CN108846155B - Vector calculation method for electrical load center of building engineering and power transformation design method - Google Patents
Vector calculation method for electrical load center of building engineering and power transformation design method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a vector calculation method for an electrical load center of a building engineering, which utilizes a minimum load moment method to quantitatively calculate the electrical load center and obtain the optimal theoretical position of a substation, and specifically comprises the following steps of (1) setting the calculation premise of the calculation method: the electrical lines are laid according to three axes; (2) for an incompletely balanced system, according to the rule that coordinate points (x, y, z) of the optimal load center under the graticule will respectively fall on coordinate points corresponding to the axes of some loads, except for the completely balanced system, a group of loads are decomposed into coordinate systems of three axes, a point is found, the sum of load moments of all loads on the point is minimum, and the obtained point is the optimal load center of the system, and the coordinate point of the point is the optimal theoretical position of a strain power station. The power transformation design method based on the method is further disclosed, scientific power supply area and load capacity of the power transformation substation are determined, the problems of overlarge capacity of the power transformation substation, overlarge capacity of a single unit, overlarge system and energy consumption loss are solved, and a system power supply idea of supplying power to a plurality of small-capacity power transformation substations is formed by combining a load distribution state.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of power systems, in particular to an electric load center vector calculation method and a method for determining the number and the positions of substations according to the calculation method.
Background
The power transformation design belongs to the design of an electrical system, and aims to establish a proper electrical system through load analysis and find out the minimum total load moment of the system so as to achieve the aim of energy conservation. The transformation is usually arranged in the load center, so that the distribution loss can be reduced, the line voltage drop is minimized, and the electric energy efficiency is highest. The past substation design has the following shortcomings:
(1) for the load center, only qualitative analysis and no quantitative calculation are carried out;
(2) even if there is a rough quantitative calculation, the accuracy of its method is yet to be determined.
In particular, the prior art generally uses a load center of gravity method, and whether the load center should be calculated according to the relative center of gravity of the load or not needs to be specifically analyzed.
1) Load center of gravity method: the IEC 60364-8 appendix suggests the center of gravity of the load as the center of the load. As shown in fig. 1, the capacity and position of the load in the area are:
L1(x1,y1,z1)；L2(x2,y2,z2),；L3(x3,y3,z3)…
the load center coordinate positions are:
(X,Y,Z)＝(L1*(x1,y1,z1)+L2*(x2,y2,z2)+L3*(x3,y3,z3))+...)/(L+L2+L3+...)
From the analysis of fig. 1 it is shown that the load centre is at the centre of gravity of the triangle when the three loads are equal. The specific calculation is as follows:
the power consumption is 3 loads of 80kWh on one plane respectively, and the load centers of the loads are calculated, and the load centers are shown in FIG. 1:
load L1:80kWh (1,1,0),
load L2:80kWh (9,9,0)
Load L3:80kWh (20,5,0)
Load center coordinates:
fig. 1B shows (x, y, z) ((80 × (1,1,0) +80 × (9,9,0) +80 × (20,5,0)/(80+80+80) ((10, 5, 0)).
From the analysis of fig. 2, it is shown that when the three loads are different, the load centers are adjusted in consideration of the different capacities of the loads, and the gravity center positions of the triangles are adjusted. The specific calculation is as follows:
the gravity centers of the 3 loads with different electric quantities are calculated, and the gravity centers are shown in figure 2:
load L1:80kWh (1,1,0)
Load L2:80kWh (9,9,0)
Load L3:320kWh (20,5,0)
The load center coordinates are:
(x,y,z)＝(80*(1,1,0)+80*(9,9,0)+320*(20,5,0)/(80+80+320)＝(15,5,0)
see point B of fig. 2.
From the analysis of fig. 1 it is shown that when the three loads are equal, the load centre is at the centre of gravity of the triangle.
Fig. 2 shows in analysis that when three loads are different, the load centers are adjusted in consideration of different capacities of the loads, and the gravity center positions of the triangles are adjusted.
