CN108736065B - Electrolyte and lithium ion battery containing electrolyte and/or anode - Google Patents

Electrolyte and lithium ion battery containing electrolyte and/or anode Download PDF

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CN108736065B
CN108736065B CN201710274562.9A CN201710274562A CN108736065B CN 108736065 B CN108736065 B CN 108736065B CN 201710274562 A CN201710274562 A CN 201710274562A CN 108736065 B CN108736065 B CN 108736065B
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electrolyte
positive electrode
additive
equal
carbonate
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CN108736065A (en
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乔飞燕
杨洋
任建新
黄荣刚
王圣
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BYD Co Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/131Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0025Organic electrolyte
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

The invention provides an electrolyte, which comprises a lithium salt, an electrolyte solvent and an additive, wherein the additive is a benzothiazole derivative with a structure shown in the invention. The invention also provides a positive electrode and a lithium ion battery adopting the electrolyte. In the electrolyte provided by the invention, the benzothiazole derivative with the structure is used as the specific additive, so that the charge and discharge performance test and the cyclicity of the lithium battery in a high-voltage environment are improved, the service life of the battery under high voltage is prolonged, and the electrolyte can be applied to the electrolyte of a 5V system high-voltage lithium ion battery.

Description

Electrolyte and lithium ion battery containing electrolyte and/or anode
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of lithium ion batteries, and particularly relates to an electrolyte and a lithium ion battery containing the electrolyte and/or a positive electrode.
Background
Since the 90 s of the 20 th century, lithium ion secondary batteries have reached a rapid development from birth. Generally, an electrolyte lithium ion battery includes a case, and a cell and an electrolyte accommodated in the case, wherein the cell includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. During charging, lithium ions migrate from the positive electrode through the electrolyte to the negative electrode, while during discharging they flow in the opposite direction. In recent years, secondary lithium ion batteries with high energy density have become an object of attention, and therefore, people also pay attention to novel active materials which can be used as a whole secondary lithium battery, for example, a novel 5V high-voltage positive electrode material is introduced in the prior art, the working voltage of the novel 5V high-voltage positive electrode material is improved, the service power of the battery is directly and integrally improved, and the novel 5V high-voltage positive electrode material has great practical significance in application. At present, most of lithium battery electrolyte systems can only be stably used under the voltage of 4.5v or below, and when the working voltage reaches above 4.5v, the electrolyte systems can be oxidized and decomposed, so that the battery cannot normally work, and a great obstacle is formed to the application of high-voltage positive electrode materials. At the same time, the cycle performance of the battery is reduced.
The electrolyte applied in the field comprises two main categories of searching for a new electrolyte solvent and applying a film-forming protective additive to the anode. The research on novel electrolytes is numerous, and the existing system is mostly replaced by a novel solvent, but the novel electrolytes have the defects of low conductivity, high viscosity and the like. The prior art has the technical problems that the electrolyte solvent is subjected to oxidation reaction with active points on the anode under high potential, and the solvent is further subjected to oxidative decomposition to cause excessive consumption of the electrolyte solvent.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem that an electrolyte solvent is easily oxidized and decomposed under high potential in the prior art, and provides an electrolyte, which comprises a lithium salt, the electrolyte solvent and an additive, wherein the additive is a benzothiazole derivative with a structure shown in a formula (1), and the structure of the additive is as follows
Figure 404873DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
Formula (1);
wherein R is selected from halogen atom, benzene derivatives, -OH, -NH2, - (CH)2)n1CH3、-(CH2)n2One of CF3, wherein n1 is 0-3, and n2 is 0-3. Preferably, the benzothiazole derivative provided by the application is a substituent of different groups of benzothiazole, oxidation polymerization is difficult to occur below 5V voltage due to high stability of the benzothiazole, and electron delocalization is reduced due to the existence of the substituent group of the derivative containing the substituent group, so that oxidation polymerization is easier to occur below 5V voltage, and the application of the derivative in 5V system high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte can be satisfied.
