CN108790297B - 三维拉胀结构、制造方法和工具 - Google Patents

三维拉胀结构、制造方法和工具 Download PDF

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CN108790297B
CN108790297B CN201810384667.4A CN201810384667A CN108790297B CN 108790297 B CN108790297 B CN 108790297B CN 201810384667 A CN201810384667 A CN 201810384667A CN 108790297 B CN108790297 B CN 108790297B
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dimensional
dimensional auxetic
cell
auxetic
pattern
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CN108790297A (zh
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伊凯尔·贝莱斯·德·门迪萨瓦尔·阿朗索
埃斯特班·马蒂诺·冈萨雷斯
大卫·阿贝亚尼斯·德·拉·福恩德
阿方索·帕拉·鲁比欧
埃琳娜·莫雅·桑兹
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Airbus Operations SL
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Abstract

本发明涉及三维拉胀结构、制造方法和工具。所述三维拉胀结构包括多个邻接的中空单元(2)，每个中空单元(2)具有单元壁(3)，并且所述多个中空单元(2)的横截面遵循二维拉胀模式图案(1)，每个单元壁(3)包括平行于包含拉胀模式图案(1)的平面的折叠线(4)，使得峰和谷限定在单元壁(3)中并且是单元壁(3)可沿着所述折叠线(4)可折叠的。要求保护的拉胀结构能够从连续的平面图案折叠和展开，该特性允许该结构由平预制件制造，例如常规织物或预浸料，或者甚至用薄金属片，此外，这些预制件可以与其他材料(如陶瓷)结合使用，以实现多功能结构(冲击、结构、声阻尼等)。

