CN108931431B - Consolidation apparatus - Google Patents

Consolidation apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
CN108931431B
CN108931431B CN201810872169.4A CN201810872169A CN108931431B CN 108931431 B CN108931431 B CN 108931431B CN 201810872169 A CN201810872169 A CN 201810872169A CN 108931431 B CN108931431 B CN 108931431B
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China
Prior art keywords
sample
measuring
ring
dial indicator
consolidation
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CN108931431A (en
Inventor
罗庆姿
冯宇宁
张锐浩
袁炳祥
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Guangdong University of Technology
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Guangdong University of Technology
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/02—Details
    • G01N3/06—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/02—Details
    • G01N3/06—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means
    • G01N3/062—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means with mechanical indicating or recording means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/0014—Type of force applied
    • G01N2203/0016—Tensile or compressive
    • G01N2203/0019—Compressive
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
    • G01N2203/0069—Fatigue, creep, strain-stress relations or elastic constants
    • G01N2203/0075—Strain-stress relations or elastic constants
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
    • G01N2203/06—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
    • G01N2203/0605—Mechanical indicating, recording or sensing means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
    • G01N2203/06—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
    • G01N2203/067—Parameter measured for estimating the property
    • G01N2203/0676—Force, weight, load, energy, speed or acceleration
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
    • G01N2203/06—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
    • G01N2203/067—Parameter measured for estimating the property
    • G01N2203/0682—Spatial dimension, e.g. length, area, angle

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a consolidation apparatus, comprising: the ring cutter assembly can be spliced and used for preparing samples with different heights; the consolidation container is used for placing the splicing cutting ring assembly filled with the sample; the loading support rods are arranged on two sides of the consolidation container, and the height of the loading support rods is adjustable; a pressurizing beam connected with the top of the loading support rod; the pressurizing head is connected with the pressurizing cross beam and is used for pressurizing the top center of the sample; the dial indicator is contacted with the top of the pressurizing head and used for measuring the compression deformation of the sample, the dial indicator is connected with the telescopic measuring support rod, and the measuring support rod and the loading support rod are arranged in parallel; and the pore pressure measuring device is used for acquiring the pore water pressure value of the sample. The consolidometer can carry out one-dimensional K on samples with different heights0And the lateral limit consolidation test can measure the consolidation deformation of samples with different heights, so that the compression parameters more suitable for the actual settlement calculation of the foundation in engineering practice can be obtained.

Description

Consolidation apparatus
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of geotechnical engineering experimental equipment, in particular to a consolidation apparatus.
Background
In theoretical research of geotechnical engineering and engineering practice, foundation settlement calculation is usually required.
Under the action of external load, pore water and air in the foundation soil body can be gradually dissipated, effective stress is increased, the volume of the soil body is gradually compacted, and the foundation is settled. In the prior art, K is usually adopted0The consolidometer carries out one-dimensional K on an indoor soil sample with a conventional height of 2cm0And performing a side limit consolidation test to obtain compression parameters calculated by foundation settlement, and predicting the actual settlement of the foundation in the field engineering by using the compression parameters.
However, because the deformation of the soil body consists of consolidation deformation and creep deformation, the traditional calculation method is to manually separate the consolidation deformation from the creep deformation and consider that the creep deformation occurs after the main consolidation of the soil body is finished, but researches show that the consolidation effect and the creep effect of the soil body in actual engineering are mutually influenced and interacted, and the consolidation effect and the creep effect jointly determine the settlement of the foundationAnd (5) reducing. In fact, creep deformation occurs in the main consolidation stage, and as the soil sample height increases, the main consolidation time of the soil body becomes longer, and the secondary consolidation deformation amount in the main consolidation stage also increases. The document "Kabbaj M, Tavenas F, Leroueil S.in site and laboratory stress-strain [ J]Analysis of the stress and strain monitoring data for four actual projects, Geotechnique,1988,38(1):83-100 ", shows that the actual monitored deformation is much greater than the theoretical calculation. That is, one-dimensional K based on an indoor conventional 2cm high soil sample is adopted0The compression parameters obtained by the side limit consolidation test are used for calculating the actual settlement of the foundation in the field engineering, so that the actual settlement of the soil body is greatly underestimated.
In summary, how to provide a one-dimensional K capable of performing samples with different heights0A consolidometer for a lateral limit consolidation test is a problem to be solved urgently by a person skilled in the art at present.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention provides a consolidation apparatus, which can perform one-dimensional K-test on samples with different heights0And in the side limit consolidation test, compression parameters more in accordance with actual settlement calculation of the foundation in engineering practice can be obtained.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a consolidometer, comprising:
the ring cutter assembly can be spliced and used for preparing samples with different heights;
a consolidation vessel for placing the spliceable ring cutter assembly containing the sample;
the loading support rods are arranged on two sides of the consolidation container, and the height of the loading support rods is adjustable;
the pressurizing cross beam is connected with the top of the loading support rod;
the pressurizing head is connected with the pressurizing cross beam and is used for pressurizing the top center of the sample;
the dial indicator is in contact with the top of the pressurizing head and used for measuring the compression deformation of the sample, the dial indicator is connected with the telescopic measuring support rod, and the measuring support rod and the loading support rod are arranged in parallel;
and the pore pressure measuring device is used for acquiring the pore water pressure value of the sample.
Preferably, the loading support rods comprise a first support rod and at least one second support rod, the top end of the first support rod is connected with the pressurizing beam, the bottom end of the first support rod is in threaded connection with the second support rod, and when the number of the second support rods is at least two, two adjacent second support rods are in threaded connection.
Preferably, the measuring support rod comprises an outer measuring rod and an inner measuring rod sleeved in the outer measuring rod, a plurality of positioning pins used for adjusting the fixing positions of the inner measuring rod are arranged on the periphery of the inner measuring rod, and a positioning hole used for being matched and positioned with any one of the positioning pins is formed in the side wall of the outer measuring rod.
