CN108719118A - A kind of animal swimming experiment device and experimental method - Google Patents
A kind of animal swimming experiment device and experimental method Download PDFInfo
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- CN108719118A CN108719118A CN201810533117.4A CN201810533117A CN108719118A CN 108719118 A CN108719118 A CN 108719118A CN 201810533117 A CN201810533117 A CN 201810533117A CN 108719118 A CN108719118 A CN 108719118A
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- transparent experiment
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- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 144
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 69
- 230000009182 swimming Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000010171 animal model Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 abstract description 12
- 230000001430 anti-depressive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012048 forced swim test Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000035943 smell Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000202 analgesic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010828 animal waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000935 antidepressant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940005513 antidepressants Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003020 moisturizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012780 transparent material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K15/00—Devices for taming animals, e.g. nose-rings or hobbles; Devices for overturning animals in general; Training or exercising equipment; Covering boxes
- A01K15/02—Training or exercising equipment, e.g. mazes or labyrinths for animals ; Electric shock devices ; Toys specially adapted for animals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K15/00—Devices for taming animals, e.g. nose-rings or hobbles; Devices for overturning animals in general; Training or exercising equipment; Covering boxes
- A01K15/02—Training or exercising equipment, e.g. mazes or labyrinths for animals ; Electric shock devices ; Toys specially adapted for animals
- A01K15/027—Exercising equipment, e.g. tread mills, carousels
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
- Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention discloses a kind of animal swimming experiment device and experimental method, is related to animal experiment technique field.The device includes the transparent experiment bucket for installing water and animal, further includes：Transparent experiment bucket at least there are two；Video camera, for shooting behavior of the record animal in transparent experiment bucket；Filter device, filter device is by piping connection between two neighboring transparent experiment bucket；Circulator, circulator are connected to multiple transparent experiment buckets and the water in multiple transparent experiment buckets can be driven to circulate through filter device and be filtered.The device can be carried out at the same time the swimming test of multiple animals, need not frequently carry out changing water operation.Invention additionally discloses a kind of animal swimming experiment method, the experimental period of the experimental method shortens, easy to operate.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to animal experiment technique field more particularly to a kind of animal swimming experiment device and experimental methods.
Background technology
Forced swim test (Forced Swimming Test, FST) system is mainly used for antidepression, calmness and analgesic
The research of class drug.The system is primarily adapted for use in rat, mouse or other laboratory animals, by the way that experimental animal is placed in one
In the water environment of limitation, animal, which risks one's life to struggle in this context, to be attempted to escape and can not escape, and can not be returned to provide one
The compressing environment kept away, animal shows typical " stationary state " after a period of time, reflects one kind and is referred to as that " behavior is exhausted
Prestige state ", animal of the record in the environment generate the series of parameters during desperate stationary state, and quiescent time gets over
Short, antidepressant effect is stronger.The animal models of depression of forced swimming is research human depression's pharmacology and its morbidity machine
Reliable experimental model in reason, screening observation antidepressant research.
Forced swimming device is single transparent cylindrical bucket in the prior art, when the swimming for completing an experimental animal
After experiment, animal wastes hair can be remained in water, generates very strong animal peculiar smell etc., these smells residual can influence next group reality
Behavior expression when testing animal forced swimming, to which the result parameter entirely tested can be influenced.Therefore dynamic whenever completing an experiment
It is required for change water operation after the forced swim test of object, i.e., bucket is lifted and change water operation, then bucket is put back to,
This process not only wastes time, water resource, but also process is cumbersome, extends experimental period.Still further aspect, in the prior art
Common forced swimming device is all single barrel of design, cannot carry out more experimental animals while test.
Invention content
In view of the above-mentioned problems, a kind of animal swimming experiment device of present invention proposition and experimental method, which can be simultaneously
The swimming test of multiple animals is carried out, need not frequently carry out changing water operation；The experimental period of the experimental method shortens, operation letter
It is single.