Referring to fig. 1 and 3, still taking the above triangle load as an example, when the three vertices are loaded the same, if according to the barycentric method, the load center should be at point B (10,5,0), but if considering that the sum of the distances from a point to the three vertices is the shortest, it should be the fermat point a (9.1247,8.4361,0) of this triangle. It can be demonstrated that the center of gravity point B is not a point a that is a distance from three vertices and shortest. Only the centroid of the regular triangle overlaps the fermat point.
Further taking an example on a numerical axis as an example, referring to fig. 4, if there are loads L1, L2 on two points on the numerical axis, when the two loads are equal, the center of the load is at the center of the two points according to the intuition of the general technician, and if the load of L2 is 4 times that of L1, the center of the load should be 1/4 which is relatively close to L2. In fact, if the loads at two points are the same, the effect is the same when the power substation is arranged at any point between L1 and L2, and if the loads at two points are different, the power substation is arranged on L2 with large load instead of 1/4 which is closer to L2, see FIG. 5.
The load center is generally the point where the total load moment is the smallest, but as can be seen from the description of fig. 1-5, the current load center calculation method (i.e., the center of gravity method) is not the smallest total load moment, and therefore it can be concluded that the center of the calculated electrical load should not be calculated according to the center of gravity method.
In addition, for the design of the substation, the length and the cross section of the cable of the low-voltage distribution system are determined by the position of the substation, the past practice is to determine the position and the number of the substation according to factors such as the area of a building, the distribution of loads, required power and the like, the correlation among the factors is complex and difficult to calculate, and the traditional gravity center calculation algorithm for calculating the center of the electrical load is inaccurate and cannot be used for guiding the design of the substation.
Therefore, new methods are needed to determine the electrical load center.
Disclosure of Invention
Accordingly, the inventor proposes a minimum moment of load method, that is, a new vector calculation method should be found to find a point: the sum of the load times the distance (moment) of each load to this point is minimal and unless the system is fully balanced, the coordinate of the minimal moment of load always falls on the load axis coordinate of one load.
The invention aims to solve the technical problems in the prior art and provides a vector calculation method of an electrical load center of a building engineering and a power transformation design method based on the vector calculation method.
The object of the present invention is a method for determining the electrical load centre of a construction project, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: finding a point, which is the electrical load center of the construction project, wherein the sum of all loads and the load moment on the point is minimum.
Preferably, the method is a vector calculation method, and the steps include:
(1) according to the characteristic that most of the existing buildings are in a longitude and latitude column net form, the calculation premise of the calculation method is set as follows: the electrical lines are laid according to three axes;
(2) for an incompletely balanced system, according to the rule that coordinate points (x, y, z) of an optimal load center under a graticule will respectively fall on coordinate points corresponding to axes of some loads, except for the completely balanced system, a group of loads are decomposed into coordinate systems of three axes of an x axis, a y axis or a z axis, a point is found, the sum of load moments of all the loads on the point is the minimum, and the obtained point is the electrical load center, and the coordinate point of the point is the optimal theoretical position of a strain power station.
The invention also aims to provide a power transformation design method based on the calculation method of the electrical load center of the constructional engineering, which comprises the following steps of:
(1) the method is used for quantitatively calculating the electrical load center, and comprises the steps of finding a point in the building engineering, wherein the sum of load moments from all electrical loads to the point is the minimum, and the point is the electrical load center and is the optimal theoretical position of a substation;
(2) According to the electrical load center and the divided different power supply areas, a plurality of sets of substation configuration schemes are designed, the total load moment and the average load distance from each load of the substation area to the substation in each configuration scheme are calculated, the economical efficiency of the designed substation is evaluated, and the final number and position of the substations are determined.
Preferably, the electrical load in the step (1) refers to the annual power consumption of the electric equipment, the power consumption includes the work system of the equipment, and the work system includes a long-time work system, a short-time work system and an instantaneous work system.
