CN108963464A - Meander line metamaterial unit and the super surface of focusing designed using the unit - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种曲折线超材料单元及利用该单元设计的聚焦超表面，曲折线超材料单元布置在介质板上，参考波采用同轴馈电，形成平面波导，从而在介质板中形成柱面波，将入射波辐射在超表面上的磁场通过Hankel函数建立模型；基于全息的思想，需要得到参考波与虚拟聚焦点反向传播至超表面全息板所干涉形成的场分布，因此，对于虚拟聚焦点反向传播至超表面的场分布；为了在超表面上产生全息图，使得后向传播场将从参考波导模产生，可通过由下式定义的具有曲折线超材料单元的超表面表面上的复振幅分布来实现。本发明可以实现实时可调控，能够根据聚焦点位置物体的移动，实时改变其调控方式，使得聚焦点能够实时跟踪物体的移动。
The invention discloses a meander line metamaterial unit and a focusing metasurface designed by using the unit. The meander line metamaterial unit is arranged on a dielectric plate, and the reference wave adopts coaxial feeding to form a planar waveguide, thereby forming a planar waveguide in the dielectric plate. Cylindrical waves, the magnetic field radiated by the incident wave on the metasurface is modeled by the Hankel function; based on the idea of holography, it is necessary to obtain the field distribution formed by the interference of the reference wave and the virtual focal point propagating back to the metasurface holographic plate. Therefore, For the virtual focal point The field distribution backpropagating to the metasurface; in order to generate a hologram on the metasurface such that the backpropagating field will be generated from the reference waveguide mode, it can be obtained by complex amplitude distribution to achieve. The invention can realize real-time controllability, and can change the control mode in real time according to the movement of the object at the position of the focus point, so that the focus point can track the movement of the object in real time.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于通讯技术领域，具体涉及一种曲折线超材料单元及利用该单元设计的聚焦超表面。The invention belongs to the technical field of communication, and in particular relates to a meander line metamaterial unit and a focusing metasurface designed by using the unit.
背景技术Background technique
当前的电磁超表面基本上都是改变谐振单元的尺寸来实现可调控状态的，但是一种电磁超表面单元制作完成之后，只能针对某一特定频段完成特定的功能；无法针对实际应用场景的变化，实时改变其相应功能，及其不方便，不灵活。The current electromagnetic metasurface basically changes the size of the resonant unit to achieve an adjustable state, but after an electromagnetic metasurface unit is fabricated, it can only perform specific functions for a specific frequency band; it cannot be used for practical application scenarios. Change, change its corresponding function in real time, it is extremely inconvenient and inflexible.
新型人工电磁超材料设计伊始阶段，通常是基于模拟大多数自然界材料的排列规则,也就是简单的周期排列序。随之研究的广泛深入，研究者们把目光转向了宏观序这类重要自由度，排列设计出具有缓变序的梯度特异介质，也就出现了刚刚提到的光学隐身、光学幻像等新生技术。近几年来,超材料从理论概念层面走到了市场应用中，让我们切实的体会到超材料的强大功能。然而，智能化需求日益增大的今天，市场对超材料提出了更高的要求，就是其在保证优异的电磁调控性能的同时还要做到操作的灵活性与便于移动性。因此，超材料的平面化—超表面问世。超表面是具有复杂宏观序的新型电磁特异性介质表面,它是由很多的小散射体或孔径组成的平面化组织，在目前很多的研究中，超表面均可达到和超材料一样的功能。然而，超表面所占据的物理空间远远小于超材料空间占比，并且由于它二维的构造能够实现低能耗，由此可见，超表面完美的实现了人们对于超材料灵活性与易操控性的期望。The initial stage of the design of new artificial electromagnetic metamaterials is usually based on simulating the arrangement rules of most natural materials, that is, simple periodic arrangements. With the extensive and in-depth research, researchers have turned their attention to such important degrees of freedom as the macroscopic order, and arranged and designed a gradient specific medium with a slowly changing order, which has led to the emergence of new technologies such as optical stealth and optical phantom just mentioned. . In recent years, metamaterials have gone from theoretical concepts to market applications, allowing us to experience the powerful functions of metamaterials. However, today, with the ever-increasing demand for intelligence, the market has put forward higher requirements for metamaterials, that is, while ensuring excellent electromagnetic control performance, they must also achieve operational flexibility and ease of mobility. Therefore, the planarization of metamaterials—metasurfaces came out. Metasurface is a new type of electromagnetic specific medium surface with complex macroscopic order. It is a planar organization composed of many small scatterers or apertures. In many current studies, metasurface can achieve the same function as metamaterial. However, the physical space occupied by the metasurface is much smaller than the space ratio of the metamaterial, and because its two-dimensional structure can achieve low energy consumption, it can be seen that the metasurface perfectly realizes the flexibility and ease of manipulation of metamaterials. expectations.
电磁超表面是一种通过控制波前相位、振幅以及偏振等方式调控电磁波的新兴结构，它基于广义斯涅尔定律，通过控制波前相位、振幅以及偏振进行电磁波调控的新兴结构，是具有占用空间小，损耗低，制备容易等特点的超材料结构，可以广泛应用于天线工程、智能设备制造、医疗等电磁波调控行业，发展前景广阔。Electromagnetic metasurface is an emerging structure that regulates electromagnetic waves by controlling the phase, amplitude and polarization of the wavefront. The metamaterial structure with the characteristics of small space, low loss, and easy preparation can be widely used in electromagnetic wave regulation industries such as antenna engineering, smart device manufacturing, and medical treatment, and has broad development prospects.