The present invention uses following technical scheme：
A kind of animal swimming experiment device, including：Transparent experiment bucket for installing water and animal, transparent experiment bucket is at least
There are two；
Further include：Video camera, for shooting behavior of the record animal in transparent experiment bucket；
Filter device, filter device is by piping connection between two neighboring transparent experiment bucket；
Circulator, circulator are connected to multiple transparent experiment buckets and the water in multiple transparent experiment buckets can be driven to recycle
It is filtered by filter device.
Further include experimental bench as a preferred embodiment of the present invention, there are two transparent experiment buckets, two transparent experiment buckets
It is both placed on experimental bench, the bottom surface of each transparent experiment bucket is both provided with outlet pipe.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, video camera setting is in the side of experimental bench, and video camera is towards transparent experiment
The side wall shooting of bucket.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, filter device includes box body and active charcoal bag, and box body can be opened and closed, box body two
End is connect by pipeline with connected two transparent experiment buckets, and active charcoal bag is placed in box body, and active charcoal bag is replaceable.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, active charcoal bag both sides are additionally provided with strainer, and strainer is replaceable.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, circulator includes vacuum pump, and the input end of vacuum pump is inserted by pipe
Enter a transparent experiment bucket, another transparent experiment bucket is inserted into the outlet end of vacuum pump by pipe.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, further includes the bung being placed in transparent experiment bucket, be provided on bung
Via, the pipe being connected with vacuum pump pass through via and are inserted into transparent experiment bucket.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, when experimental animal is mouse, a diameter of 25cm- of transparent experiment bucket
The height of 35cm, transparent experiment bucket are 35cm-45cm.
A kind of animal swimming experiment method, includes the following steps：
S1, more animals are respectively put into the multiple transparent experiment buckets for filling with water, start timing, video camera is to transparent reality
The animal tested in bucket is shot, and when reaching for the first predetermined time, animal is taken out, and is recorded in animal in the first predetermined time
The static time；
S2, the second predetermined time of interval, more animals in step S1 are respectively put into the multiple transparent realities for filling with water again
It tests in bucket, starts timing, video camera shoots the animal in transparent experiment bucket, when reaching the third predetermined time, will move
Object takes out, and is recorded in the time that animal is static in second predetermined time.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first predetermined time was 13min-17min, and the second predetermined time was 15h-
30h, third predetermined time are 3min-7min.
Further include being recycled to the water in multiple transparent experiment buckets between step S1 and S2 and/or after step S2
The step of filtering.
Beneficial effects of the present invention are：
(1) a kind of animal swimming experiment device proposed by the present invention, by the way that multiple transparent experiment buckets are arranged so that the experiment
Device can simultaneously test multiple animals, more efficient；By the way that filter device is arranged between two neighboring experiment bucket,
And circulator driving water cycle, which is arranged, makes water be filtered by filter device so that the water of experiment need not frequently change more
It changes, operation is simpler.
(2) a kind of animal swimming experiment method proposed by the present invention, experimental period shortens, easy to operate.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram of animal swimming experiment device provided by the invention.
In figure：
1, transparent experiment bucket；11, outlet pipe；12, water inlet pipe；
2, video camera；
3, filter device；31, box body；32, active charcoal bag；
4, circulator；41, vacuum pump；
5, experimental bench；
6, bung.
Specific implementation mode
The present invention is described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.It is understood that this place is retouched
The specific embodiment stated is used only for explaining the present invention rather than limitation of the invention.It also should be noted that in order to just
Only the parts related to the present invention are shown in description, attached drawing rather than entire infrastructure.