Preferably, the dial indicator is connected with the measuring support rod through a dial indicator clamp, the dial indicator clamp sleeve is arranged on the measuring inner rod, an H-shaped groove is formed in the dial indicator clamp in the direction perpendicular to the measuring support rod, an H-shaped sliding block capable of sliding along the H-shaped groove is arranged on the measuring rod of the dial indicator, and the dial indicator clamp is provided with a first bolt hole used for fixing the dial indicator clamp on the measuring inner rod and a second bolt hole used for being matched with a second bolt to enable the H-shaped groove to shrink so as to clamp the H-shaped sliding block.
Preferably, the pressurizing head comprises a pressurizing head connected with the pressurizing beam and a threaded outer tube in threaded connection with the pressurizing head, the bottom of the threaded outer tube is embedded into a top groove of a pressurizing upper cover on the top of the test sample, and the top of the pressurizing head is in contact with a measuring head on the bottom of the dial indicator.
Preferably, the splicable cutting ring assembly comprises at least two splicable cutting rings for cutting or filling the sample, a cutting ring fixing sleeve ring which is in fit with the outer wall of the spliced cutting ring, and a fastener for fastening the cutting ring fixing sleeve ring.
Preferably, the cutting ring fixing sleeve ring comprises a first petal sleeve ring and a second petal sleeve ring which are symmetrically arranged along the plane where the axis of the cutting ring fixing sleeve ring is located, and the first petal sleeve ring and the second petal sleeve ring are buckled with each other.
Preferably, the fastener comprises:
the retaining ring base is used for fastening the periphery of the bottom of the cutting ring fixing lantern ring;
the protection ring is used for fastening the periphery of the cutting ring fixing sleeve ring below the middle part in the height direction;
and the throat hoop is used for fastening the periphery of the top of the cutting ring fixing lantern ring.
Preferably, when the number of the protection rings capable of being spliced is at least two, the protection ring base is connected with the protection ring capable of being spliced at the bottommost layer in a concave-convex embedded mode, and two adjacent protection rings capable of being spliced are connected in a concave-convex embedded mode.
Preferably, the pore pressure measuring device comprises a drainage pipeline and a pore pressure sensor, one end of the drainage pipeline penetrates through a waterproof gasket to be communicated with the permeable stone above the sample, the other end of the drainage pipeline is communicated with the pore pressure sensor, and the pore pressure sensor is connected with a data acquisition instrument.
When the consolidometer provided by the invention is used, samples with different heights are prepared by adopting the splicing cutting ring assembly, the height of the loading supporting rod is adjusted according to the height of the samples, so that the loading supporting rod can adapt to the samples with different heights, then the splicing cutting ring assembly filled with the samples is placed into a consolidation container, the dial indicator is lifted to a corresponding position by the telescopic measuring supporting rod, the measuring head at the bottom of the dial indicator is contacted with the top of the pressurizing head, and the bottom of the pressurizing head is pressed on the top center of the samples by pressing the pressurizing beam. In the test process, the dial indicator can measure the compression deformation of the sample, and the pore pressure measuring device can collect the pore water pressure value of the sample. The consolidometer can carry out one-dimensional K on samples with different heights0And the lateral limit consolidation test can measure the consolidation deformation of samples with different heights, so that the compression parameters more suitable for the actual settlement calculation of the foundation in engineering practice can be obtained. The obtained test result can research the influence of the height of the sample on the compression characteristic of the soil body and quantitatively analyze the interaction mechanism of the consolidation effect and the creep effect.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the provided drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of an embodiment of a consolidator provided in the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the dial indicator of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the structure of the percentile clip of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of the compression bolt head of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a schematic structural view of the threaded outer tube of FIG. 1;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the cutting rings of FIG. 1 after splicing;
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of the structure of the ring knife fixing collar of FIG. 1;
figure 8 is a schematic structural view of the hose clamp of figure 1;
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of the base of the grommet base of FIG. 1;
FIG. 10 is a schematic view of the construction of the spliceable grommet of FIG. 1;
FIG. 11 is a schematic structural view of the measuring strut of FIG. 1;
FIG. 12 is a schematic view of the loaded struts of FIG. 1 shown in an un-assembled configuration;
FIG. 13 is a graph of ε -lgt under a 100kPa load for a set of samples having heights of 2cm, 10cm, and 20cm, respectively;
FIG. 14 is a graph of ε -lgt under 200kPa load for a set of specimens having heights of 2cm, 10cm, and 20cm, respectively.
The reference numerals in fig. 1 to 12 are as follows:
the device comprises a splicing cutting ring assembly 1, a cutting ring 11, a cutting ring fixing sleeve ring 12, a first petal sleeve ring 121, a second petal sleeve ring 122, a retaining ring base 13, a splicing retaining ring 14, a throat hoop 15, a loading support rod 2, a first support rod 21, a second support rod 22, a pressurizing head 3, a pressurizing head 31, a threaded outer tube 32, a dial indicator 4, a dial indicator clamp 41, an H-shaped groove 42, an H-shaped slide block 43, a first bolt hole 44, a second bolt hole 45, a measuring support rod 5, an outer measuring rod 51, an inner measuring rod 52, a positioning pin 53, a hole pressure measuring device 6, a drainage pipeline 61, a hole pressure sensor 62, a data acquisition instrument 63, a pressurizing beam 7, an upper pressurizing cover 8 and a guide ring 9.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The core of the invention is to provide a consolidometer which can carry out one-dimensional K on samples with different heights0And in the side limit consolidation test, compression parameters more in accordance with actual settlement calculation of the foundation in engineering practice can be obtained.
