CN108779516A - Zn-Al alloy and preparation method thereof with directionality crystal grain - Google Patents
Zn-Al alloy and preparation method thereof with directionality crystal grain Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108779516A CN108779516A CN201780009499.4A CN201780009499A CN108779516A CN 108779516 A CN108779516 A CN 108779516A CN 201780009499 A CN201780009499 A CN 201780009499A CN 108779516 A CN108779516 A CN 108779516A
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- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- alloy
- crystal grain
- zinc
- unidirectional solidification
- aluminium
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 229910007570 Zn-Al Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 49
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 9
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 229910000611 Zinc aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- HXFVOUUOTHJFPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;zinc Chemical compound [AlH3].[Zn] HXFVOUUOTHJFPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 claims abstract 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 37
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004512 die casting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910007565 Zn—Cu Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- TVZPLCNGKSPOJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper zinc Chemical compound [Cu].[Zn] TVZPLCNGKSPOJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010415 tropism Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/02—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C18/00—Alloys based on zinc
- C22C18/04—Alloys based on zinc with aluminium as the next major constituent
Abstract
Zinc-aluminium according to the present invention is characterised by comprising following steps and prepares:Zinc-aluminium master alloy is obtained by forging type;And the above-mentioned zinc of remelting-aluminium master alloy with the unidirectional growth speed of 1~500 μm/second, makes zinc-aluminium master alloy carry out unidirectional solidification in 450~700 DEG C of melt so that tissue by have it is directive in a manner of grow, thus the average aspect ratio of crystal grain is 3~12.According to the present invention, it is based on unidirectional solidification or continuously casting, crystal grain and precipitate have directionality, and the mechanical property of hardness, tensile strength, elongation percentage etc is improved.The addition of copper keeps this effect more prominent.It is improved with flexible especially because being difficult to the tensile strength improved simultaneously with reciprocal characteristic, is just of great importance from this point on together.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of Zn-Al alloys and preparation method thereof, more particularly to according to unidirectional solidification or continuously casting side
Formula have directionality crystal grain zinc-allumen with and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
Zn-Al alloy as with low price, low melting point die casting alloy, be mainly used as electronic industry, transport service,
The small-scale structures material such as construction industry.But since compared with other structural materials, intensity is relatively low, and it is broken to be easy to happen brittleness
It is bad, thus purposes can only be limited.
Therefore, tool intensity and flexible (machinability) for improving Zn-Al alloy are particularly important, but due to metal material
Mechanical strength and flexibility have reciprocal characteristic, thus it is very difficult to improve mechanical strength and flexibility simultaneously.
For the reasons why being identical with this, by the methods of alloy design, process modification, while the machine of Zn-Al alloy is improved
Tool intensity and multinomial research flexible are in progress, and its necessity is also in demand.
In the past due to preparing Zn-Al alloy by common die casting (die casting) method, without departing from upper
State boundary.For this zinc-aluminium die casting alloy, in Korean granted patent the 10-0961081st
It is disclosed in (2010.06.08. bulletins).
Existing technical literature
Korean granted patent the 10-0961081st (2010.06.08. bulletins).
Invention content
Technical problem
Therefore, the problem to be solved in the present invention is, provide makes crystal grain have side by unidirectional solidification or continuously casting
Tropism, the Zn-Al alloy and preparation method thereof that thus mechanical property of hardness, tensile strength, flexibility or the like is improved.
Solution to problem
For realizing the Zn-Al alloy of the present invention of the above problem, which is characterized in that have directionality crystal grain.
Preferably, the average aspect ratio of above-mentioned crystal grain is 3~12.
Preferably, Zn-Al alloy of the invention includes the copper of the aluminium of 3~5wt%, 2~5wt% relative to total weight.
The allumen of the present invention has following feature, 60~150Hv of hardness, 40~400MPa of tensile strength, elongation percentage 5
~45%.
The Zn-Al alloy of the present invention is characterized in that above-mentioned directionality crystal grain is according to unidirectional solidification or continuously casting mode
It obtains.
Preferably, it in 450~700 DEG C of melt, is carried out with the unidirectional growth speed of 1~500 μm/second above-mentioned unidirectional solidifying
Gu.
According to above-mentioned unidirectional solidification, Zn-Al alloy of the invention is frozen into after rod shape, can be added and is processed into plate
Material, wire rod or bar.
Zn-Al alloy preparation method for realizing the present invention of the above problem is characterised by comprising:By casting side
Formula obtains zinc-aluminium master alloy;And the above-mentioned zinc of remelting-aluminium master alloy, in 450~700 DEG C of melt, with 1~500 μm/second
Unidirectional growth speed carry out unidirectional solidification so that tissue by have it is directive in a manner of grow, wherein the Mean aspect of crystal grain
Than being 3~12.
Preferably, above-mentioned melt is placed under inert gas atmosphere.