Preferably, the step (1) comprises:
(1-1) positioning each distribution box as a power utilization node by using a building information model system (BIM);
(1-2) power supply area differentiation is carried out preliminarily, power utilization nodes in the areas are quantitatively calculated through a construction engineering electrical load center vector calculation method, a theoretical load center coordinate in the areas, namely the optimal theoretical position of the substation, is obtained, and the position of the actual substation should be as close to the coordinate position of the load center as possible in principle.
Preferably, the economic criteria of step (2) are: the more the load is concentrated in the center of the electrical load, the smaller the average load distance of the system is, and the lower the energy consumption of the system is; the total load moment of the whole building is different due to different positions and numbers of the power substations; the smaller the total load moment is, the more compact the system is; wherein the average load distance is defined as the average distance of each load in the electrical system to the power supply point, i.e. the quotient of the total load moment and the total load amount.
Preferably, the step (2) economic elements include: (1) the balance between the building area and the arrangement of multiple centers and the additional arrangement of a substation; the economic cost brought by the number of system transformers, the number of load switch cabinets of the substation and the number of high-voltage intervals; cost savings are realized by the reduction of low voltage cables.
Preferably, the plurality of schemes in step (2) comprise different numbers of the power substations and positions of the power substations.
Preferably, the design method does not take into account emergency loads.
The invention also aims to provide a construction project comprising a substation designed according to the method of the invention.
The above and other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become more apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of specific embodiments thereof, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Drawings
Some specific embodiments of the invention will be described in detail hereinafter, by way of illustration and not limitation, with reference to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers in the drawings identify the same or similar elements or components. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. The objects and features of the present invention will become more apparent in view of the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Fig. 1 is a diagram of a center of gravity method for the same load capacity according to the prior art.
Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating a center of gravity method according to the prior art in a case where load capacities are different.
FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of the Fermat point for the shortest load moment method for the same load capacity in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of load centers obtained by a center of gravity method in the case where load capacities on axes are the same and in the case where the load capacities are different, respectively, according to the prior art;
FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of the load centers obtained by the minimum load moment method for the same load capacity on the axes and for different load capacities, respectively, in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of load centers obtained from the graticule minimum load moment method for the same load capacity in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 7 is a graphical representation of load centers obtained from the graticule minimum load moment method for different load capacities in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that numerous technical details are set forth in order to provide a better understanding of the present application in various embodiments of the present invention. However, the technical solutions claimed in the claims of the present application can be implemented without these technical details and with various changes and modifications based on the following embodiments.
(1) Load moment: an electrical load delivering work generated over a distance, the product of load and distance;
(2) total load moment of the system: an electrical system, the sum of the moments of the loads to the point of supply;
(3) average load distance: the average distance from each load to a power supply point of an electric system is the quotient of the total load moment of the system and the total load quantity of the system.
The method for calculating the electric load center vector of the building engineering adopted in the embodiment comprises the following steps:
(1) according to the characteristic that most of the existing buildings are in a form of a longitude and latitude column net, the calculation premise of the calculation method is set as follows: the electrical lines are laid according to three axes;
(2) for an incompletely balanced system, according to the rule that coordinate points (x, y, z) of the optimal load center under the graticule will respectively fall on coordinate points corresponding to the axes of some loads, except for the completely balanced system, a group of loads are decomposed into coordinate systems of three axes, namely an x axis, a y axis or a z axis, a point is found, the sum of load moments of all the loads on the point is the minimum point, and the obtained point is the optimal load center of the system, and the coordinate point corresponds to the optimal theoretical position of an electric strain.