Referring to fig. 1-12, fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an embodiment of a consolidation apparatus provided in the present invention; FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a dial indicator; FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the construction of the percentile clip; FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the construction of a head of a compression bolt; FIG. 5 is a schematic structural view of a threaded outer tube; FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the ring cutters after splicing; FIG. 7 is a schematic structural view of a cutting ring fixing collar; figure 8 is a schematic structural view of the hose clamp; FIG. 9 is a schematic view of the construction of the grommet base; FIG. 10 is a schematic view of a construction of a spliceable grommet; FIG. 11 is a schematic structural view of a measuring strut; FIG. 12 is a schematic view of the structure of an un-spliced loaded strut.
The invention provides a consolidation apparatus, which comprises a splicing cutting ring assembly 1, a consolidation container, a loading supporting rod 2, a pressurizing beam 7, a pressurizing head 3, a dial indicator 4, a pore pressure measuring device 6 and the like, wherein the loading supporting rod 2 and the pressurizing beam 7 form a pressurizing frame of the consolidation apparatus, the splicing cutting ring assembly 1 is used for preparing samples with different heights, and after the samples are prepared, the splicing cutting ring assembly 1 containing the samples is placed in the consolidation container so as to carry out consolidation test on the samples.
It will be appreciated that the consolidation vessel is a receiving vessel for the setting of the spliceable ring cutter assembly 1, and preferably, in use, the periphery of the bottom of the spliceable ring cutter assembly 1 is placed in the receiving vessel, and the receiving vessel acts as a bottom support and side stop for the spliceable ring cutter assembly 1.
In order to carry out consolidation tests on samples with different heights, the height of the pressurizing frame is adjusted through the height-adjustable loading support rod 2 so as to place the samples with different heights. When the consolidation test is carried out on samples with different heights, the loading support rod 2 is only required to be adjusted to the corresponding height. Preferably, the number of the loading support rods 2 is two, the two loading support rods 2 are respectively arranged on two opposite sides of the consolidation container, and the tops of the loading support rods 2 are vertically connected with the pressurizing cross beam 7 so as to apply pressure to the sample through the pressurizing cross beam 7.
In order to ensure that the compressive deformation of the whole sample is relatively balanced, the pressurizing beam 7 is connected with the pressurizing head 3, and the pressurizing head 3 is used for applying pressure to the top center of the sample, namely, the pressure applied to the pressurizing beam 7 is transmitted to the top center of the sample through the pressurizing head 3, so that the top center of the sample is stressed, and the whole sample generates vertical displacement under the pressure action of the pressurizing head 3. Preferably, a pressurizing upper cover 8 is arranged above the sample, the top center of the pressurizing upper cover 8 is collinear with the center of the sample, and the bottom of the pressurizing head 3 is embedded into a groove at the top center of the pressurizing upper cover 8, that is, the pressurizing head 3 applies pressure to the sample through the pressurizing upper cover 8, so that the sample is stressed more uniformly.
It can be understood that the present invention measures the deformation amount of the sample under pressure by the dial indicator 4, and when in use, the bottom measuring head of the dial indicator 4 is in contact with the top of the pressurizing head 3 to measure the deformation amount of the sample under pressure by measuring the vertical displacement of the pressurizing head 3.
The dial indicator 4 is fixed on the measuring supporting rod 5, and the height of the loading supporting rod 2 is adjustable, so that the measuring supporting rod 5 can stretch and retract to adapt to samples with different heights, the dial indicator 4 is lifted to a corresponding height position through the stretching and retracting of the measuring supporting rod 5, and a measuring head at the bottom of the dial indicator 4 is in contact with the top of the pressurizing head 3.
Preferably, the dial indicator 4 is connected with a vertical displacement sensor, and the vertical displacement sensor is connected with a data acquisition instrument 63 so as to automatically acquire the vertical deformation of the sample in the whole test process.
The pore pressure measuring device 6 is used for collecting pore water pressure values of the samples in the whole process of the test so as to judge whether the main consolidation of the samples is completed.
In summary, when the consolidometer provided by the invention is used, the splicable cutting ring assembly 1 is adopted to prepare samples with different heights, the height of the loading support rod 2 is adjusted according to the height of the samples, so that the loading support rod 2 can adapt to the samples with different heights, then the splicable cutting ring assembly 1 with the samples is placed into a consolidation container, the dial indicator 4 is lifted to a corresponding position through the telescopic measurement support rod 5, the dial indicator 4 is contacted with the top of the pressurizing head 3, and the bottom of the pressurizing head 3 applies pressure to the center of the top of the samples through the pressurizing beam 7. In the test process, the dial indicator 4 can measure the compression deformation of the sample, and the pore pressure measuring device 6 can collect the pore water pressure value of the sample. The consolidometer can carry out one-dimensional K on samples with different heights0And the lateral limit consolidation test can measure the consolidation deformation of samples with different heights, so that the compression parameters more suitable for the actual settlement calculation of the foundation in engineering practice can be obtained. The obtained test result can research the influence of the height of the sample on the compression characteristic of the soil body and quantitatively analyze the interaction mechanism of the consolidation effect and the creep effect.
In view of the specific implementation manner of the height-adjustable loading strut 2, on the basis of the above embodiment, the loading strut 2 includes a first strut 21 and at least one second strut 22 which can be spliced, the top end of the first strut 21 is connected to the pressurizing beam 7, the bottom end of the first strut 21 is in threaded connection with the second strut 22, and when there are at least two second struts 22, two adjacent second struts 22 are in threaded connection.
That is, in the present embodiment, the first supporting rod 21 and the second supporting rods 22 with different numbers are sequentially spliced to change the height of the loading supporting rod 2, and the lengths of the first supporting rod 21 and the second supporting rod 22 may be equal or unequal.