The effect of invention
According to the present invention, according to unidirectional solidification or continuously casting, crystal grain and precipitate have directionality, thus hardness, anti-
The mechanical property of tensile strength, elongation percentage etc is improved.The addition of copper keeps this effect more prominent.
It is carried together with flexible especially because being difficult to the tensile strength improved simultaneously with reciprocal characteristic
Height is just of great importance from this point on.
Moreover, the feelings of the various forms such as plank, wire rod or bar are processed into conventional cast Zn-Al alloy
Condition is compared, and when having the Zn-Al alloy of directionality crystal grain according to the additional processing of the present invention, tensile strength and elongation percentage are obtained into one
Step improves.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the attached drawing of the Unidirectional solidification device 1 of the unidirectional solidification for illustrating to be used in the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the microstructure photo of the Zn-Al alloy prepared by conventional cast.
Fig. 3 is the microstructure photo of the unidirectional solidification Zn-Al alloy of the present invention.
The rod shape Zn-Al alloy of mechanical property chart when Fig. 4 is to(for) additional processing unidirectional solidification.
The explanation of reference numeral
1:Unidirectional solidification device 10:Stove
20:Alumina tube 30:Aluminium oxide pipeline
40:Heater 50:Cooling end
51:Cooling water 60:Supporting rod
80:Gas injection unit 90:Upper and lower transfer device
Specific implementation mode
Hereinafter, next by referring to accompanying drawing, the preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in detail.Embodiment below is to understand
Present disclosure and it is disclosed, those skilled in the art can carry out a variety of in the technological thought of the present invention
Deformation.Therefore the interest field of the present invention is not interpreted as being defined in this embodiment.
The preparation of Zn-Al alloy 100 with directionality crystal grain
1. conventional cast
After carrying out weighing to Zn-Al alloy 1 to 7 by composition, using high frequency induction melting furnace, 3kg is respectively cast.This
Afterwards, the bar of length 100mm, diameter 4.7mm are processed by ingot bar.Show that the ingredient of Zn-Al alloy 1 to 7 contains in following table 1
Amount.
Table 1
2. unidirectional solidification
As shown in Figure 1, in Unidirectional solidification device 1, side that stove 10 can be to move up and down according to upper and lower transfer device 90
Formula is arranged.The middle section of stove 10 is provided with aluminium oxide pipeline 30, and the outer periphery of aluminium oxide pipeline 30 is provided with hair
Hot body 40, to be heated to aluminium oxide pipeline 30.The lower part of aluminium oxide pipeline 30 is provided with what cooling water 51 flowed through
Cooling end 50.
Alumina tube 20 is inserted into aluminium oxide pipeline 30.The outer diameter of alumina tube 20 is 8mm, internal diameter 5mm, and length is
700mm, and lower end is blocked.The upper end of alumina tube 20 is provided with gas injection unit 80 so that the inside of alumina tube 20
It is able to maintain that the inert gas atmosphere of argon (Ar) or the like.The bottom of alumina tube 20 is provided with 60 (su of supporting rod
pport rod)。
Unidirectional solidification process as described below.
First, the bottom end for sealing aluminium oxide 20 will be as described above after the bottom of alumina tube 20 is packed into supporting rod 60
The bar (zinc-aluminium master alloy) prepared by conventional cast is encased in alumina tube 20.
Then, after alumina tube 20 being fixed on gas injection unit 80, alumina tube fixed in this way 20 is made to be encased in
In aluminium oxide pipeline 30 inside stove 10.
Then, alumina tube 20 is heated by heater 40, keeps bar (zinc-aluminium master alloy) remelting molten to be formed
After liquid 70, in the state of 20 remains stationary of alumina tube, stove 10 is set unidirectionally to be moved along top by upper and lower transfer device 90
It is dynamic.So in the process, unidirectional solidification Zn-Al alloy 100 is obtained according to unidirectional solidification.
At this time, it is preferable that form inert gas atmosphere inside alumina tube 20, to prevent the oxidation of melt 70, preferably
Ground carries out unidirectional solidification, so that the average aspect ratio of crystal grain in 450~700 DEG C of melts 70 with the speed of 1~500 μm/second
It is 3~12 or so.
In initial position, after unidirectional solidification zinc-aluminium conjunction 100 is grown into 60mm, rod shape is obtained by water cooling.
The measurement of the mechanical property of unidirectional solidification Zn-Al alloy 100
Following table 2 shows the unidirectional solidification Zn-Al alloy of Zn-Al alloy and the present invention for being prepared by conventional cast
100 Determination of Hardness result.Determination of Hardness carries out under conditions of the load of 100gf and 10 seconds load application times.
Table 2
Following table 3 shows the unidirectional solidification Zn-Al alloy of Zn-Al alloy and the present invention for being prepared by conventional cast
100 tensile strength measurement result.