The invention provides a positive electrode, which comprises a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode material layer positioned on the surface of the positive electrode current collector, wherein the surface of the positive electrode material layer is provided with a polymer film, and the composition of the polymer film is a polymer generated by the additive.
The invention also provides a lithium ion battery, which comprises a shell, and a battery cell and electrolyte accommodated in the shell, wherein the battery cell comprises an anode, a cathode and a diaphragm between the anode and the cathode, and the electrolyte provided by the invention and/or the anode is the anode provided by the invention.
According to the invention, by adding the benzothiazole derivative with the structure into the electrolyte, the redox reaction of the electrolyte on the surface of the anode can be effectively blocked, the anode can be protected from being damaged, meanwhile, the electrolyte solvent is protected from being oxidized and decomposed under high potential, and the service life of the battery under high voltage is prolonged.
The inventor finds that the benzothiazole derivative with the structure is used as the specific additive of the invention, and the electrolyte additive is formed at a potential of 3.5V-4.2V, the additive preferentially forms a protective film on the surface of the positive electrode, the protective film is a polymer film, has certain flexibility, oxidation resistance and stability, can effectively prevent the redox reaction of the electrolyte on the positive electrode, protects the electrolyte from being excessively consumed, can protect the positive electrode from being damaged, and simultaneously protects the electrolyte solvent from being oxidized and decomposed at a high potential, so that the service life of the battery at a high voltage is prolonged. Compared with the additives in the prior art, the specific additive can realize the application of common electrolyte solvents in a high-voltage environment of 5V, has remarkable effect and makes a prominent contribution to the field.
When the electrolyte provided by the invention is used in a battery, in the charging and discharging processes of the battery, the additive in the electrolyte generates a polymerization reaction on the specific surface of the positive electrode under the potential of 3.5V-4.5V, and the additive can be completely consumed in the first reaction, so that the function of a battery system is not influenced.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and advantageous effects solved by the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below.
The invention provides an electrolyte, which comprises a lithium salt, an electrolyte solvent and an additive, wherein the additive comprises a benzothiazole derivative with the structure disclosed by the invention.
In the electrolyte provided by the invention, the benzothiazole compound with the structure is adopted as the additive of the electrolyte, the additive generates polymerization reaction at a potential of 3.5V-4.5V to generate a polymer film on the surface of the anode, so that the redox reaction of the electrolyte on the surface of the anode is effectively blocked, the anode can be protected from being damaged, and meanwhile, the electrolyte solvent is protected from being oxidized and decomposed at a high potential.
In the invention, the adopted additive is a benzothiazole derivative with a structure shown in a formula (1) and has a structure shown in a formula 1:
Figure 762168DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
formula (1)
Wherein R is selected from halogen atom, benzene derivatives, -OH, -NH2, - (CH)2)n1CH3、-(CH2)n2CF3Wherein n1 is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 3, and n2 is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 3. The specific additive of the invention can realize the application of common electrolyte in a high-voltage environment of 5V.
Preferably, the benzene derivative has a structure represented by formula (2):
Figure 755531DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
formula (2)
Wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, -NO2, NH2, - (CH)2)n3CH3、-(CH2)n4CF3Wherein n3 is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 3, and n4 is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 3.
Preferably, the additive can be selected from one or more of 2-bromobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole, 2-chlorobenzothiazole and 2-hydroxybenzothiazole. The concrete structure is as follows:
2-bromobenzothiazole:
Figure 447544DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
preferably, the content of the additive is 0.1 to 10wt%, and more preferably 0.1 to 3wt%, based on the total mass of the electrolyte. The content is preferably 0.1-3 wt%, and the additive can form a film layer with enough thickness and enough coverage on the surface of the positive electrode, and meanwhile, the system is not influenced by redundant additives.
Preferably under the circumstancesIn the electrolyte provided by the invention, the concentration of lithium salt is 0.3-2 mol/L. The lithium salt is a variety of lithium salts commonly used by those skilled in the art and may be selected from, for example, LiPF6、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiAsF6、LiSiF6、LiALCl4、LiBOB、LiODFB、LiCL、LiBr、LiI、LiCF3SO3、Li(CF3SO2)3、Li(CF3CO2)2N、Li(CF3SO2)2N、Li(SO2C2F5)2N、Li(SO3CF3)2N、LiB(C2O4)2One or more of them may be used in combination. In a further preferred embodiment, the present invention employs LiPF6As the primary lithium salt.