电磁超表面理论上可以实现所有的电磁波相位调控，重要的是作为操控者要知道该超表面实现的电磁波调控功能对应何种相位分布。要实现期望点的电磁波聚焦或者调控，研究者要在前段做大量的数学计算，并设计馈反电路加以实现，这往往使得超表面的电磁波调控复杂起来。那么超表面只存在这一种控制方法吗？这个问题在全息成像思想中得到了解答，根据全息成像波前记录与波前重现的思想实现了超表面可调控化。Electromagnetic metasurfaces can theoretically realize all electromagnetic wave phase regulation. It is important for the operator to know which phase distribution the electromagnetic wave regulation function realized by the metasurface corresponds to. In order to realize the electromagnetic wave focusing or regulation at the desired point, the researchers have to do a lot of mathematical calculations and design feedback circuits to realize it, which often complicates the electromagnetic wave regulation of the metasurface. So is there only this kind of control method for metasurfaces? This question has been answered in the idea of holographic imaging. According to the idea of holographic imaging wavefront recording and wavefront reproduction, the controllability of the metasurface is realized.
电磁超表面发展至今，虽然可以实现对各种情况的幅度和相位调控，但是现有方法设计的超表面一种只能对应一种调控方式，如果要改变调控方式，需要重新设计电磁超表面。Electromagnetic metasurfaces have been developed so far. Although the amplitude and phase control of various situations can be realized, the metasurfaces designed by existing methods can only correspond to one control method. If the control method is to be changed, the electromagnetic metasurface needs to be redesigned.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明要解决的技术问题是现有的电磁超表面无法实现实时可调控，为解决上述问题，本发明提供一种曲折线超材料单元及利用该单元设计的聚焦超表面。The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is that the existing electromagnetic metasurface cannot be adjusted in real time. To solve the above problem, the present invention provides a meander line metamaterial unit and a focusing metasurface designed using the unit.
本发明的目的是以下述方式实现的：The purpose of the present invention is achieved in the following manner:
曲折线超材料单元，包括第一竖直线段、第二竖直线段、第三竖直线段、第一水平线段和第二水平线段，按照第一竖直线段、第一水平线段、第二竖直线段、第二水平线段和第三竖直线段的顺序依次连接，第一竖直线段上加载有第一二极管，第二水平线段上加载有第二二极管，第二竖直线段和第三竖直线段由第三二极管连通，第一二极管和第二二极管导通时，第三二极管截止；第三二极管导通时，第一二极管和第二二极管截止；第一竖直线段、第二竖直线段和第三竖直线段构成的等效电阻相同，第一水平线段和第二水平线段构成的等效电阻相同；第一竖直线段、第二竖直线段、第三竖直线段、第一水平线段和第二水平线段均由导电材料制成。The meander line metamaterial unit includes a first vertical line segment, a second vertical line segment, a third vertical line segment, a first horizontal line segment and a second horizontal line segment, according to the first vertical line segment, the first horizontal line segment, the second vertical line segment The sequence of the straight line segment, the second horizontal line segment and the third vertical line segment is connected sequentially, the first vertical line segment is loaded with the first diode, the second horizontal line segment is loaded with the second diode, and the second vertical line segment and the third vertical line segment are connected by the third diode, when the first diode and the second diode are conducting, the third diode is cut off; when the third diode is conducting, the first diode Cut off with the second diode; the equivalent resistance formed by the first vertical line segment, the second vertical line segment and the third vertical line segment is the same, and the equivalent resistance formed by the first horizontal line segment and the second horizontal line segment is the same; the first The vertical line segment, the second vertical line segment, the third vertical line segment, the first horizontal line segment and the second horizontal line segment are all made of conductive material.
所述第一竖直线段、第二竖直线段和第三竖直线段的长度相等，均为L；第一竖直线段、第二竖直线段、第三竖直线段、第一水平线段和第二水平线段的宽度相等，均为τ，第一水平线段和第二水平线段的长度相等。The lengths of the first vertical line segment, the second vertical line segment and the third vertical line segment are equal and are all L; the first vertical line segment, the second vertical line segment, the third vertical line segment, the first horizontal line segment and The widths of the second horizontal line segments are equal to τ, and the lengths of the first horizontal line segment and the second horizontal line segment are equal.
所述第一水平线段和第二水平线段的长度相等，均为4τ。The lengths of the first horizontal line segment and the second horizontal line segment are equal to 4τ.
所述L为450μm，τ＝25μm，曲折线超材料单元的谐振频率为92.5GHz。The L is 450 μm, τ=25 μm, and the resonant frequency of the meander line metamaterial unit is 92.5 GHz.