Preferably, both ends of the first support rod 21 are provided with external threads, and one end of the second support rod 22 is provided with internal threads and the other end is provided with external threads. During the concatenation, the external screw thread and the internal thread cooperation on second branch 22 top of first branch 21 bottom are connected, and when second branch 22 was at least two, the external screw thread that is located the second branch 22 bottom of top and the internal thread cooperation of the second branch 22 that is located the below are connected, on the supporting platform of the external screw in consolidation apparatus of the second branch 22 bottom of below. The external thread on the top end of the first supporting rod 21 is used for fixing the pressurizing cross beam 7, and preferably, the pressurizing cross beam 7 is clamped between two nuts, and the two nuts are connected with the external thread on the top end of the first supporting rod 21 in a matching manner.
In order to ensure that the loading strut 2 has sufficient bearing capacity, it is preferable that the first strut 21 is a solid strut and the portion of the second strut 22 other than the internal thread is a solid rod.
In consideration of the specific implementation manner of the measurement strut 5 being telescopic, on the basis of the above embodiment, the measurement strut 5 includes an outer measurement rod 51 and an inner measurement rod 52 sleeved in the outer measurement rod 51, the outer periphery of the inner measurement rod 52 is provided with a plurality of positioning pins 53 for adjusting the fixing position of the inner measurement rod 52, and the side wall of the outer measurement rod 51 is provided with a positioning hole for positioning in cooperation with any one of the positioning pins 53.
That is, the present embodiment realizes the fixation of the inner measurement rod 52 and the outer measurement rod 51 by the fitting connection of the positioning pin 53 and the positioning hole, and changes the fixation position of the inner measurement rod 52 by fitting a different positioning pin 53 with the positioning hole, thereby realizing the extension and contraction of the inner measurement rod 52 in the outer measurement rod 51.
To facilitate the fixing of the measuring inner rod 52, it is preferable that all the positioning pins 53 be located in a straight line parallel to the axis of the measuring inner rod 52. Further, all the positioning pins 53 are uniformly distributed in the axial direction of the measuring inner rod 52. For example, the number of the positioning pins 53 may be ten, the ten positioning pins 53 are arranged in a straight line along the axial direction of the measurement inner rod 52, and the distance between two adjacent positioning pins 53 is 2 cm.
In consideration of the smoothness of the expansion and contraction of the measurement inner rod 52 in the measurement outer rod 51, the measurement inner rod 52 and the measurement outer rod 51 are preferably rod-shaped members made of stainless steel. The measuring inner rod 52 is preferably a hollow rod.
In order to ensure that the dial indicator 4 can accurately measure the compression deformation of the center point of the sample, on the basis of the above embodiment, the dial indicator 4 is connected with the measuring support rod 5 through the dial indicator clamp 41, the dial indicator clamp 41 is sleeved on the measuring inner rod 52, the dial indicator clamp 41 is provided with an H-shaped groove 42 along the direction perpendicular to the measuring support rod 5, the measuring rod of the dial indicator 4 is provided with an H-shaped slider 43 capable of sliding along the H-shaped groove 42, and the dial indicator clamp 41 is provided with a first bolt hole 44 for fixing the dial indicator clamp 41 on the measuring inner rod 52 and a second bolt hole 45 for matching with a second bolt to enable the H-shaped groove 42 to contract so as to clamp the H-shaped slider 43.
That is to say, this embodiment drives percentage table 4 to be close to or keep away from measuring branch 5 through the slip of H type slider 43 in H type groove 42, and that is to say, percentage table 4 can be at the direction translation of perpendicular to sample central line to when the central line of different samples is not in a position, through driving percentage table 4 translation, adjust percentage table 4's position, make the measuring head of percentage table 4's measuring stick bottom aim at the central point department of sample all the time, with the vertical displacement of measuring sample central point.
Considering the fixing manner of the H-shaped slider 43 and the measuring rod of the dial indicator 4, preferably, the H-shaped slider 43 is a steel slider, and the H-shaped slider 43 is welded and fixed with the measuring rod of the dial indicator 4.
Considering the manner of fixing the percentile clamp 41, one end of the percentile clamp 41 is provided with a mounting hole, the axis of which is perpendicular to the axis of the first bolt hole 44, and the mounting hole is communicated with the first bolt hole 44. The dial indicator clamp 41 is sleeved on the outer peripheral part of the measuring inner rod 52 through the mounting hole, and the dial indicator clamp 41 and the measuring inner rod 52 are fixed through the first bolt in fit connection with the first bolt hole 44, it can be understood that when the dial indicator clamp 41 is fixed, the end part of the first bolt tightly props against the outer peripheral part of the measuring inner rod 52. Considering the fixing problem of the dial indicator 4 when the bottom end of the measuring rod of the dial indicator 4 is aligned with the center point of the sample, the dial indicator clamp 41 is provided with a second bolt hole 45, when the measuring head at the bottom end of the measuring rod of the dial indicator 4 is aligned with the center point of the sample, two groove walls of the H-shaped groove 42 are close to each other through a second bolt penetrating through the second bolt hole 45, so that the groove width of the H-shaped groove 42 is narrowed, that is, the H-shaped sliding block 43 is clamped through contraction of the H-shaped groove 42, so that the fixing of the dial indicator 4 and the dial indicator clamp 41 is realized, and the position of the dial indicator 4 in the direction perpendicular to the measuring inner rod 52 is kept unchanged. In order to ensure that the pressure head 3 can be always in contact with the sample when the vertical deformation of the sample is large, on the basis of the above embodiment, the pressure head 3 comprises a pressure bolt head 31 connected with the pressure beam 7 and a threaded outer tube 32 in threaded connection with the pressure bolt head 31, the bottom of the threaded outer tube 32 is embedded in a top groove of the pressure upper cover 8 at the top of the sample, and the top of the pressure bolt head 31 is in contact with a measuring head at the bottom of the dial indicator 4.