The electrolyte solvent is selected from one or more of Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), Ethylene Carbonate (EC), Propylene Carbonate (PC), Butylene Carbonate (BC), Ethylene Sulfite (ES), Propylene Sulfite (PS), diethyl sulfite (DES), gamma-Butyrolactone (BL), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethyl acetate (EP), and Methyl Acetate (MA). And when carbonate electrolyte solvent adds this application additive assists and uses, can make electrolyte solvent use in 4.8V high voltage environment, compared with prior art there is showing the effect, and the electrolyte system is more stable simultaneously, uses extensively, and the lithium salt dissociation degree is high, and the additive solubility is better, advantages such as additive oxidative polymerization process can not receive electrolyte solvent's influence.
Preferably, the electrolyte also comprises one or more of Vinylene Carbonate (VC) and LiBOB.
The additive can also be directly used for a positive electrode, and the invention provides a positive electrode which comprises a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode material layer positioned on the surface of the positive electrode current collector, wherein the surface of the positive electrode material layer is provided with a polymer film, and the polymer film is composed of a polymer generated by the additive.
Preferably, the polymer is one or more of poly-2-bromobenzothiazole, poly-2-aminobenzothiazole, poly-2-chlorobenzothiazole and poly-2-hydroxybenzothiazole.
The polymer film is a protective film formed on the surface of the anode by the additive in the electrolyte under the potential of 3.5V-4.5V.
The preparation method of the lithium ion battery electrolyte provided by the invention is a common method of a person skilled in the art, namely, the components (including lithium salt, electrolyte solvent and additive) are uniformly mixed, and the mixing mode and the mixing sequence are not specially limited in the invention.
The electrolyte additive of the present invention may further contain other substances, such as other kinds of functional additives, and the present invention is not limited thereto.
The invention also provides a lithium ion battery, which comprises a shell, and an electric core and electrolyte accommodated in the shell, wherein the electric core comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a diaphragm between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and the electrolyte is the electrolyte provided by the invention and/or the positive electrode is the positive electrode provided by the invention. The positive electrode comprises a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode material, the positive electrode material comprises a positive electrode active substance, a conductive agent and a positive electrode binder, and the conductive agent and the positive electrode binder can be conductive agents and positive electrode binders which are conventionally used in the field; the negative electrode comprises a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode material, wherein the negative electrode material comprises a negative electrode active material and a negative electrode binder, the negative electrode material can also optionally comprise a conductive agent, the conductive agent is a conventional conductive agent and can be the same as or different from the conductive agent in the positive electrode material layer, and the negative electrode binder can be a negative electrode binder which is conventionally used in the field.
Since the preparation processes of the negative electrode plate, the positive electrode plate and the separator are well known in the art, and the assembly of the battery is also well known in the art, the detailed description thereof is omitted.
According to the lithium ion battery of the present invention, preferably, the positive electrode active material is LiNi having a spinel structure0.5Mn1.5O4Or LiNi of a layered structure0.5Mn0.5O2The positive electrode material is preferably LiNi having a spinel structure0.5Mn1.5O4The electrolyte additive has a higher charge-discharge potential platform, can embody a wider electrochemical window of the electrolyte by being applied with the aid of the additive with the structure, and can highlight the improvement of the electrolyte additive on the high-voltage performance of the electrolyte.
The negative electrode active material is preferably a lithium or graphite negative electrode, but is not limited thereto, and is more preferably metallic lithium.
The electrolyte and the lithium ion battery containing the electrolyte of the present invention will be further described with reference to the following specific examples. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention. The raw materials used in the examples and comparative examples were obtained commercially.