Table 3
Following table 4 shows the unidirectional solidification Zn-Al alloy of Zn-Al alloy and the present invention for being prepared by conventional cast
100 elongation percentage measurement result.Item of the tensile properties evaluation of tensile strength and elongation percentage etc in the tensile speed of 2mm/min
It is carried out under part.
Table 4
When observing above-mentioned table 2 to table 4, it can be seen that compared with conventional cast, after unidirectional solidification, hardness, tension are strong
Degree, elongation percentage are improved.As previously described, because tensile strength and flexibility have reciprocal characteristic, therefore, it is difficult to same
Shi Tigao, but the present invention can obtain while improve tensile strength and effect flexible, just be of great importance from this point on.
When observing table 3 to table 4, it can be seen that compared with alloy 1, alloy 3 has good tensile strength and elongation percentage,
It can be considered as when copper is added to Zn-Al alloy, be precipitated by Zn-Cu in the crystal boundary (grain boundary) of zinc-aluminium base
The particulate ε phases that solid solution is constituted, thus tensile strength and elongation percentage characteristic are improved.
The microstructure of unidirectional solidification Zn-Al alloy 100
Fig. 2 is the microstructure photo of the Zn-Al alloy prepared by conventional cast, and Fig. 3 is the unidirectional solidification of the present invention
The microstructure photo of Zn-Al alloy 100.
Following table 5 has arranged the average crystal grain aspect ratio based on these determining images.The size of analysis image is vertical at this time
To 1150 μm, laterally 850 μm.
Table 5
From, as can be seen that after unidirectional solidification, grain aspect ratio is at least 3.65, this is than conventional cast in above-mentioned table 5
Situation is big.
Since unidirectional solidification is a kind of method continuously making material solidification, when hot-fluid proceeds to solid phase from liquid phase
When, tissue having solidified, having organized has directionality.As described in the invention, when unidirectional solidification, the crystal grain of alloy
Sub (grain) and precipitate, are so improved along unidirectional array, tensile strength and elongation percentage characteristic.
Continuously casting is set to have organized directionality, it is unidirectional solidifying since its principle is actually identical as unidirectional solidification
Gu and continuously casting can be considered as identical train of thought.
The addition processing and forming of unidirectional solidification Zn-Al alloy 100
As described above, the rod shape Zn-Al alloy 100 of unidirectional solidification is processed by additional, line can be reprocessed into
The variforms such as material, plank, bar.
Following table 6 is to measure the stick for drawing (drawing) conventional cast and unidirectional solidification with 30%, 50%, 80%
The result table of mechanical property when the alloy 3 of shape, Fig. 4 are the charts being illustrated to it.
Table 6
As can be seen that the case where carrying out additional molding to unidirectional solidification Zn-Al alloy 100 from Fig. 4 and Fig. 6, and to general
When the case where logical casting Zn-Al alloy carries out additional molding is compared, the increase rate of tensile strength and elongation percentage is more prominent.
According to the present invention, according to unidirectional solidification or continuously casting, crystal grain and precipitate have directionality, thus hardness,
The mechanical property of tensile strength, elongation percentage etc is improved.The addition of copper keeps this effect more prominent.
It is carried together with flexible especially because being difficult to the tensile strength improved simultaneously with reciprocal characteristic
Height is just of great importance from this point on.
Moreover, the feelings of the various forms such as plank, wire rod or bar are processed into conventional cast Zn-Al alloy
Condition is compared, and when having the Zn-Al alloy of directionality crystal grain according to the additional processing of the present invention, tensile strength and elongation percentage are obtained into one
Step improves.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of Zn-Al alloy, which is characterized in that have directionality crystal grain.
2. Zn-Al alloy according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the average aspect ratio of the crystal grain is 3~12.
3. Zn-Al alloy according to claim 1, which is characterized in that for total weight, including the aluminium of 3~5wt%, 2~
The copper of 5wt%.
4. Zn-Al alloy according to claim 1, which is characterized in that hardness be 60~150Hv, tensile strength be 240~
400MPa。
5. Zn-Al alloy according to claim 1, which is characterized in that elongation percentage is 5~45%.
6. Zn-Al alloy according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the directionality crystal grain is according to unidirectional solidification or company
Continuous forging type obtains.
7. Zn-Al alloy according to claim 6, which is characterized in that in 450~700 DEG C of melt, with 1~500 μ
M/ seconds unidirectional growth speed carries out the unidirectional solidification.
8. Zn-Al alloy according to claim 6, which is characterized in that according to above-mentioned unidirectional solidification, be frozen into rod shape it
Afterwards, plank, wire rod or bar are processed into.