That is, in the present embodiment, the distance between the pressure head 3 and the upper pressure cover 8 above the sample can be adjusted by adjusting the screwing length of the pressure head 31 and the threaded outer tube 32, so as to ensure that the bottom of the pressure head 3 is always in contact with the top of the upper pressure cover 8, thereby ensuring that the pressure head 3 applies pressure to the top of the sample.
It should be noted that the length of the pressure bolt head 31 and the length of the threaded outer tube 32 depend on the drainage distance, that is, the height of the sample, and the larger the height of the sample is, the larger the drainage distance is, the larger the compression amount of the sample in the test process is, and the longer the length of the pressure bolt head 31 and the length of the threaded outer tube 32 should be. When the vertical deformation of the sample is small, for example, when a 2 cm-high sample is tested, the threaded outer tube 32 is not needed, and only the pressure bolt head 31 is used, that is, during the test, the bottom of the pressure bolt head 31 is embedded into the top groove of the upper pressure cover 8 at the top of the sample, and the top of the pressure bolt head 31 is in contact with the measuring head at the bottom of the dial indicator 4. It will be appreciated that the bottom shape of the head 31 of the pressure bolt conforms to the bottom shape of the threaded outer tube 32.
In order to avoid rusting, the pressure bolt head 31 is made of stainless steel, and the threaded outer tube 32 is made of stainless steel and is a threaded outer tube 32.
In view of the realization of the specific structure of the splicable ring knife assembly 1, on the basis of any one of the above embodiments, the splicable ring knife assembly 1 comprises at least two splicable ring knives 11 for cutting or filling a sample, a ring knife fixing collar 12 sleeved with the outer wall of the splicable ring knife 11, and a fastener for fastening the ring knife fixing collar 12.
When the sample is an undisturbed soil sample, the cutting ring 11 is adopted to directly cut the undisturbed soil sample; and when the sample is a remolded soil sample, filling the remolded soil sample into the cutting ring 11 in a layered and uniform manner. Preferably, the height of the cutting ring 11 is 2cm or 4 cm. After a sample is cut or filled in a single cutting ring 11, at least two cutting rings 11 are spliced into an integral structure according to the required height, and the sample height is increased after a plurality of cutting rings 11 are spliced. The problems that when the higher cutting ring 11 is directly adopted to cut undisturbed soil, the frictional resistance between the cutting ring 11 and the soil sample is large, the cutting ring 11 is easy to incline, soil cutting is difficult and the like can be solved, or the problems that when a remolded soil sample is directly filled into the higher cutting ring 11, sample loading is inconvenient and uneven and the like can be solved.
It can be understood that the cutting ring fixing sleeve ring 12 is used for fixing the spliced cutting rings 11 to avoid radial dislocation of the cutting rings 11, and ensure that the axes of the cutting rings 11 are collinear, so that the cross sections of the soil samples in the cutting rings 11 are overlapped. The fastener is used for tightly fixing the cutting ring fixing lantern ring 12 and the cutting ring 11 so as to prevent samples with different heights from inclining in the loaded deformation process.
Preferably, the cutting ring 11 is a stainless steel cutting ring 11, the diameters of the inner walls of the cutting rings 11 are uniformly 61.8mm, and the heights of the cutting rings 11 are 20mm or 40 mm.
Further, the cutting ring fixing ring 12 is preferably a stainless steel cutting ring fixing ring 12, and the height of the cutting ring fixing ring 12 includes 100mm or 200 mm.
For the convenience of installation in use, on the basis of the above embodiment, the cutting ring fixing collar 12 includes a first petal collar 121 and a second petal collar 122 symmetrically disposed along the plane where the axis of the cutting ring fixing collar 12 is located, and the first petal collar 121 and the second petal collar 122 are fastened together.
That is to say, in this embodiment, the cutting ring 12 is divided into two halves, when preparing the sample, the outer wall of each cutting ring 11 is sequentially attached to the inner wall of the first-half sleeve ring 121 and placed inside the first-half sleeve ring 121, so as to complete the assembly of each cutting ring 11 in the first-half sleeve ring 121, and after the assembly is completed, the second-half sleeve ring 122 and/or the first-half sleeve ring 121 are tightly fastened. The cutting ring fixing lantern ring 12 with the structure is convenient to assemble, and brings convenience to the test.
In view of the realization of the concrete structure of the fastener, on the basis of the above-mentioned embodiment, the fastener comprises a grommet base 13, a spliceable grommet 14 and a hose clamp 15. The retaining ring base 13 is used for fastening the periphery of the bottom of the cutting ring fixing sleeve ring 12, the splicing retaining ring 14 is used for fastening the periphery below the middle part of the cutting ring fixing sleeve ring 12 in the height direction, meanwhile, the cutting ring fixing sleeve ring 12 is prevented from shaking, and the hose clamp 15 is used for fastening the periphery of the top of the cutting ring fixing sleeve ring 12. The spliced retaining ring 14, the retaining ring base 13 and the throat hoop 15 are respectively used for tightly fixing the middle lower part and the upper part of the cutting ring fixing lantern ring 12, and the samples with different heights are guaranteed not to incline in the loaded deformation process.
Preferably, the throat band 15 is a stainless steel throat band 15, the size of the throat band 15 can be adjusted by rotating the locking head of the throat band 15 by a screwdriver, and the throat band 15 can tightly clamp the upper parts of the two annular knife fixing collars 12.
In order to form a tight connection between the spliceable guard rings 14, based on the above embodiment, when there are at least two spliceable guard rings 14, the guard ring base 13 is connected to the bottom layer of the spliceable guard ring 14 by concave-convex fitting, and the adjacent two spliceable guard rings 14 are connected by concave-convex fitting.