Example 1
(1) Preparing an electrolyte:
ethylene Carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), 12% by weight of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF) were placed in an argon glove box6) Dissolving the mixture in 100% by weight of an electrolyte solvent, and then adding 0.1% by weight of 2-chlorobenzothiazole (benzothiazole with a structure shown in formula (1) in the application, wherein R is-Cl) to obtain the lithium ion battery electrolyte of the embodiment, which is marked as C1;
(2) preparing a lithium ion battery:
mixing a positive electrode active material (LiNi)0.5Mn1.5O4) Acetylene black and polyvinylidene fluoride according to the mixture ratio of 90: 5: 5, uniformly mixing, and pressing on an aluminum foil to obtain a positive plate; taking a metal lithium sheet as a negative plate; the button cell S1 is prepared by taking a PE/PP composite diaphragm as an ion exchange membrane and adopting the electrolyte C1 of the embodiment and a conventional method in the field.
Example 2
An electrolyte and button cell were prepared using the same procedure as in example 1, except that: and (2) replacing 2-chlorobenzothiazole with 3% of 2-aminobenzothiazole by weight in the step (1) to prepare the lithium ion battery electrolyte C2 and the button cell S2.
Example 3
An electrolyte and button cell were prepared using the same procedure as in example 1, except that: and (2) replacing 2-chlorobenzothiazole with 5% of 2-aminobenzothiazole by weight in the step (1) to prepare the lithium ion battery electrolyte C3 and the button cell S3.
Example 4
An electrolyte and button cell were prepared using the same procedure as in example 1, except that: and (2) replacing 2-chlorobenzothiazole with 7% of 2-hydroxybenzothiazole by weight in the step (1) to prepare the lithium ion battery electrolyte C4 and the button cell S4.
Example 5
An electrolyte and button cell were prepared using the same procedure as in example 1, except that: and (2) adding 10 weight percent of 2-aminobenzothiazole instead of 2-chlorobenzothiazole in the step (1), and adding 5 percent of gamma-butyrolactone in an electrolyte system to prepare the lithium ion battery electrolyte C5 and the button cell S5.
Example 6
An electrolyte and button cell were prepared using the same procedure as in example 1, except that: and (2) adding 13 weight percent (except the content range of the application, a little) of 2-bromobenzothiazole instead of 2-chlorobenzothiazole in the step (1), and adding 10 percent of adiponitrile in an electrolyte system to prepare the electrolyte C6 of the lithium ion battery and the button cell S6 of the button cell.
Comparative example 1
An electrolyte and button cell were prepared using the same procedure as in example 1, except that: and (2) preparing a lithium ion battery electrolyte DC1 and a button cell DS1 without adopting a benzothiazole additive in the step (1).
Comparative example 2
An electrolyte and button cell were prepared using the same procedure as in example 1, except that: and (2) adding 2.5 weight percent of fluorotribenzothiazole additive into the solution obtained in the step (1) to prepare the lithium ion battery electrolyte DC2 and the button cell DS 2.
Performance testing
Electrolyte oxidative decomposition potential test
A three-electrode test method is applied, a platinum sheet is used as a working electrode, a lithium sheet is used as a reference electrode, and a counter electrode is tested to represent the additive electropolymerization potential and the electrolyte oxidative decomposition potential. The test results are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1
Figure 371506DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
(2) Testing of battery charging and discharging performance
Each of the experimental button cells S1-S6 and DS1-DS2 was discharged to 0.005V at a constant current of 0.1mA at normal temperature, and then charged to 1.5V at a constant current of 0.1mA, and the discharge capacity and the charge capacity of the cell were recorded, and the charge-discharge efficiency (%) = charge capacity/discharge capacity × 100% was calculated, and the test results are shown in table 2.