利用上述的曲折线超材料单元设计的聚焦超表面，所述曲折线超材料单元布置在介质板上，参考波采用同轴馈电，形成平面波导，从而在介质板中形成柱面波，将入射波辐射在超表面上的磁场通过Hankel函数建立模型如下：The focusing metasurface designed by using the meander line metamaterial unit above, the meander line metamaterial unit is arranged on the dielectric plate, the reference wave is fed coaxially to form a planar waveguide, thereby forming a cylindrical wave in the dielectric plate, and the The magnetic field radiated by the incident wave on the metasurface is modeled by the Hankel function as follows:
其中，k表示真空中电磁波传播的波数，λ表示为电磁波的波长；εr表示介质基板的介电常数；φ表示曲折线长轴在表面的角度，如果曲折线长轴沿着x轴，则该曲折线将会与参考波的x轴分量耦合，所以要乘以cosφ，这个时候φ＝0°，如果沿着y轴，则乘以sinφ，φ＝90°，取值范围就是0-90度，表示曲折线长轴倾斜角；是超表面上离散点的位置；Among them, k represents the wave number of electromagnetic wave propagation in vacuum, λ is expressed as the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave; ε r represents the dielectric constant of the dielectric substrate; φ represents the angle of the long axis of the meander line on the surface. If the long axis of the meander line is along the x-axis, the meander line will be coupled with the x-axis component of the reference wave, so multiply by cosφ, at this time φ=0°, if it is along the y-axis, multiply by sinφ, φ=90°, the value range is 0-90°, indicating the inclination angle of the long axis of the zigzag line; is the location of discrete points on the hypersurface;
基于全息的思想，需要得到参考波与虚拟聚焦点反向传播至超表面全息板所干涉形成的场分布，因此，对于虚拟聚焦点反向传播至超表面的场分布，定义如下：Based on the idea of holography, it is necessary to obtain the field distribution formed by the interference of the reference wave and the virtual focal point back propagating to the metasurface holographic plate. Therefore, for the virtual focal point The field distribution backpropagating to the metasurface, defined as follows:
其中，k表示真空中电磁波传播的波数， Among them, k represents the wave number of electromagnetic wave propagation in vacuum,
为了在超表面上产生全息图，使得式(2)的后向传播场将从式(1)的参考波导模产生，可通过由下式定义的具有曲折线超材料单元的超表面表面上的复振幅分布来实现：In order to generate a hologram on a metasurface such that the backpropagating field of Equation (2) will be generated from the reference waveguide mode of Equation (1), it is possible to generate a hologram on the metasurface surface with meandering line metamaterial units defined by Complex amplitude distribution to achieve:
其中，表示引导磁场的复共轭。in, denotes the complex conjugate of the guided magnetic field.
所述Hankel函数是由贝塞尔函数推导出来的，具体公式如下：The Hankel function is derived from the Bessel function, and the specific formula is as follows:
所述曲折线超材料单元在介质板上呈矩阵式排列。The meander line metamaterial units are arranged in a matrix on the dielectric plate.
所述曲折线超材料单元为60行，每行60个，聚焦超表面的尺寸为27mm×18mm×10μm。The meander line metamaterial units are 60 rows, 60 in each row, and the size of the focusing metasurface is 27mm×18mm×10 μm.
所述介质板为硅基板。The dielectric board is a silicon substrate.
本发明的核心与创新所在就是曲折线超材料单元的动态可调设计。对超材料单元的动态调控思想由来已久，近年来，随着认知无线电以及计算机软件技术的发展，动态可重构技术(RRT)已经成为国内外研究团队的研究新热点。该技术的出现，就使得长久以来的硬件和软件的界限有些模糊，通过软件化的处理，硬件系统更加软件化。动态可重构的本质指的是对原系统硬件不产生大的变化，并且实现更多功能。通过加载微波电子器件或者使用机械的方法来改变超材料单元的谐振特性，即在同一物理结构体下，超材料单元的频率特性、谐振特性以及极化特性都会根据外部需求进行灵活调节，因此具有多样性和动态可控性。动态可调控技术对超材料电磁波调控影响巨大，使电磁波调控技术朝着高效可调控方向发展。超材料在调控电磁波方面具有优良的性能。若想要实现对电磁波传播进行复杂仔细的控制，理论上要求对超材料单元的介电常数、磁导率在介质板上进行一定规律排列变化，也就是选择某些特殊的数值。理论上来说，超材料媒质的每个周期单元都可以通过人为控制其谐振频率。The core and innovation of the present invention is the dynamically adjustable design of the meander line metamaterial unit. The idea of dynamic control of metamaterial units has a long history. In recent years, with the development of cognitive radio and computer software technology, dynamic reconfigurable technology (RRT) has become a new research hotspot of research teams at home and abroad. The emergence of this technology has blurred the boundary between hardware and software for a long time. Through software-based processing, the hardware system is more software-based. The essence of dynamic reconfigurability refers to the realization of more functions without major changes to the original system hardware. The resonance characteristics of the metamaterial unit can be changed by loading microwave electronic devices or using mechanical methods, that is, under the same physical structure, the frequency characteristics, resonance characteristics and polarization characteristics of the metamaterial unit can be flexibly adjusted according to external requirements, so it has Variety and dynamic controllability. The dynamic controllable technology has a great influence on the electromagnetic wave control of metamaterials, making the electromagnetic wave control technology develop in the direction of high efficiency and controllability. Metamaterials have excellent performance in regulating electromagnetic waves. In order to achieve complex and careful control of electromagnetic wave propagation, it is theoretically required to arrange and change the dielectric constant and magnetic permeability of the metamaterial unit on the dielectric plate in a certain order, that is, to select some special values. Theoretically, each periodic unit of a metamaterial medium can artificially control its resonant frequency.