The design process of the substation is carried out based on the construction engineering electrical load center vector calculation method, and the design method does not consider emergency load, and comprises the following steps:
(1) the method for calculating the vector of the electrical load center of the building engineering can be used for quantitatively calculating the electrical load center, a point can be found by the method for calculating the vector of the electrical load center of the building engineering, the sum of load moments from all electrical loads to the point is the minimum, the point is the electrical load center, namely the optimal theoretical position of a power substation, the electrical load refers to the electricity consumption of electrical equipment in one year, the electricity consumption comprises the work system of the equipment, and the work system comprises a long-time work system, a short-time work system and an instantaneous work system, and the method comprises the following steps:
(1-1) positioning each distribution box as a power utilization node by using a building information model system (BIM);
(1-2) preliminarily performing power supply area differentiation, and performing quantitative calculation on power utilization nodes in an area by using a construction engineering electrical load center vector calculation method to obtain a theoretical load center coordinate in the area, namely the optimal theoretical position of the substation, wherein the position of the actual substation should be as close to the coordinate position of the load center as possible in principle;
(2) And designing a plurality of sets of substation configuration schemes according to the divided different power supply areas, wherein the configuration schemes comprise different substation numbers and substation positions, calculating the total load moment from each load of the substation area to the system of the substation and the average load distance of the substation in each configuration scheme, evaluating the economy of the designed substation, and determining the final substation number and position.
Wherein, the economic standard lies in: the more the load is concentrated in the center of the electrical load, the smaller the average load distance of the system is, and the lower the energy consumption of the system is; the total load moment of the system of the whole building is different due to different quantities of the power substations; the smaller the total load moment of the system is, the more compact the system is; the average load distance of the system is defined as the average distance from each load to a power supply point of the electrical system, namely the quotient of the total load moment of the system and the total load quantity of the system.
And the economic factors include: (1) the balance of building area and the arrangement of multiple centers and the addition and arrangement of a substation; the economic cost brought by the number of system transformers, the number of load switch cabinets of the substation and the number of high-voltage intervals; cost savings are realized by the reduction of low voltage cables.
The shortest loading moment method used in the calculation takes the triangular loads of fig. 1-3 as an example of the calculation. A more detailed calculation process is described in the background section, which concludes that when the three vertices are loaded the same, if the centroid method is followed, the load center should be at point B, but if the sum of the distances from one point to the three vertices is considered to be the shortest, it should be at point a of the triangle's fermat point. It can be demonstrated that the center of gravity point B is not a point a that is a distance from three vertices and shortest. Only the centroid of the regular triangle overlaps the fermat point.
Referring to fig. 4 and 5, if two points on the axis have loads L1 and L2, when the two loads are equal, the effect of the substation arranged at any point between L1 and L2 is the same, and if the two points have different loads, the substation is arranged on L2 with large load instead of the position closer to L2.
Based on the line-laying being axial-laying, see fig. 6 and 7, the first three equivalent load 80(1, 1, 0), 80(9, 9, 0), 80(20, 5,0) analyses are first analyzed, with the load on the X-axis analysis the optimum load center should be at the location of 9. With the load analysis on the Y-axis, the optimal load center should be at the position of 5. The optimal load center a' is coordinated as (9,5, 0). It can be seen that the optimum load center point is shifted from point a (9.1247,8.4361, 0) to point a' (9,5,0) because of the graticule. Three unequal loads 80(1, 1, 0), 80(9, 9, 0), 320(20, 5,0) are analyzed, and with the load analysis on the X-axis, the optimal load center should be at the position of 20. With the load analysis on the Y-axis, the optimal load center should be at the position of 5. The optimum load center a 'is coordinated as (20,5,0) such that the actual optimum load center is a' for three loads in one plane.
As can be seen in fig. 6 and 7, the coordinate points of the optimal load center under the graticule will fall on the coordinate points corresponding to the axes of some loads, respectively. Except for a fully balanced system. Thus we can always find out that the sum of the distances from other loads at a certain point to the point is the minimum by decomposing a group of loads into a coordinate system of three axes. This point is the optimal load center for the system.