Embodiment one：
Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram for the animal swimming experiment device that the embodiment of the present invention one provides, and experimental provision mainly wraps
Transparent experiment bucket 1, video camera 2, filter device 3 and circulator 4 are included, wherein transparent experiment bucket 1 is used to install water and animal,
Since experiment bucket 1 is transparent material, video camera 2 can be used from the external row for shooting record animal in transparent experiment bucket 1
For video camera 2 is hand-holdable or is fixed with shelf；Transparent experiment bucket 1 at least there are two so that the experimental provision can simultaneously to more
A animal is tested, more efficient, two transparent experiment buckets 1 being preferably arranged in Fig. 1；Filter device 3 is connected by pipeline
Be connected between two neighboring transparent experiment bucket 1, circulator 4 with enter multiple transparent experiment buckets 1 be connected to and can drive it is multiple transparent
Water in experiment bucket 1 circulates through filter device 3 and is filtered so that the water of experiment need not change replacement frequently, and operation is more
Simply.
Further, filter device 3 include box body 31 and active charcoal bag 32,31 both ends of box body by pipeline with it is two neighboring
Transparent experiment bucket 1 connects, and switch valve is provided on pipeline.Box body 31 can be opened and closed, and active charcoal bag 32 is replaceable, and active charcoal bag 32 is put
In box body 31.32 both sides of active charcoal bag are additionally provided with strainer, and strainer is replaceable.The replacement of active charcoal bag 32 and strainer can basis
Actual conditions are arranged, after general experimental provision carries out five times, it is necessary to replace an active charcoal bag 32 and strainer.
Further, circulator 4 includes vacuum pump 41, and the input end of vacuum pump 41 is inserted into a transparent reality by pipe
Bucket 1 is tested, another transparent experiment bucket 1 is inserted into the outlet end of vacuum pump 41 by pipe.Preferably, bung 6, bung are additionally provided with
6 are placed in transparent experiment bucket 1 and are provided with via on bung 6, and the pipe being connected with vacuum pump 41 passes through via and is inserted into
In transparent experiment bucket 1.The setting of bung 6 is so that the action of circulator 4 is more reasonable, even if bung 6 is first placed on by the used time
In transparent experiment bucket 1, the component as carrying circulator 4 uses.
The use process of animal swimming experiment device that embodiment one provides is：
Transparent experiment bucket 1 is filled into water, the switch valve on 31 both ends pipeline of box body is closed, and animal is put into transparent experiment bucket
In 1, video camera 2 is from the external behavior for shooting record animal in transparent experiment bucket 1, experimentation, the hair of animal and row
Letting out the wastes such as object can stay in water.After experiment, the switch valve on 31 both ends pipeline of box body is opened, bung 6 is placed on
In transparent experiment bucket 1, the input end of vacuum pump 41 is inserted into a transparent experiment bucket 1 by pipe, and the outlet end of vacuum pump 41 is logical
It crosses pipe and is inserted into another transparent experiment bucket 1, start vacuum pump 41, the water in two transparent experiment buckets 1 is made to start the cycle over.Flow
From by the effect of active charcoal bag 32 and strainer in filter device 3, removed in a transparent experiment bucket 1 in water animal excrements and
Hair is filtered water.Water circulation after a certain period of time, closes vacuum pump 41, takes out circulator 4 and bung 6, and at this time two
Water in a transparent experiment bucket 1 reaches requirement of experiment, can be tested next time.After experiment carries out general five times, two thoroughly
Water in bright experiment bucket 1 has received pollution, and filter device 3 cannot play a role in filtering again, is needed at this time by transparent experiment
Water in bucket 1 is outwelled, the water more renewed, meanwhile, box body 31 is opened, active charcoal bag 32 and strainer are replaced.By transparent reality
The water tested in bucket 1, which is outwelled, can bear transparent experiment bucket 1 away replacement, or be replaced by circulator 4, such as by circulator
The pipeline of the water outlet connection of 4 intermediate pumps 41 is placed in sink, and vacuum pump 41 starts, and the water in transparent experiment bucket 1 is taken out
It walks, is discharged into sink.
The animal swimming experiment device that embodiment one provides can simultaneously test multiple animals, more efficient, real
The water tested need not change replacement frequently, and operation is simpler.
Preferably, when experimental animal is mouse, a diameter of 25cm-35cm of transparent experiment bucket 1 is preferably a diameter of
20cm；The height of transparent experiment bucket 1 is 35cm-45cm, and preferably height is 40cm.