超材料单元的电磁特性一般由其结构特征所决定，根据传输线的理论任何结构的超材料单元均可化为由电容、电感以及电阻组成的等效电路。在其模型中，等效电容与电感决定了超材料单元的谐振频率，因此，可以通过改变电感和电容值实现对谐振频率的实时调节。基于以上思想，研究者已提出多种有效方法实现了超材料单元的实时动态可调控，主流调节方式有结构调节(机械式调节)、基体调节(可控材料式调节)以及加载集总元件(开关式调节)等实时可调控技术。The electromagnetic properties of a metamaterial unit are generally determined by its structural characteristics. According to the theory of transmission lines, any structural metamaterial unit can be converted into an equivalent circuit composed of capacitance, inductance, and resistance. In its model, the equivalent capacitance and inductance determine the resonant frequency of the metamaterial unit, so real-time adjustment of the resonant frequency can be realized by changing the inductance and capacitance values. Based on the above ideas, researchers have proposed a variety of effective methods to realize the real-time dynamic controllability of metamaterial units. The mainstream adjustment methods include structure adjustment (mechanical adjustment), matrix adjustment (controllable material adjustment) and loading lumped elements ( Switching adjustment) and other real-time adjustable technologies.
结构调节，也就是机械式调节，这种调节方式一般会采用外加机械结构来实现，比如微机电系统等。总体来说，机械调节式可控超材料元件虽然结构上来说比较容易实现，但是该结构需要精确且复杂的操控系统，这种情况就导致附加装置体积过于庞大，并存在无法频繁移动、调控时器件响应时间长等一系列问题，因此此方法不是实现动态可控超材料器件的理想方法。基于以上弊端，机械式调控并不适合该论文的超材料器件的动态调控。Structural adjustment, that is, mechanical adjustment, is generally achieved by using an external mechanical structure, such as a micro-electro-mechanical system. Generally speaking, although the mechanically adjustable controllable metamaterial element is relatively easy to realize in terms of structure, the structure requires a precise and complex control system. A series of problems such as long device response time, so this method is not an ideal method for realizing dynamically controllable metamaterial devices. Based on the above disadvantages, mechanical control is not suitable for the dynamic control of metamaterial devices in this paper.
基体调节，理论研究指出改变超材料介质层的介电常数、磁导率和厚度，就可以调节超材料的电磁参数和谐振频率。若将超材料的介质层设定为可控的介质材料，那么只要调控外界激励信号就可以改变介质层的介电常数，从而实现了谐振频率的动态可控调谐。这类材料主要有磁场响应介质和电场响应介质两大类。理论研究指出改变超材料介质层的介电常数和厚度，可以调节材料的电磁参数以及谐振频率。上述材料主要有磁场响应介质以及电场响应介质这两大类。基于动态可控介质材料的基体调节式可调控超材料单元能够实现对超材料电及磁特性的连续均匀调控，而且调节机构简易，可以说是一种很有前途的实时动态可调控超材料单元设计。但这种仅仅基于材料特性的动态可控超材料也受材料本身性能的限制，自然材料的电磁参数变化范围有限，这将导致频率调节范围就很小，介质材料从接受激励信号到作出一定响应需要少许的时间，这也使得动态可控超材料的响应时间过长。也就是说，这种基体调节式动态可控超材料还需进一步的发展和完善，其延时过长，就对于本论文中的曲折线型超材料元件的动态调控并不适用。Matrix adjustment, theoretical research points out that changing the dielectric constant, permeability and thickness of the metamaterial dielectric layer can adjust the electromagnetic parameters and resonance frequency of the metamaterial. If the dielectric layer of the metamaterial is set as a controllable dielectric material, the dielectric constant of the dielectric layer can be changed by adjusting the external excitation signal, thereby realizing the dynamic controllable tuning of the resonance frequency. Such materials mainly include two categories: magnetic field responsive media and electric field responsive media. Theoretical studies have pointed out that changing the dielectric constant and thickness of the metamaterial dielectric layer can adjust the electromagnetic parameters and resonance frequency of the material. The above-mentioned materials mainly fall into two categories: magnetic field responsive media and electric field responsive media. The matrix-adjustable tunable metamaterial unit based on dynamically controllable dielectric materials can achieve continuous and uniform regulation of the electrical and magnetic properties of metamaterials, and the adjustment mechanism is simple. It can be said to be a promising real-time dynamic tunable metamaterial unit. design. However, this kind of dynamically controllable metamaterial based only on material properties is also limited by the performance of the material itself. The range of electromagnetic parameters of natural materials is limited, which will lead to a small range of frequency adjustment. The dielectric material responds from the excitation signal to a certain It takes a small amount of time, which also makes the response time of dynamically controllable metamaterials too long. That is to say, this matrix-adjustable dynamically controllable metamaterial still needs further development and improvement, and its delay is too long, so it is not suitable for the dynamic regulation of the zigzag linear metamaterial element in this paper.
加载调节，在超材料的等效电路中插入调控开关，通过控制调控开关的导通通或者断开来实现对谐振频率、磁导率以及介电常数的实时操控。二极管是最常见的调控器件，将其加载到超材料单元结构中，通过调控每个超材料单元的偏置电压，二极管的等效电容值就会发生连续的变化，这样就得到了连续可调控式的超材料介质。这就是加载调节式可控超材料元件的可调控原理。Load adjustment, inserting a control switch in the equivalent circuit of the metamaterial, and controlling the on-off or off of the control switch to realize real-time manipulation of the resonant frequency, magnetic permeability and permittivity. Diodes are the most common control devices. When they are loaded into the metamaterial unit structure, by adjusting the bias voltage of each metamaterial unit, the equivalent capacitance of the diode will change continuously, thus obtaining a continuously adjustable metamaterial media. This is the adjustable principle of loading adjustable controllable metamaterial elements.