9. a kind of Zn-Al alloy preparation method, which is characterized in that including:
Zinc-aluminium master alloy is obtained by forging type;And
The above-mentioned zinc of remelting-aluminium master alloy, with the unidirectional growth speed of 1~500 μm/second, makes in 450~700 DEG C of melt
Zinc-aluminium master alloy carries out unidirectional solidification so that tissue by have it is directive in a manner of grow,
The average aspect ratio of the crystal grain of the zinc of acquisition-aluminium master alloy is 3~12.
10. a kind of Zn-Al alloy preparation method according to claim 9, which is characterized in that the melt is placed in indifferent gas
Under body atmosphere.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR1020170025824A KR101910868B1 (en) | 2017-02-28 | 2017-02-28 | Zinc-Aluminium alloy having directional grain and method for fabricating the same |
KR10-2017-0025824 | 2017-02-28 | ||
PCT/KR2017/003019 WO2018159890A1 (en) | 2017-02-28 | 2017-03-21 | Grain-oriented zinc-aluminum alloy and manufacturing method therefor |
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Publication Number | Publication Date |
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CN108779516A true CN108779516A (en) | 2018-11-09 |
Family
ID=63370201
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CN201780009499.4A Pending CN108779516A (en) | 2017-02-28 | 2017-03-21 | Zn-Al alloy and preparation method thereof with directionality crystal grain |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
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KR (1) | KR101910868B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN108779516A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2018159890A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
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CN111536796B (en) * | 2020-06-15 | 2021-09-14 | 贵州省鑫泰增材制造有限公司 | Smelting equipment for zinc alloy and production process thereof |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH01294837A (en) * | 1988-05-21 | 1989-11-28 | Toho Aen Kk | High strength zinc alloy |
US4990310A (en) * | 1989-09-11 | 1991-02-05 | General Motors Corporation | Creep-resistant die cast zinc alloys |
GR3021536T3 (en) * | 1993-01-14 | 1997-02-28 | Union Miniere France Sa | METHOD FOR PRODUCING Zn-Al-Cu ALLOY ARTICLES BY CENTRIFUGAL OR DIE CASTING. |
JPH1161300A (en) * | 1997-08-25 | 1999-03-05 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co Ltd | Zinc-base alloy for metal mold, zinc-base alloy block for metal mold, and their manufacture |
JPH11279673A (en) * | 1998-03-30 | 1999-10-12 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co Ltd | Zinc alloy for metal mold, metal mold and block for metal mold |
US20110014084A1 (en) * | 2009-07-20 | 2011-01-20 | Eastern Alloys, Inc. | High strength, creep resistant zinc alloy |
CN102574274A (en) * | 2009-10-30 | 2012-07-11 | 新东工业株式会社 | Zinc-based alloy shots |
CN104498773A (en) * | 2014-12-19 | 2015-04-08 | 宁波博威合金材料股份有限公司 | Deformed zinc-based alloy material as well as preparation method and application thereof |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR100961081B1 (en) | 2009-03-03 | 2010-06-08 | 임현규 | Zinc-aluminium alloys with high strength and low density |
-
2017
- 2017-02-28 KR KR1020170025824A patent/KR101910868B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2017-03-21 CN CN201780009499.4A patent/CN108779516A/en active Pending
- 2017-03-21 WO PCT/KR2017/003019 patent/WO2018159890A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH01294837A (en) * | 1988-05-21 | 1989-11-28 | Toho Aen Kk | High strength zinc alloy |
US4990310A (en) * | 1989-09-11 | 1991-02-05 | General Motors Corporation | Creep-resistant die cast zinc alloys |
GR3021536T3 (en) * | 1993-01-14 | 1997-02-28 | Union Miniere France Sa | METHOD FOR PRODUCING Zn-Al-Cu ALLOY ARTICLES BY CENTRIFUGAL OR DIE CASTING. |
JPH1161300A (en) * | 1997-08-25 | 1999-03-05 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co Ltd | Zinc-base alloy for metal mold, zinc-base alloy block for metal mold, and their manufacture |
JPH11279673A (en) * | 1998-03-30 | 1999-10-12 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co Ltd | Zinc alloy for metal mold, metal mold and block for metal mold |
US20110014084A1 (en) * | 2009-07-20 | 2011-01-20 | Eastern Alloys, Inc. | High strength, creep resistant zinc alloy |
CN102574274A (en) * | 2009-10-30 | 2012-07-11 | 新东工业株式会社 | Zinc-based alloy shots |
CN104498773A (en) * | 2014-12-19 | 2015-04-08 | 宁波博威合金材料股份有限公司 | Deformed zinc-based alloy material as well as preparation method and application thereof |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
马幼平 等: "《金属凝固原理及技术》", 31 May 2008, 冶金工业出版社 * |
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WO2018159890A1 (en) | 2018-09-07 |
KR101910868B1 (en) | 2018-10-23 |
KR20180098965A (en) | 2018-09-05 |
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Application publication date: 20181109 |