Description

三维拉胀结构、制造方法和工具
技术领域
本发明涉及可以由片材或通过3D打印制成的三维拉胀结构。具体而言，其涉及用于飞机构造、造船和其他工业分支及其相关制造方法和模具的夹芯板的多孔材料。
背景技术
自然界中发现的常规材料的泊松比为正，拉伸时变薄、压缩时变得更厚，遵循泊松比方程：
Figure BDA0001641851280000011
因此，泊松比定义为横向应变除以纵向应变的负值。
有些材料或结构几何构造表现出相反的特性，称为拉胀，由于泊松比为负，它们在拉伸时在与施加的力垂直的方向上变厚，在压缩时变薄。因此，向拉胀材料施加单向张力会导致横向尺寸的增加。由于所述构造的负泊松性质，所述构造在撞击(其相当于压缩)下的特性是将材料集中在撞击区域周围。
也已知具有包括多个邻接单元的单元排列的二维拉胀结构，该多个邻接单元成形为在单元几何结构的两个平面内方向上呈现拉胀特性的反六边形。
多孔固体被用于各种工程应用中，并且传统的蜂窝状中空单元夹层结构因其强度和轻便而被广泛使用。传统蜂窝状结构的所述几何形状已被用作例如航空航天和海洋工业内的夹芯板中的芯。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种用作三维图案细致排列的基本结构的具有三维拉胀特性的三维结构。
本发明的结构目标是一种三维拉胀结构，包括多个相邻的中空单元，每个中空单元具有单元壁并且所述多个中空单元的横截面遵循二维拉胀图案，其中每个单元壁包括平行于包含所述拉胀图案的平面的折叠线，使得峰和谷限定在单元壁中并且作为可沿着所述折叠线折叠的单元壁。
因此，该结构是常规拉胀的二维图案(例如反六边形)与具有折叠线的弯折壁的混合。所述结构可以通过3D打印或通过适当折叠材料片来制造。
如前所述，本发明可以通过平面连续片材来实现，特定的折叠图案应用于所述片材，一种所谓的折纸图。这种折叠图案提供了该单元结构和该单元结构的三维拉伸特性。因此，所要求保护的结构在空间的三个方向上表现为拉胀，而与力的施加方向无关。要求保护的几何结构显示了一个自由度的运动特性。
这种特性非常有趣，因为这种结构可以用作形状改变变形结构。仅通过控制其特征距离之一，就可以控制和预测完整图案细致排列的运动。
与传统的或凹入的二维六边形不同，该结构具有在中空方向上压缩时在其它两个方向上减小其尺寸或压缩的特征。该压缩能力可以通过所述凹入单元的角度与所述弯折壁的角度相结合来控制。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种夹芯板，该夹芯板包括具有根据前述的三维拉胀式单元构造的芯结构，该芯结构位于上表皮和下表皮之间。这种单元几何形状可以被整合为嵌入在CFRP、GFRP、AFRP织物或金属表皮之间的复合夹芯板的核心结构。
所述夹芯板在三个空间方向上具有拉胀特性，可以用作轻质复合部件的基本部件，其具有需要高冲击能量吸收、声阻尼、承载结构或变形结构的潜在应用。
要求保护的拉胀结构能够从连续的平面图案折叠和展开。该特性允许该结构由平预制件制造，例如常规织物或预浸料，或者甚至用薄金属片。此外，这些预制件可以与其他材料(如陶瓷)结合使用，以实现多功能结构(冲击、结构、声阻尼等)。
该制造方法包括以下步骤：
-提供片材，
-对所述片材在一个方向上执行一组直线平行折叠线以形成所述单元的壁，
-在与直线折叠线垂直的方向上执行弯折折叠线，使得在与直线折叠线的每个交点处，所述弯折叠线相对于直线折叠线成相反角度弯折，配置直线折叠线和弯折折叠线使得当所述片材沿所述弯折叠线折叠时，所述直线折叠线限定所述拉胀单元图案的边界，
-沿折叠线折叠材料片以获得三维拉胀结构的至少一部分，
-如果片材是塑料复合片，则固化该结构。
为了实现这样的结构，开发了特定的工具，其为每个壁单元执行不同的折叠并保持它们在它们的位置上，这对于基于复合材料的单元特别有利，为此稍后通常需要树脂固化或注入工艺。
该工具包括多个具有弯曲壁的板，用于在其间容纳复合材料片材，所述弯折板限定至少一部分中空单元，中空单元的横截面遵循二维拉胀图案，该弯曲板包括平行于包含拉胀图案的平面的折叠线，使得在该单元板中限定峰和谷。
附图说明
为了完成描述以及为了更好地理解本发明，提供了一组附图。所述附图构成说明书的组成部分，并说明本发明的优选实施例。所述附图包括以下附图。
图1示出了现有技术中已知的二维常规蜂窝结构和二维改良拉胀蜂窝结构的实施例；
图2示出了可折叠片材的一个实施例的实施例；
图3示出了对应于本发明的目的的三维中空单元设置的实施例的透视图；
图4示出了包括具有根据本发明的三维拉胀结构的第一实施例的夹芯板的截面图，其中该结构位于与该上夹芯板和下夹芯板平行的单元的中空方向上；
图5示出了包括具有根据本发明的三维拉胀结构的第二实施例的夹芯板的截面图，其中该结构位于与上夹芯板和下夹芯板垂直的单元的中空方向上；
图6示出了包括机身集成防护罩的飞机的机身横截面；
图7示出了包括附加机身防护罩的飞机的机身横截面；
图8示出了根据本发明的一个实施例的包括拉胀结构的叶片横截面；
图9至图11示出了图2的片材的切割和折叠过程；
图12示出了用于制造三维拉胀结构的工具的实施例。
具体实施方式
图1示出了二维拉胀图案(1)的已知实施例，其中每个单元(2)以具有多个边缘和顶点的多边形的形式成角度，更具体地，凹入的六边形拉胀单元(2)。每个单元(2)限定了内部充气腔。
考虑图3，XY平面可以看作包括由垂直于该XY平面的方向延伸的单元壁(3)形成的拉胀图案(1)的平面，该结构在三维上具有拉胀特性。当该结构在X、Y或Z的其中一个方向收缩时，也会在另外两个方向上收缩，并且当它在X、Y或Z中的一个方向上展开时，它也会在另外两个方向上展开。
所示结构包括多个邻接的中空单元(2)，每个中空单元(2)具有单元壁(3)。多个中空单元(2)的横截面遵循如图1所示的二维拉胀图案(1)。每个单元壁(3)包括平行于包含拉胀图案(1)的平面的折叠线(4)使得在单元壁(3)中限定峰和谷。单元壁(3)可沿着所述折叠线(4)折叠并因此可沿单元(2)的中空方向延伸和压缩。
所要求保护的结构可以通过使用热塑性材料或熔融材料的3D印刷来制造，或者如图2所示，其可以由片材制成，所述片材包括限定单元壁(3)的Z字形折叠线以获得期望的构造来实现来自一个连续的层(例如预浸渍(prepreg)层)的三维方向拉胀特性。
图5公开了包括具有根据本发明的实施例的三维拉胀型芯结构的第一实施例的夹芯板的截面图，其中该结构位于与上夹芯板和下夹芯板(10)垂直的单元(2)中空方向上。当这个夹芯板受到与板(10)垂直的压缩力时，该夹层芯趋向于在另外两个方向上收缩，在碰撞点上产生材料压缩。材料的这种压缩提供抵抗垂直于夹芯板(10)的冲击和穿透的额外的能力。
这种芯的其它优点是单元壁(3)的失效更加渐进并且将变形传递到周围结构的较大部分，因此与单元壁(3)没有折叠的情况下相比它们能够吸收更大的能量。在没有折叠式单元壁(3)的常规芯上，当它们稳定时它们是刚性的，但当它们开始在压缩状态下弯曲而不能使周围结构变形时，它们变得非常软并且非常快速地失效。
该芯构造的另一个优点是，当板(10)之间的距离不恒定时，该构造能够适应厚度或形状的变化，例如在空气动力学外形上就是这种情况。在常规的蜂窝芯中，为了适应不均匀的夹层厚度形状，需要进行加工。
图4公开了包括具有根据本发明的实施例的三维拉胀结构的第二实施例的夹芯板的截面图，其中该结构位于与上夹芯板和下夹芯板(10)平行的单元(2)的中空方向上。该实施例提供了在夹芯板之间不产生闭孔的附加优点，允许由夹层芯可能吸收的水的更好地排出。
图6、7和8显示了飞机上可能的应用：
A.机身和尾翼皮肤抵挡发动机碎片和其他撞击威胁。
B.抬起表面前缘(Leading Edge,LE)屏蔽鸟类和其他撞击威胁。
夹层可以仅仅是围绕航空动态外形周边的板，或者可以覆盖外形部分的整个空腔或外形部分的一部分(LE、盒子或后缘(Trailing Edge,TE))。由于外形非接触厚度，所提出的芯能够适应该夹层的厚度变化。
C.螺旋桨和涡扇发动机叶片。
图2和图9至图11示出了用于由片材制造三维拉胀结构的方法的实施例。
所述片材是图2中公开的片材，其具有一个方向上的用于形成单元(2)的直线折叠线(20)和与直线折叠线(20)垂直的方向上的弯折叠线(21)的壁，所述折叠线(20、21)限定拉胀单元(2)图案在折叠时的周边的边缘。
更具体地，图2和图9-图10显示了具有凹角六边形拉胀单元(2)的图案，完整单元(2)和欧米伽(22)(作为六边形单元(2)的欧米伽(22)半部)通过折叠和切割片材而形成。
在图9和11的具体实施例中，每个壁(3)包括三条不同的折叠线，并且它能够构成图案的欧米伽(22)。首先沿着欧米伽的U形的部分沿着直线(24)切割片材，并且沿着与U形的底部部分不同的部分沿着八条直线切割片材。
包含切口的直线(24)之间的折叠直线(4)的数量可以不同于三。这个数字确定构成所得三维拉胀结构的单元壁(3)的折叠线的数量。
如图2所示，该方法的特殊性在于，在每条直折叠线(20)与弯折叠线(21)的交点处，弯折叠线(21)与直线(20)以相反的角度弯折，除了与包含切口的直线(24)的交点之外，其中弯折叠线(21)以与直线(20)相同的角度弯折。
该方法具有如下优点：通过如图2、9和11中所描述的那样增加折叠的直线(20)的数量而不是仅一个，可以一次用相同的片材生成多于一排的欧米伽以覆盖大的表面。
如图11所示，一旦形成欧米伽并切割，包含切口的直线(24)被转向，使得所得的段的U形的上部和下部彼此接触并且可以通过界定、共固化或其它机械接合以形成期望的中空结构拉胀结构。
产生三维拉胀结构的另一种方法是折叠若干独立的片材，以产生每个一排由它们欧米伽的U形的上部和下部连接的欧米伽。
图12公开了用于产生由后板(30)和前板(31)组成的该排欧米伽的工具的实施例，所述后板(30)和前板(31)具有对应的配对板(32、33)和不同的叶片(34)用于欧米伽形状的两腿，其交替穿过后板和前板(30、31)。这些叶片(34)穿过半单元开放侧的工具，直到放置在形成半单元闭合侧的对板部件上。这对于该平板的每个半单元交替地重复。