总而言之，机械调节方式和基体调节方式理论上可以完成对本发明曲折线型超材料的动态可控设计，然而考虑到实际情况下的可操作性，加载调节式才是本设计的重点，因此加载式调节可控超材料是本发明可控超材料设计的突破口。All in all, the mechanical adjustment method and the matrix adjustment method can theoretically complete the dynamic controllable design of the zigzag line metamaterial of the present invention. However, considering the operability in actual situations, the loading adjustment method is the focus of this design. Adjusting the controllable metamaterial is a breakthrough in the design of the controllable metamaterial of the present invention.
相对于现有技术，本发明提出了一种新的电磁超表面及其可调控方法。基于全息思想提出了一种全新的电磁超表面动态可调控方法。该方法通过在曲折线型超材料谐振单元上加载多个PIN二极管实现对超表面单元的动态可调控，从而可以对该可调控单元模块进行规则排列以形成可调控全息干涉板。曲折线型超材料单元的布局和它们的相位突变状态由全息设计原理来确定，即参考波辐射场与虚拟焦点反向传播的辐射场干涉形成的相位分布决定超材料单元的排列布局以及谐振状态。Compared with the prior art, the present invention proposes a new electromagnetic metasurface and its controllable method. Based on the idea of holography, a new dynamic control method of electromagnetic metasurface is proposed. The method realizes the dynamic controllability of the metasurface unit by loading multiple PIN diodes on the zigzag linear metamaterial resonant unit, so that the controllable unit modules can be arranged regularly to form a controllable holographic interference plate. The layout of the meander-line metamaterial units and their phase mutation states are determined by the holographic design principle, that is, the phase distribution formed by the interference of the reference wave radiation field and the radiation field backpropagating from the virtual focal point determines the arrangement and resonance state of the metamaterial units .
本发明可以实现实时可调控，能够根据聚焦点位置物体的移动，实时改变其调控方式，使得聚焦点能够实时跟踪物体的移动。The invention can realize real-time controllability, and can change the control mode in real time according to the movement of the object at the position of the focus point, so that the focus point can track the movement of the object in real time.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是L不同长度使得该谐振单元在该频率下的幅度和相位相应结果。Figure 1 shows the corresponding results of amplitude and phase of the resonant unit at this frequency with different lengths of L.
图2是动态可控曲折线型超材料元件效果图。Fig. 2 is an effect diagram of a dynamically controllable zigzag linear metamaterial element.
图3是PIN二极管偏置特性。Figure 3 is the PIN diode bias characteristics.
图4是正向偏置超材料单元等效模型。Figure 4 is the equivalent model of a forward biased metamaterial unit.
图5是反向偏置超材料单元等效模型。Figure 5 is the equivalent model of the reverse biased metamaterial unit.
图6是聚焦超表面的结构示意图。Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the focusing metasurface.
图7是参考电磁波传播至超表面相位分布。Fig. 7 is the phase distribution of the reference electromagnetic wave propagating to the metasurface.
图8是聚焦点反向传播至超表面的相位分布。Figure 8 is the phase distribution of backpropagation from the focal point to the metasurface.
图9是参考波与聚焦点反向传播电磁波干涉图相位分布。Fig. 9 is the phase distribution of the reference wave and the backpropagating electromagnetic wave interferogram of the focal point.
图10是曲折线型超材料单元偏置情况图。Fig. 10 is a diagram of the bias of the zigzag line metamaterial unit.
图11是聚焦效果图。Figure 11 is a focus effect diagram.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
曲折线超材料单元，包括第一竖直线段1、第二竖直线段2、第三竖直线段3、第一水平线段4和第二水平线段5，按照第一竖直线段1、第一水平线段4、第二竖直线段2、第二水平线段5和第三竖直线段3的顺序依次连接，第一竖直线段1上加载有第一二极管6，第二水平线段5上加载有第二二极管7，第二竖直线段2和第三竖直线段3由第三二极管8连通，第一二极管6和第二二极管7导通时，第三二极管8截止；第三二极管8导通时，第一二极管6和第二二极管7截止；第一竖直线段1、第二竖直线段2和第三竖直线段3构成的等效电阻相同，第一水平线段4和第二水平线段5构成的等效电阻相同；第一竖直线段1、第二竖直线段2、第三竖直线段3、第一水平线段4和第二水平线段5均由导电材料制成。The meander line metamaterial unit includes the first vertical line segment 1, the second vertical line segment 2, the third vertical line segment 3, the first horizontal line segment 4 and the second horizontal line segment 5, according to the first vertical line segment 1, the first The order of the horizontal line segment 4, the second vertical line segment 2, the second horizontal line segment 5 and the third vertical line segment 3 is sequentially connected, the first vertical line segment 1 is loaded with the first diode 6, and the second horizontal line segment 5 is loaded with the first diode 6. Loaded with the second diode 7, the second vertical line segment 2 and the third vertical line segment 3 are communicated by the third diode 8, when the first diode 6 and the second diode 7 are conducting, the third Diode 8 is off; when the third diode 8 is conducting, the first diode 6 and the second diode 7 are off; the first vertical line segment 1, the second vertical line segment 2 and the third vertical line segment The equivalent resistance formed by 3 is the same, the equivalent resistance formed by the first horizontal line segment 4 and the second horizontal line segment 5 is the same; the first vertical line segment 1, the second vertical line segment 2, the third vertical line segment 3, the first horizontal line segment Both the segment 4 and the second horizontal line segment 5 are made of electrically conductive material.