TABLE 2
Figure 894892DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
(3) Battery cycling test
The battery is charged to 4.85V at constant current and constant voltage of 200mA at normal temperature, the charge cut-off current is 20mA, then the battery is discharged to 3.0V at constant current of 200mA, the first charge capacity and discharge capacity are recorded, the discharge efficiency (%) is calculated, after the battery is repeatedly charged and discharged for 20, 40, 80 and 100 times, the discharge capacity of 20, 40, 80 and 100 times is recorded, the capacity retention (%) after the cycle is calculated, the discharge capacity of 100 times per the first discharge capacity is × 100%, and the cut-off voltage is 4.8V), and the test results are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3
Figure 262419DEST_PATH_IMAGE007
As can be seen from the results in tables 1-3, the polymerization potential of the additive of the present invention is 4.1V at the lowest and 4.2V at the highest; the maximum oxidative decomposition potential of the electrolyte prepared by the specific additive is 5.8V, and the minimum oxidative decomposition potential of the electrolyte is 5.2V; the lithium ion battery prepared by the electrolyte has good performance in charge and discharge performance test and cycle test, and can be normally applied under the high voltage of 5V.

Claims (10)

1. The electrolyte of the lithium ion battery comprises a lithium salt, an electrolyte solvent and an additive, and is characterized in that the additive is a benzothiazole derivative with a structure shown in a formula (1), and the structure of the additive is as follows:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
formula (1);
wherein R is selected from halogen atom, benzene derivative, -OH, -NH2、-(CH2)n1CH3、-(CH2)n2CF3Wherein n1 is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 3, and n2 is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 3; the benzene derivative has a structure shown in a formula (2):
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
formula (2)
Wherein X is selected from a halogen atom, -NO2、NH2、-(CH2)n3CH3、-(CH2)n4CF3Wherein n3 is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 3, and n4 is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 3.
2. The electrolyte as claimed in claim 1, wherein the additive is selected from one or more of 2-bromobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole, 2-chlorobenzothiazole and 2-hydroxybenzothiazole.
3. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the additive is present in an amount of 0.1 to 10 wt.% based on the total mass of the electrolyte.
4. The electrolyte of claim 3, wherein the additive is present in an amount of 0.1 to 3 wt.% based on the total mass of the electrolyte.
5. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the lithium salt is selected from LiPF6、LiCLO4、LiBF4、LiAsF6、LiSiF6、LiALCl4、LiBOB、LiODFB、LiCL、LiBr、LiI、LiCF3SO3、Li(CF3SO2)3、Li(CF3CO2)2N、Li(CF3SO2)2N、Li(SO2C2F5)2N、Li(SO3CF3)2N、LiB(C2O4)2One or more of (a).
6. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte solvent is a carbonate-based solvent, and the carbonate-based solvent comprises one or more of ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, ethylene sulfite, propylene sulfite, diethyl sulfite, γ -butyrolactone, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl acetate, and methyl acetate.
7. A positive electrode, comprising a positive electrode current collector, a positive electrode material layer on the surface of the positive electrode current collector, wherein the surface of the positive electrode material layer has a polymer film, and the composition of the polymer film is the polymer formed by the additive according to claim 1.
8. The positive electrode according to claim 7, wherein the polymer is one or more of poly-2-bromobenzothiazole, poly-2-aminobenzothiazole, poly-2-chlorobenzothiazole, and poly-2-hydroxybenzothiazole.
9. The positive electrode according to claim 8, wherein the polymer film is a protective film formed on the surface of the positive electrode by the additive in the electrolyte according to any one of claims 1 to 6 at a potential of 3.5V to 4.5V.
10. A lithium ion battery, comprising a casing, and a cell and an electrolyte accommodated in the casing, wherein the cell comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a diaphragm between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and the electrolyte is the electrolyte according to any one of claims 1 to 6 and/or the positive electrode is the positive electrode according to any one of claims 7 to 9.
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CN112490502B (en) * 2020-12-04 2022-01-21 广州天赐高新材料股份有限公司 Electrolyte and lithium secondary battery
CN116365026A (en) * 2021-12-28 2023-06-30 张家港市国泰华荣化工新材料有限公司 Nonaqueous electrolyte and lithium ion battery containing same
CN116404248B (en) * 2021-12-28 2024-03-01 张家港市国泰华荣化工新材料有限公司 Overcharge-preventing electrolyte and lithium ion battery comprising same
WO2023123673A1 (en) * 2021-12-28 2023-07-06 张家港市国泰华荣化工新材料有限公司 Non-aqueous electrolyte and lithium-ion battery comprising non-aqueous electrolyte

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