Claims (12)

1.三维拉胀结构，包括多个邻接的中空单元(2)，每个中空单元(2)具有单元壁(3)，并且多个所述中空单元(2)的横截面遵循二维拉胀图案(1)，其特征在于，每个所述单元壁(3)包括与包含所述二维拉胀图案(1)的平面平行的折叠线(4)，使得峰和谷限定在所述单元壁(3)中并且所述单元壁(3)沿着所述折叠线(4)是可折叠的。
2.根据权利要求1所述的三维拉胀结构，其中，所述二维拉胀图案(1)包括以具有多个边缘和顶点的多边形的形式成角度的中空单元。
3.根据权利要求2所述的三维拉胀结构，其中，所述多边形是凹角六边形拉胀单元。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的三维拉胀结构，其中，所述单元壁(3)由片材制成。
5.根据权利要求4所述的三维拉胀结构，其中，所述片材是复合预制件、织物或单向预制件。
6.根据权利要求5所述的三维拉胀结构，其中，所述复合预制件是预浸渍层。
7.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的三维拉胀结构，其中，所述单元壁(3)由热塑性材料制成。
8.夹芯板，其特征在于，其包括具有根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的三维拉胀结构的芯结构，所述芯结构位于上表皮和下表皮(10)之间。
9.一种飞机的机身，其特征在于，其包括根据权利要求8所述的夹芯板，所述夹芯板用于吸收冲击。
10.飞机的提升表面，其特征在于，其包括根据权利要求8所述的夹芯板，所述夹芯板用于吸收冲击。
11.飞机发动机的叶片，其特征在于，其包括根据权利要求8所述的夹芯板，所述夹芯板用于吸收冲击。
12.一种用于制造三维拉胀结构的工具，所述三维拉胀结构包括多个邻接的中空单元(2)，每个所述中空单元(2)具有单元壁(3)并且多个所述中空单元的横截面遵循二维拉胀图案(1)，所述工具包括具有弯曲壁的多个板，用于在其间容纳复合材料片材，所述板限定所述中空单元的至少一部分，所述中空单元(2)的横截面遵循所述二维拉胀图案(1)，所述板包括平行于包含所述二维拉胀图案(1)的平面的折叠线(4)，使得峰和谷限定在所述板中。
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