第一竖直线段1、第二竖直线段2和第三竖直线段3的长度相等，均为L；第一竖直线段1、第二竖直线段2、第三竖直线段3、第一水平线段4和第二水平线段5的宽度相等，均为τ，第一水平线段4和第二水平线段5的长度相等。The lengths of the first vertical line segment 1, the second vertical line segment 2 and the third vertical line segment 3 are equal and are all L; the first vertical line segment 1, the second vertical line segment 2, the third vertical line segment 3, the third vertical line segment The widths of the first horizontal line segment 4 and the second horizontal line segment 5 are equal to τ, and the lengths of the first horizontal line segment 4 and the second horizontal line segment 5 are equal.
L不同长度使得该谐振单元在该频率下的幅度和相位相应结果如图1所示。The different lengths of L make the amplitude and phase corresponding results of the resonant unit at this frequency shown in Figure 1.
如图2(1)所示，每个曲折线型超材料元件包括按一定规律排列的3个PIN二极管，对于每个PIN二极管，假定图3所示为PIN二极管的电路等效模型。对于单个PIN二极管，PIN二极管被建模为可忽略的正向电阻和电感器串联的RL电路，如图3所示。当反向偏置时，PIN二极管可以被建模为LC电路，表现出高反向电阻性(即有效开路)。As shown in Figure 2(1), each zigzag-line metamaterial element includes three PIN diodes arranged in a certain order, and for each PIN diode, it is assumed that Figure 3 is the equivalent circuit model of the PIN diode. For a single PIN diode, the PIN diode is modeled as an RL circuit with negligible forward resistance and inductor in series, as shown in Figure 3. When reverse biased, a PIN diode can be modeled as an LC circuit, exhibiting high reverse resistance (i.e., effectively an open circuit).
如图2(1)所示，当第一二极管6、第二二极管7正向偏置，第三二极管8反向偏置的时候，第一二极管6、第二二极管7导通，第三二极管8截止，使得整个耦合单元为图2(2)，此时长度为L。而，当第一二极管6、第二二极管7反向偏置，第三二极管8正向偏置的时候，第一二极管6、第二二极管7截止，第三二极管8导通，使得整个耦合单元为图2(3)，此时长度为L/2。As shown in Figure 2 (1), when the first diode 6 and the second diode 7 are forward biased and the third diode 8 is reverse biased, the first diode 6 and the second diode The diode 7 is turned on, and the third diode 8 is turned off, so that the entire coupling unit is shown in FIG. 2(2), and the length is L at this time. However, when the first diode 6 and the second diode 7 are reverse-biased and the third diode 8 is forward-biased, the first diode 6 and the second diode 7 are cut off, and the second diode 7 is cut off. The three diodes 8 are turned on, so that the entire coupling unit is shown in Fig. 2(3), and the length is L/2 at this time.
通过改变L的长度可以达到改变谐振单元对信号改变的幅度和相位关系。By changing the length of L, the amplitude and phase relationship of the resonant unit to the signal change can be changed.
第一水平线段4和第二水平线段5的长度相等，均为4τ。The lengths of the first horizontal line segment 4 and the second horizontal line segment 5 are equal to 4τ.
曲折线超材料单元的谐振频率由长度参数L决定，L为450μm，τ＝25μm，曲折线超材料单元的谐振频率为92.5GHz。The resonant frequency of the meander-line metamaterial unit is determined by the length parameter L, where L is 450 μm, τ=25 μm, and the resonant frequency of the meander-line metamaterial unit is 92.5 GHz.
曲折线超材料单元通过加载二极管动态调控曲折线型超单元的长度参数L，灵活实现超表面上相位的连续变化，利用二极管正向电流导通反向截止的特性，来进行微波动态调控，本发明设计出如图2所示的动态可控的曲折线型超材料元件。The meander line metamaterial unit dynamically adjusts the length parameter L of the meander line superunit by loading a diode, flexibly realizes the continuous change of the phase on the metasurface, and utilizes the characteristics of the forward current conduction and reverse cutoff of the diode to perform microwave dynamic control. The invention designs a dynamically controllable zigzag linear metamaterial element as shown in FIG. 2 .
PIN二极管的通断控制曲折线型超材料长度参数L的大小间接控制谐振频率，进而控制元件对参考波的耦合响应。每个超材料单元加载3个PIN二极管。The on-off control of the PIN diode indirectly controls the resonant frequency, and then controls the coupling response of the element to the reference wave. Each metamaterial unit is loaded with 3 PIN diodes.
正向偏置时，如图4所示，第一二极管6、第二二极管7导通，第三二极管8截止，此时曲折线超单元L＝450μm，可实现92.5GHz频段45°相位突变。When forward biased, as shown in Figure 4, the first diode 6 and the second diode 7 are turned on, and the third diode 8 is turned off. At this time, the meander line superunit L=450 μm can realize 92.5 GHz Frequency band 45° phase change.
当反向偏置时，如图5所示，第一二极管6、第二二极管7截止，第三二极管8导通，此时参与谐振的曲折线超单元L为350μm，可实现92.5GHz频段90°相位突变。也就是说，该动态可调曲折线型超材料元件可实现0到180°的相位突变。When reverse-biased, as shown in Figure 5, the first diode 6 and the second diode 7 are turned off, and the third diode 8 is turned on. At this time, the meander line superunit L participating in resonance is 350 μm, It can achieve 90° phase mutation in the 92.5GHz frequency band. That is to say, the dynamically adjustable meander-line metamaterial element can realize a phase mutation from 0 to 180°.