Preferably, the retaining ring base 13 is a stainless steel retaining ring base 13, a groove is formed in the top of the retaining ring base 13, a boss is arranged at the bottom of the protective ring 14 capable of being spliced, a groove is formed in the top of the protective ring 14 capable of being spliced, the groove in the top of the protective ring 14 capable of being spliced is consistent with the groove in the top of the retaining ring base 13, and when the retaining ring is spliced, the boss of the protective ring 14 capable of being spliced at the bottommost layer is inserted into the groove of the base and is clamped and connected in a concave-convex embedded mode; the lug boss of the protection ring 14 which can be spliced and is positioned at the upper part is inserted into the groove of the protection ring 14 which can be spliced and is positioned at the lower part adjacent to the lug boss to form concave-convex embedded clamping. That is, in the present embodiment, the protection ring 14 and the protection ring base 13 are connected to each other by the concave-convex fitting, so that the fastening ability is improved.
In view of the realization of the concrete structure of the pore pressure measuring device 6, on the basis of the above-described embodiment, the pore pressure measuring device 6 includes the water discharge pipe 61 and the pore pressure sensor 62, one end of the water discharge pipe 61 is communicated with the water permeable stone above the sample through the water impermeable gasket, the other end is communicated with the pore pressure sensor 62, and the pore pressure sensor 62 is connected with the data acquisition system. The pore pressure measuring device 6 is used for measuring the dissipation of the pore water pressure of the pressurized sample in the test process.
Taking a specific embodiment disclosed by the invention as an example, respectively carrying out one-dimensional K with the sample heights of 2cm, 10cm and 20cm0The consolidation test specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1: preparing a sample: vaseline was applied to the inner side of the 2cm or 4cm high ring cutter 11, and a test soil sample was prepared. If an undisturbed soil sample needs to be prepared, directly cutting the undisturbed test soil sample by using a cutting ring 11; if a remolded soil sample needs to be prepared, the soil body is dried and crushed in sequence, and is sieved by a standard sieve with the aperture of 0.5mm, a sample is prepared according to the water content required by the test, and is placed for 24 hours, layered and uniformly filled into a ring cutter 11 with the diameter of 2cm or 4 cm. The prepared sample is fixedly placed in a saturator for vacuum saturation.
Step 2: debugging the pore pressure measuring device 6: after the rubber suction ball is filled with water, the ball nozzle is aligned to one end of the drainage pipeline 61, the water in the suction ball is squeezed out, the whole drainage pipeline 61 is filled with water, and the air in the drainage pipeline 61 is discharged.
And step 3: fixing the cutting ring 11: after saturation, the sample is taken out, and permeable stones at the bottom of the sample and filter paper at the bottom of the sample are sequentially placed on the consolidation container, so that the ring cutter 11 is directly spliced and fixed in the consolidation container for convenient sample loading, and the problem that the consolidation container is difficult to place by the ring cutter 11 with too large height is avoided. In order to prepare a sample with the height of 10cm, a first valve lantern ring 121 is placed at the bottom of a consolidation container, and then a sample with the height of 2cm and two samples with the height of 4cm are assembled into the inner side of the first valve lantern ring 121 with the height of 10cm in a layered mode; in order to prepare a sample with the height of 20cm, a first valve lantern ring 121 is placed at the bottom of a consolidation container, two samples with the height of 2cm and four samples with the height of 4cm are assembled into the inner side of the first valve lantern ring 121 with the height of 20cm in a layering mode, the outer wall of a cutting ring 11 is tightly attached to the inner wall of the first valve lantern ring 121 in the assembly process of the cutting ring 11 so as to ensure that the upper cross section and the lower cross section of each sample are completely overlapped, and a second valve lantern ring 122 is tightly buckled with the first valve lantern ring 121 after the assembly is completed, so that samples with the height of 10. A 2cm high sample is taken with a single cutting ring 11.
The bottom of the cutting ring fixing sleeve ring 12 is fixed by the guard ring base 13, the corresponding protective ring 14 capable of being spliced is sleeved on the outer periphery of the cutting ring fixing sleeve ring 12 according to the height of the spliced cutting ring 11, the guard ring fixing base and the protective ring 14 capable of being spliced are connected in a concave-convex embedded clamping groove mode, all parts are in close contact, the middle lower part of the cutting ring fixing sleeve ring 12 is fixed by the fixing cutting ring, and the cutting ring fixing sleeve ring 12 is guaranteed not to shake. The locking head of the throat hoop 15 is rotated to adjust the size of the throat hoop 15, so that the throat hoop 15 tightly hoops the upper parts of the two annular knife fixing lantern rings 12.
And 4, step 4: installing test accessories: putting sample top filter paper, sample top permeable stone, impervious gasket, pressure upper cover 8 and guide ring 9 on the sample in proper order, wherein, guide ring 9 is used for fixed top permeable stone and pressure upper cover 8, prevents in the test process sample top permeable stone and 8 offset of pressure upper cover.
And 5: assembling a test device: one end of the drainage pipeline 61 is communicated with the permeable stone on the top of the sample through the pressurizing upper cover 8 and the holes on the impermeable gasket, the other end of the drainage pipeline 61 is communicated with the hole pressure sensor 62, and the hole pressure sensor 62 and the displacement sensor are connected with the data acquisition instrument 63.
Assembling the first support rod 21 and the second support rod 22 into a group of complete loading support rods 2 corresponding to the height of the cutting ring 11, enabling the loading support rods 2 to be sequentially placed into samples of 2cm, 10cm and 20cm in height, placing the consolidation container in the middle of the loading support rods 2, and enabling the pressurizing upper cover 8 to be aligned with the centers of the loading support rods 2.
