakpoint.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein, before the step of determining the transmission device information associated with each of the physical devices based on the networking structure of the area in which each of the physical devices is located when the logout alert message of the N physical devices is received, the method further comprises:
and acquiring the data of the up-down connection relation between the physical equipment and the transmission equipment and the data of the connection relation between the transmission equipment.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the transmitting the device fault location result specifically comprises: and a plurality of transmission equipment faults contained in the transmission equipment binary tree and a physical equipment fault hung down by the transmission equipment.
5. A fault location device based on networking architecture, characterized by, includes:
the determining module is used for determining the transmission equipment information of the uplink of each physical equipment based on the networking structure of the area where each physical equipment is located if the network quitting alarm message of N physical equipment is received; wherein N is a positive integer greater than or equal to a preset threshold;
the fault positioning module is used for acquiring light path information corresponding to the information of each transmission device, counting the occurrence frequency of each light path information, and taking the transmission device corresponding to the light path information with one occurrence frequency as a fault breakpoint;
an output module, configured to construct a transmission device binary tree based on the networking structure with any one of the fault breakpoints as a starting point, traverse the transmission device binary tree until an end point of the transmission device binary tree is a next fault breakpoint, and output a transmission device fault location result;
wherein the output module is specifically configured to:
taking any fault breakpoint as a starting point, and taking out transmission equipment information which is in a connection relation with the fault breakpoint in the networking structure in sequence;
taking the fault breakpoint as a current node, taking any next-stage transmission equipment of the current node as a left child node of the current node, taking transmission equipment with the same level as the current node as a right child node of the current node, and taking the left child node as a next current node;
and repeating the binary tree construction process until the left child node is the next fault breakpoint.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the fault location module is specifically configured to:
establishing a fault network element list by taking the transmission equipment of the uplink of each physical equipment as a node and taking the optical path information corresponding to the transmission equipment and the physical equipment information of the downlink as the attribute of the node;
counting the occurrence frequency of each light path information in the fault network element list, taking each light path information as a node, taking a counting result corresponding to the light path information as the attribute of the node, and establishing a light path information list;
and traversing the light path information list, and taking the transmission equipment which is not in the fault network element list and corresponds to the node with the attribute value of one in the light path information list as a fault breakpoint.
7. An electronic device, comprising:
at least one processor; and
at least one memory communicatively coupled to the processor, wherein:
the memory stores program instructions executable by the processor, the processor invoking the program instructions to perform the method of any of claims 1 to 4.
8. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing computer instructions that cause a computer to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 4.
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