在设计全息图之前，需要确定参考波。Before designing a hologram, a reference wave needs to be determined.
利用上述的曲折线超材料单元设计的聚焦超表面，所述曲折线超材料单元布置在介质板上，如图6所示，参考波采用同轴馈电，形成平面波导，从而在介质板中形成柱面波，将入射波辐射在超表面上的磁场通过Hankel函数建立模型如下：The focusing metasurface designed using the above-mentioned meander-line metamaterial unit, the meander-line metamaterial unit is arranged on the dielectric plate, as shown in Figure 6, the reference wave adopts coaxial feeding to form a planar waveguide, so that in the dielectric plate To form a cylindrical wave, the magnetic field that radiates the incident wave on the metasurface is modeled by the Hankel function as follows:
其中，k表示真空中电磁波传播的波数，λ表示为电磁波的波长；εr表示介质基板的介电常数；φ表示曲折线长轴在表面的角度，如果曲折线长轴沿着x轴，则该曲折线将会与参考波的x轴分量耦合，所以要乘以cosφ，这个时候φ＝0°，如果沿着y轴，则乘以sinφ，φ＝90°，取值范围就是0-90度，表示曲折线长轴倾斜角；是超表面上离散点的位置；Among them, k represents the wave number of electromagnetic wave propagation in vacuum, λ is expressed as the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave; ε r represents the dielectric constant of the dielectric substrate; φ represents the angle of the long axis of the meander line on the surface. If the long axis of the meander line is along the x-axis, the meander line will be coupled with the x-axis component of the reference wave, so multiply by cosφ, at this time φ=0°, if it is along the y-axis, multiply by sinφ, φ=90°, the value range is 0-90°, indicating the inclination angle of the long axis of the zigzag line; is the location of discrete points on the hypersurface;
在参考波引导模式定义之后，基于全息的思想，需要得到参考波与虚拟聚焦点反向传播至超表面全息板所干涉形成的场分布，因此，对于虚拟聚焦点反向传播至超表面的场分布，定义如下：After the definition of the reference wave guiding mode, based on the idea of holography, it is necessary to obtain the field distribution formed by the interference of the reference wave and the virtual focal point propagating back to the metasurface holographic plate. Therefore, for the virtual focal point The field distribution backpropagating to the metasurface, defined as follows:
其中，k表示真空中电磁波传播的波数， Among them, k represents the wave number of electromagnetic wave propagation in vacuum,
为了在超表面上产生全息图，使得式(2)的后向传播场将从式(1)的参考波导模产生，可通过由下式定义的具有曲折线超材料单元的超表面表面上的复振幅分布来实现：In order to generate a hologram on a metasurface such that the backpropagating field of Equation (2) will be generated from the reference waveguide mode of Equation (1), it is possible to generate a hologram on the metasurface surface with meandering line metamaterial units defined by Complex amplitude distribution to achieve:
其中，表示引导磁场的复共轭。in, denotes the complex conjugate of the guided magnetic field.
式(3)中表示的相位分布是由参考波与虚拟聚焦点反向传播场干涉而成，根据全息的原理，我们接下来的工作只需构建式(3)所表示的相位分布，就能完成对期望聚焦点的聚焦。因此，这个阶段主导着后期聚焦点的形成，所以重建式(3)所暗示的相位分布至关重要。The phase distribution expressed in formula (3) is formed by the interference of the reference wave and the backpropagating field of the virtual focal point. According to the principle of holography, our next work only needs to construct the phase distribution expressed in formula (3), and we can Focusing on the desired focus point is accomplished. Therefore, this phase dominates the formation of later focal points, so it is crucial to reconstruct the phase distribution implied by Eq. (3).
应该指出的是，超表面全息板的实现需要DC偏置电路来驱动PIN二极管。从目前比较有效的解决方案来看，一种方法是在介质板上蚀刻亚波长宽度的线(足够窄以防止参考波失真)适应偏置电路。或者，可以将薄层介电层压板添加到二极管的金属通孔进行PIN偏置的设计。还可以使用Arduino驱动一组移位寄存器来实现二极管的偏置，或者可以采用现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)来实现开关速度。It should be noted that the realization of the metasurface holographic slab requires a DC bias circuit to drive the PIN diode. Judging from the more effective solutions at present, one method is to etch sub-wavelength width lines (narrow enough to prevent reference wave distortion) on the dielectric board to accommodate the bias circuit. Alternatively, a thin layer of dielectric laminate can be added to the metal vias of the diode for PIN biasing designs. Diode biasing can also be achieved using an Arduino driving a set of shift registers, or a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) can be used to achieve switching speed.
所述Hankel函数是由贝塞尔函数推导出来的，具体公式如下：The Hankel function is derived from the Bessel function, and the specific formula is as follows:
所述曲折线超材料单元在介质板上呈矩阵式排列，矩阵为M行、N列，M和N均为正整数。The meander line metamaterial units are arranged in a matrix on the dielectric plate, and the matrix has M rows and N columns, and both M and N are positive integers.
所述曲折线超材料单元为60×60个，即M＝N＝60，聚焦超表面的尺寸为27mm×18mm×10μm。The number of meander line metamaterial units is 60×60, that is, M=N=60, and the size of the focusing metasurface is 27mm×18mm×10 μm.
所述介质板为硅基板。The dielectric board is a silicon substrate.