The following three equivalent loads 80(1, 1, 0), 80(9, 9, 0), 80(20, 5, 0) are calculated as the minimum load moments:
x-axis (9-1) × 80+ (9-9) × 80+ (20-9) × 80 ═ 1520kWm
Y axis (5-1) 80+ (9-5) 80+ (5-5) 80 ═ 640kWm
Total minimum moment of load: 2160kWm
Average load distance: 2160/240 ═ 9m
The following three unequal loads 80(1, 1, 0), 80(9, 9, 0), 320(20, 5, 0) are calculated as the minimum load moments:
x-axis (20-1) × 80+ (20-9) × 80+ (20-20) × 320 ═ 2400kWm
Y axis (5-1) 80+ (9-5) 80+ (5-5) 320 ═ 640kWm
Total minimum moment of load: 3040kWm
Average load distance: 3040/480 ═ 6.333m
In the second embodiment, for a system with a building area of 5 ten thousand square meters and a load capacity of 3280, schemes of one substation and two substations are respectively adopted for comparison, so as to obtain an economic evaluation process for the step (2) of the method and a summary of subsequent design experience, specific parameters are as follows in table 1:
TABLE 1 building parameters
The first scheme is as follows: a substation arranged in two underground layers
The above example can be seen: theoretical load center coordinates of the substation: (20, 10, -4)
Coordinates of an underground two-layer in which the actual power transformation is located: (20, 10, -8), the minimum moment of load being: 146720. the average load distance from the load of the system to the substation is 44.7 m. The load farthest from the substation is the roof fan 72 m.
The average load span of this system is less than 50m, and the maximum distance is 72 m. According to the prior view, the system is a reasonable energy-saving system.
Scheme II: two power substations: one underground, two layers, for underground to two layers to load, and one roof, for three layers to roof to load.
Underground two-layer coordinates of the No. 1 power substation: (40, 50, -8) (theoretical optimal coordinates of (40, 50, -4)), the minimum moment of load is: 80520, average moment of load 31.5 m.
2# transformation site roof coordinates: (20, 10, 64) (theoretical optimal coordinates of (40, 50, -4)), the minimum moment of load is: 21200, and an average moment of load of 24.9 m.
The above can be seen: the mean load spacing of the two substations was 31m, which is 69.4% of 44.7m of one substation. I.e. the low voltage line losses will be reduced by 30% compared to the first scheme.
The second scheme can save 1.5% of system energy consumption if the line loss is calculated as 5% of the system power consumption.
Economic analysis of System size in the second embodiment
The elements are as follows:
(1) building area, multi-center arrangement, and the need of additional branch substations. The demand for building area may increase slightly for multiple substations. If properly arranged, this is not a major factor.
(2) With respect to increasing management cost, the automation, the intellectualization and the unattended branch station of the power system monitoring in the future are normal. The labor cost is not increased.
(3) If the number of the system transformers is not increased, the high-voltage interval is not increased, and the load switch cabinet is added to the substation. If the number of system transformers is slightly increased, the high-voltage interval is also increased. The cost is increased by 5-10%.
(4) The low-voltage cable is reduced by 30 percent, and the cost of the power system is reduced by 10 to 15 percent.
And (4) conclusion:
from the above calculations, the following conclusions can be drawn:
(1) the load center calculation should not be performed according to the load center of gravity method, but should be performed to obtain the minimum load moment of the system.
(2) The concept of the load and the traditional load calculation method for calculating the capacity of the transformer, namely the 30-minute maximum output, are not a concept. The load here refers to the annual power consumption of the electric equipment. Including the operating system of the device. The electricity consumption of the equipment in the long-term working system is high, while the electricity consumption of the equipment in the short-term working system and the equipment in the instantaneous working system is lower than the electricity consumption. If the energy saving of the electrical system is to be achieved deeply, the annual power consumption of the equipment needs to be estimated preliminarily. The factor of equipment work system is also considered in the value of the load calculation coefficient, and the current design can be simplified into the load calculation value. Emergency loads are not taken into account.
(3) The load moment of the system indicates the size of the system, and the quantized representation shows the essence that the more concentrated the load is, the shorter the average load distance is.
(4) And determining the power supply area and the load capacity of the scientific substation through comparison of the system load moments. The problems of overlarge capacity of a substation, overlarge capacity of a single transformer and overlarge system and energy consumption loss caused by the overlarge system at present are solved through scientific method demonstration. And forming a system power supply idea of supplying power to a plurality of small-capacity substation by combining the load distribution state.