After the pressurizing bolt head 31 is screwed into the pressurizing cross beam 7, the pressurizing bolt head 31 is in threaded connection with the threaded outer pipe 32, the length of the pressurizing bolt head 31 and the length of the threaded outer pipe 32 are adjusted, so that the bottom of the threaded outer pipe 32 is aligned with the center of the groove in the top of the pressurizing upper cover 8, wherein the threaded outer pipe 32 is not needed in a 2cm high sample test, and only the bottom of the pressurizing bolt head 31 is aligned with the center of the groove in the top of the pressurizing upper cover 8.
And (3) installing the measuring support rod 5, and adjusting a positioning pin 53 which is arranged on the measuring inner rod 52 and matched with the positioning hole of the measuring outer rod 51 to ensure that the height of the measuring support rod 5 respectively meets the sample of 10cm and 20 cm.
The dial indicator clamp 41 is sleeved on the periphery of the measuring inner rod 52, and the dial indicator clamp 41 is fixedly installed on the measuring inner rod 52 through a first bolt matched with the first bolt hole 44. The H-shaped sliding block 43 of the dial indicator 4 is placed in the H-shaped groove 42 of the dial indicator clamp 41 and can move in the H-shaped groove 42, the position of the H-shaped sliding block 43 in the H-shaped groove 42 is adjusted, the measuring head at the bottom of the dial indicator 4 is aligned to the top center of the pressurizing bolt head 31, the H-shaped sliding block 43 is fixed in the H-shaped groove 42 through a second bolt matched with the second bolt hole 45, and therefore the dial indicator 4 is installed and fixed on the dial indicator clamp 41, and the large-range dial indicator 4 is preferably selected during a 20cm sample consolidation test.
Step 6: the test was started: applying a pre-pressing force of 1kPa to enable the sample to be in contact with the upper and lower parts of the instrument, compacting redundant gaps, and stopping pre-pressing when the hyperstatic pore water pressure value is less than 0.5 kPa.
And 7: and removing the pre-pressure, zeroing the dial indicator 4, immediately applying a first-stage load, avoiding impact and shaking during loading, and ensuring that the pressure is uniformly applied to the surface of the sample. In order to reduce the influence of human factors, the vertical deformation and the pore water pressure value of the sample in the whole test process are automatically acquired through the geotechnical test data acquisition instrument 63, the vertical displacement reading is accurate to 0.01mm, and the pore water pressure reading is accurate to 0.5 kPa.
Considering the time interval of experimental data acquisition, the consolidation time factor T is known according to Terzaghi one-dimensional consolidation theoryvIn proportion to the square of the height H of the sample, in order to keep consistent with the reading time interval of the sample with the height of 2cm in the geotechnical test specification, the test data reading intervals of the samples with different heights are respectively as follows:
0 second, 0 second,
Figure BDA0001752417600000131
Second, second,
Figure BDA0001752417600000132
Second, second,
Figure BDA0001752417600000133
In minutes,
Figure BDA0001752417600000134
In minutes,
Figure BDA0001752417600000135
In minutes,
Figure BDA0001752417600000136
In minutes,
Figure BDA0001752417600000137
In minutes,
Figure BDA0001752417600000138
In minutes,
Figure BDA0001752417600000139
In minutes,
Figure BDA00017524176000001310
In minutes,
Figure BDA00017524176000001311
In minutes,
Figure BDA00017524176000001312
In minutes,
Figure BDA00017524176000001313
In minutes,
Figure BDA00017524176000001314
In minutes,
Figure BDA00017524176000001315
In minutes,
Figure BDA00017524176000001316
In minutes,
Figure BDA00017524176000001317
In minutes,
Figure BDA00017524176000001318
In minutes,
Figure BDA00017524176000001319
In minutes,
Figure BDA00017524176000001320
H, h,
Figure BDA00017524176000001321
And (4) hours.
For the standard for judging whether the samples with different heights complete the main consolidation, because the standard for judging whether the main consolidation is completed in the geotechnical test specification is only suitable for the samples with the height of 2cm and is not suitable for the samples with higher height, the following method can be used for judging whether the samples with different heights complete the main consolidation according to the Terzaghi one-dimensional consolidation theory: (1) reading the hyperstatic pore water pressure value on the data acquisition instrument 63 in real time, and judging that the main consolidation of the sample is finished when the pore water pressure value is less than 1 kPa; (2) since the deformation of the sample is proportional to the sample height H, the primary consolidation completion criteria according to a 2cm sample are: the deformation of the sample with the height of 10cm is not more than 0.01mm in the last 1h, the deformation of the sample with the height of 10cm in the last 1h is not more than 0.05mm, and the deformation of the sample with the height of 20cm in the last 1h is not more than 0.1 mm. Namely: the consolidation completion criterion for a specimen of height H is that the deformation does not exceed the final 1 hour
Figure BDA0001752417600000141
If the long-term consolidation test is not needed, the next-stage load is continuously applied, and the sample loading sequence is preferably 12.5kPa, 25kPa, 50kPa, 100kPa, 200kPa, 400kPa, 800 kPa; if secondary consolidation deformation needs to be studied, consolidation is continued and test data is read every 24 hours.
And 8: immediately after the first stage load was applied, the container was filled with water, the upper ring knife 11 was surrounded by wet cotton yarn around the mouth, and water was applied periodically to maintain the moisture in the cotton yarn and prevent evaporation of water from the sample.
And step 9: when a rebound experiment is required, the sample can be unloaded after consolidation is stabilized under a certain level of pressure until the pressure is unloaded to the first level of pressure, and the rebound amount of the sample is measured after each pressure relief is carried out for 24 hours.
Step 10: and after the experiment is finished, absorbing water in the container, rapidly detaching each part of the instrument, taking out the sample, and performing related data processing. And the influence trend of different sample heights on a deformation curve in a comparison test, the strain amount when main consolidation of different sample heights is completed, and the like.
As shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, FIG. 13 is a graph of ε -lgt under a load of 100kPa for a set of specimens having heights of 2cm, 10cm and 20cm, respectively; FIG. 14 is a graph of ε -lgt under 200kPa load for a set of specimens having heights of 2cm, 10cm, and 20cm, respectively.
In fig. 13 and 14: epsilonEOP-2、εEOP-10、εEOP-20The strain values corresponding to the completion of the main consolidation of the samples with the heights of 2cm, 10cm and 20cm are respectively.
As can be seen in fig. 13 and 14: along with the increase of the height of the sample, the time for completing the main consolidation and the strain value when the main consolidation is completed can be increased, the sample with the height of 2cm firstly completes the main consolidation deformation and enters the secondary consolidation stage, and the sample with the higher height needs longer time to complete the main consolidation, so the influence of creep deformation needs to be considered in the main consolidation stage, and if the settlement amount of the on-site deep foundation is calculated by using the compression parameters obtained by the conventional indoor sample with the height of 2cm, the influence of the creep deformation in the main consolidation stage is underestimated.
It is further noted that, in the present specification, relational terms such as first and second, and the like are used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions.
The embodiments in the present description are described in a progressive manner, each embodiment focuses on differences from other embodiments, and the same and similar parts among the embodiments are referred to each other.
The consolidator provided by the present invention is described in detail above. The principles and embodiments of the present invention are explained herein using specific examples, which are presented only to assist in understanding the method and its core concepts. It should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, it is possible to make various improvements and modifications to the present invention without departing from the principle of the present invention, and those improvements and modifications also fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims (7)

1. A consolidometer, comprising:
a splicable cutting ring assembly (1) for preparing samples with different heights;
a consolidation container for placing the splicable cutting ring assembly (1) containing the sample;
the loading support rods (2) are arranged on two sides of the consolidation container, and the height of the loading support rods (2) is adjustable;
a pressurizing beam (7) connected with the top of the loading support rod (2);
the pressurizing head (3) is connected with the pressurizing cross beam (7) and is used for pressurizing the top center of the sample;
the dial indicator (4) is in contact with the top of the pressurizing head (3) and is used for measuring the compression deformation of the sample, the dial indicator (4) is connected with the telescopic measuring support rod (5), and the measuring support rod (5) is arranged in parallel with the loading support rod (2);
pore pressure measuring device (6) for collecting pore water pressure value of the sample;
the splicing cutting ring assembly (1) comprises at least two splicing cutting rings (11) used for cutting or filling the sample, a cutting ring fixing sleeve ring (12) attached and sleeved with the outer wall of the spliced cutting rings (11), and a fastener used for fastening the cutting ring fixing sleeve ring (12);
the cutting ring fixing sleeve ring (12) comprises a first petal sleeve ring (121) and a second petal sleeve ring (122) which are symmetrically arranged along the plane where the axis of the cutting ring fixing sleeve ring (12) is located, and the first petal sleeve ring (121) and the second petal sleeve ring (122) are buckled;
the fastener includes:
a retaining ring base (13) for fastening the bottom periphery of the cutting ring fixing collar (12);
at least one spliceable guard ring (14) for fastening the periphery of the cutting ring fixing collar (12) below the middle part in the height direction;
a throat band (15) for tightening the top periphery of the cutting ring fixing collar (12).
2. Consolidation apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the loading struts (2) comprise a first strut (21) and at least one second strut (22), the top end of the first strut (21) is connected to the pressing beam (7), the bottom end of the first strut (21) is in threaded connection with the second strut (22), when there are at least two second struts (22), two adjacent second struts (22) are in threaded connection.
3. The consolidometer according to claim 1, wherein the measuring strut (5) comprises an outer measuring rod (51) and an inner measuring rod (52) sleeved in the outer measuring rod (51), the outer periphery of the inner measuring rod (52) is provided with a plurality of positioning pins (53) for adjusting the fixing position of the inner measuring rod (52), and the side wall of the outer measuring rod (51) is provided with a positioning hole for matching and positioning with any one of the positioning pins (53).
4. The consolidometer according to claim 3, wherein the dial indicator (4) is connected to the measuring strut (5) through a dial indicator clamp (41), the dial indicator clamp (41) is sleeved on the measuring inner rod (52), the dial indicator clamp (41) is provided with an H-shaped groove (42) along a direction perpendicular to the measuring strut (5), an H-shaped sliding block (43) capable of sliding along the H-shaped groove (42) is arranged on the measuring rod of the dial indicator (4), and the dial indicator clamp (41) is provided with a first bolt hole (44) for fixing the dial indicator clamp (41) on the measuring inner rod (52) and a second bolt hole (45) for cooperating with a second bolt to contract the H-shaped groove (42) to clamp the H-shaped sliding block (43).
5. Consolidation apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the pressure head (3) comprises a pressure bolt head (31) connected to the pressure beam (7) and a threaded outer tube (32) in threaded connection with the pressure bolt head (31), the bottom of the threaded outer tube (32) is embedded in the top groove of the pressure upper cover (8) on the top of the test sample, and the top of the pressure bolt head (31) is in contact with the measuring head on the bottom of the dial indicator (4).
6. The consolidometer according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein when there are at least two said spliceable guard rings (14), said guard ring base (13) is in concave-convex embedded connection with the bottom layer of said spliceable guard ring (14), and two adjacent said spliceable guard rings (14) are in concave-convex embedded connection.
7. Consolidation apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the pore pressure measuring device (6) comprises a drainage pipe (61) and a pore pressure sensor (62), one end of the drainage pipe (61) is communicated with the permeable stone (64) above the sample through a watertight gasket, the other end is communicated with the pore pressure sensor (62), and the pore pressure sensor (62) is connected with a data collector (63).
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