仿真试验：Simulation test:
仿真的频率选择是20G，的取值为0，也就是说，长轴与x方向一致。The frequency selection of the simulation is 20G, The value of is 0, that is, the long axis is consistent with the x direction.
仿真用的公式如下：The formula used for the simulation is as follows:
fun＝besselh(0,1,pr)；％计算得出汉克尔函数值fun=besselh(0,1,pr);% Calculate the Hankel function value
这个程序就是仿真上面所列的汉克尔函数公式的。This program simulates the Hankel function formula listed above.
首先设置超表面xy平面坐标系x＝[-0.2:step:0.2]、y＝[-0.2:step:0.2]，取抽样间隔step＝0.01。First set the xy plane coordinate system of the hypersurface x=[-0.2:step:0.2], y=[-0.2:step:0.2], and take the sampling interval step=0.01.
我们将参考电磁波建模为Hankel函数，则参考电磁波传播至超表面相位分布如图6所示。We model the reference electromagnetic wave as a Hankel function, and the phase distribution of the reference electromagnetic wave propagating to the metasurface is shown in Figure 6.
为了说明所提出的可重构全息超表面高效的电磁波调控能力，我们在距离超表面0.5m处的聚焦面任意选择四个空间点：F1(x＝0.1m，y＝0.1m，z＝0.5m)、F2(x＝-0。1m，y＝0.1m，z＝0.5m)，F3(x＝0.1m，y＝-0.1m，z＝0.5m)以及F2(x＝-0.1m，y＝-0.1m，z＝0.5m)。对于这四个点反向传播至超表面所代表的相位分布肯定不同，因此，聚焦点反向传播至超表面的相位分布应该为这四个虚拟聚焦点相位分布之和。经过MATLAB仿真得，聚焦点反向传播至超表面的相位分布如图7所示。In order to illustrate the efficient electromagnetic wave control capability of the proposed reconfigurable holographic metasurface, we randomly select four spatial points on the focusing plane at a distance of 0.5m from the metasurface: F1(x=0.1m, y=0.1m, z=0.5 m), F2(x=-0.1m, y=0.1m, z=0.5m), F3(x=0.1m, y=-0.1m, z=0.5m) and F2(x=-0.1m, y=-0.1m, z=0.5m). The phase distribution represented by the backpropagation of these four points to the metasurface must be different, therefore, the phase distribution of the focus point backpropagation to the metasurface should be the sum of the phase distributions of the four virtual focus points. Through MATLAB simulation, the phase distribution of the backpropagation from the focal point to the metasurface is shown in Figure 7.
至此，我们完成了对参考电磁波以及虚拟聚焦点反向传播电磁波的产生与相位分布仿真。基于全息的思想，我们要记录参考波与聚焦点反向传播电磁波的干涉图样，因此经过MATLAB计算得到参考波与聚焦点反向传播电磁波干涉图相位分布如图8所示。So far, we have completed the generation and phase distribution simulation of the reference electromagnetic wave and the virtual focal point backpropagating electromagnetic wave. Based on the idea of holography, we need to record the interference pattern of the reference wave and the backpropagating electromagnetic wave at the focal point. Therefore, the phase distribution of the reference wave and the backpropagating electromagnetic wave at the focal point is calculated by MATLAB, as shown in Figure 8.
在此电磁超表面调控技术模拟仿真中，我们就是要通过模拟近似该干涉图相位分布，进而完成超表面的超单元排布，然后用原参考波充当入射波照射超表面全息板，以期实现电磁波的调控目的。通过式(3)，经过MATLAB计算得干涉相位分布。以一个小方块表示一个相位特征，对应于宏观超表面，一个小方块表示一个曲折线型超材料单元器件，其中灰白色小方块表示该曲折线型超材料单元正向偏置，黑色小方块表示该曲折线型超材料单元反向偏置，如图9所示，如前所述，曲折线型超材料单元上PIN二极管的偏置状态控制超单元偏振特性，进而构成相位梯度变化的超表面。In the simulation of this electromagnetic metasurface control technology simulation, we want to approximate the phase distribution of the interferogram by simulating, and then complete the supersurface superunit arrangement, and then use the original reference wave as the incident wave to irradiate the metasurface holographic plate, in order to realize the electromagnetic wave control purposes. Through formula (3), the interference phase distribution is calculated by MATLAB. A phase feature is represented by a small square, which corresponds to a macroscopic metasurface, and a small square represents a meandering linear metamaterial unit device, wherein the small off-white square represents the forward bias of the meandering linear metamaterial unit, and the small black square represents the The meandering metamaterial unit is reverse-biased, as shown in Figure 9. As mentioned above, the bias state of the PIN diode on the meandering metamaterial unit controls the polarization characteristics of the superunit, thereby forming a metasurface with a phase gradient change.
超表面全息板制备完成。接下来，我们利用原参考波充当入射电磁波对超表面全息板进行照射，以期实现四焦点聚焦，如图10所示，该超表面完美实现期望的四焦点聚焦。The preparation of the metasurface holographic plate is completed. Next, we use the original reference wave as the incident electromagnetic wave to irradiate the metasurface holographic plate in order to achieve four-focal focusing. As shown in Figure 10, the metasurface perfectly achieves the desired four-focal focusing.
以上所述的仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当指出，对于本领域的技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明整体构思前提下，还可以作出若干改变和改进，这些也应该视为本发明的保护范围。What has been described above is only the preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art, some changes and improvements can be made without departing from the overall concept of the present invention, and these should also be regarded as the present invention. scope of protection.
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