(5) At present, the average length of a line at the lower end of a distribution box is 30-50m, and the average load distance from a transformer to the distribution box is recommended to be controlled within 50m, so that the relative balance between system loss and system scale is achieved.
While the present invention has been described with reference to the particular illustrative embodiments, it is not to be restricted by the embodiments but only by the appended claims. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that variations and modifications of the embodiments of the present invention can be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. A method for determining an electrical load centre of a construction project, characterized by the steps of: finding a point, wherein the sum of all the load moments of the electrical loads on the point is minimum, and the point is the electrical load center of the building engineering; wherein the electrical load refers to the annual power consumption of the electric equipment;
The method is a vector calculation method, and the steps comprise:
(1) according to the characteristic that most of the existing buildings are in a form of a longitude and latitude column net, the calculation premise of the calculation method is set as follows: the electrical lines are laid according to three axes;
(2) for an incompletely balanced system, according to the rule that coordinate points (x, y, z) of an optimal load center under a graticule will respectively fall on coordinate points corresponding to the axes of some loads, except for the completely balanced system, a group of loads are decomposed on three axes of an x axis, a y axis or a z axis in a coordinate system, and a point (x, y, z) is found, the sum of x coordinate load moments of all loads on the x axis to the point, the sum of y coordinate load moments on the y axis to the point and the sum of z coordinate load moments on the z axis to the point are minimum, so that the obtained point is the electrical load center, and the coordinate point of the point is the optimal theoretical position of a strain power station.
2. A method of power transformation design according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
(1) the method of claim 1, wherein the step of quantitatively calculating the electrical load center comprises finding a point in the construction project, wherein the sum of the load moments of all electrical loads on the point is the minimum, and the point is the electrical load center and is the optimal theoretical position of the substation;
(2) Designing a plurality of sets of substation configuration schemes according to the electrical load center and the divided different power supply areas, calculating the total load moment and the average load distance from each load of the substation area to the substation in each configuration scheme, evaluating the economy of the designed substation, and determining the number and the position of the final substation;
wherein, step (1) the electrical load means the annual power consumption of the electrical equipment, the power consumption contains the work system of the equipment, the work system includes long-time work system, short-time work system and instantaneous work system.
3. A power transformation design method according to claim 2, characterized in that said step (1) comprises:
(1-1) positioning each distribution box as a power utilization node by using a building information model system (BIM);
(1-2) power supply area differentiation is carried out preliminarily, power utilization nodes in the areas are quantitatively calculated through a construction engineering electrical load center vector calculation method, a theoretical load center coordinate in the areas, namely the optimal theoretical position of the substation, is obtained, and the position of the actual substation should be as close to the coordinate position of the load center as possible in principle.
4. A transformation design method according to claim 2, characterized in that the economic criteria of said step (2) are: the more the load is concentrated in the center of the electrical load, the smaller the average load distance of the system is, and the lower the energy consumption of the system is; the total load moment of the whole building is different due to different positions and numbers of the power substations; the smaller the total load moment is, the more compact the system is; wherein the average load distance is defined as the average distance of each load in the electrical system to the power supply point, i.e. the quotient of the total load moment and the total load amount.
5. A power transformation design method according to claim 2, characterized in that said step (2) economic elements include: the balance between the building area and the arrangement of multiple centers and the additional arrangement of a substation; the economic cost brought by the number of system transformers, the number of load switch cabinets of a substation and the number of high-voltage intervals; cost savings are provided by the reduction of low voltage cables.
6. A transformation design method according to claim 2, characterized in that said step (2) multiple sets of schemes comprise different numbers of transformation substations and locations of transformation substations.
7. A transformation design method according to claims 2-6, characterized in that said design method does not take emergency loads into account.
8. A construction work comprising a transformation substation designed according to the method of any one of claims 2 to 7.
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