Embodiment two：
What is different from the first embodiment is that not having to manual operation to realize the water inlet of transparent experiment bucket 1 and change water, also set up
There is experimental bench 5.
Specifically, as shown in Figure 1, experimental bench 5 includes working face and multiple columns, two transparent experiment buckets 1 are placed on
On the working face of experimental bench 5, the bottom surface of each transparent experiment bucket 1 is both provided with outlet pipe 11, is provided on corresponding outlet pipe 11
Switch valve (not shown).It is preferred that the working face of experimental bench 5 to be arranged to the structure of multiple crossbeam compositions so that transparent experiment
The outlet pipe 11 of the bottom surface setting of bucket 1 can pass through the gap on working face, reach working face bottom.Further, it is testing
5 top of platform is additionally provided with water inlet pipe 12, for giving transparent experiment bucket 1 moisturizing.Further, the side of experimental bench 5 passes through holder
It is fixedly installed video camera 2, the side wall of video camera 2 towards transparent experiment bucket 1 is shot, and the height of holder is adjustable, realizes adjustable knot
Structure does not limit herein.
The difference using process and embodiment one for the animal swimming experiment device that embodiment two provides is：
1 water flood operations of transparent experiment bucket are realized by the water inlet pipe 12 of 5 top setting of experimental bench in embodiment two, drain operation
The outlet pipe 11 being arranged by the bottom surface of transparent experiment bucket 1 is realized.The setting of wherein outlet pipe 11 avoids a kind of use of embodiment
The artificial inconvenience for replacing water or water is replaced using circulator 4, opens the valve on outlet pipe 11, so that it may with the row of conveniently realizing
Water.
Embodiment three：
The embodiment of the present invention three provides a kind of animal swimming experiment method, can be used in embodiment one or embodiment two and appoints
It anticipates a kind of experimental provision, the experimental provision in preferred embodiment two, transparent experiment bucket is set as two, using mouse as object of experiment
Antidepressant effect is studied for example, the experimental method includes mainly：
The first step：Two mouse are respectively put into two transparent experiment buckets for filling with water, the temperature of water at 25 DEG C or so,
Make mouse forced swimming test, start timing, video camera shoots the mouse in transparent experiment bucket, when reaching for the first predetermined time
When, mouse is taken out, mouse is dried and is put back in cage.It is recorded in the time that mouse is static in the first predetermined time.
Second step：It is preferred that using the experimental provision in embodiment two, the water in two transparent experiment buckets is circulated throughout
Filter, the peculiar smell generated when mouse experiment in the first step, hair and excreta etc. are filtered.
Third walks：It was spaced for the second predetermined time, two mouse of the first step is respectively and correspondingly placed into fill with water two again
In transparent experiment bucket, make mouse forced swimming test, start timing, video camera shoots the mouse in transparent experiment bucket, when up to
When to the third predetermined time, mouse is taken out.It is recorded in the time that mouse is static in the third predetermined time.
4th step：With the operation of second step, the water in two transparent experiment buckets is subjected to circulating filtration.
5th step：By software, analyze in the first step and third step, the mouse time static in transparent experiment bucket, with
This is foundation, studies antidepressant effect problem.
Preferably, the first predetermined time was 13min-17min, preferably 15min；Second predetermined time was 15h-30h,
Preferably for 24 hours, i.e., between every two days；The third predetermined time is 3min-7min, preferably 5min.
A kind of animal swimming experiment method provided by the invention can simultaneously test more animals, experimental period
Shorten, it is easy to operate.
Note that above are only presently preferred embodiments of the present invention and institute's application technology principle.It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that
The present invention is not limited to specific embodiments here, can carry out for a person skilled in the art it is various it is apparent variation, again
Adjustment and replacement are without departing from protection scope of the present invention.Therefore, although by above example to the present invention carried out compared with
For detailed description, but the present invention is not limited only to above example, without departing from the inventive concept, can be with
Including other more equivalent embodiments, and the scope of the present invention is determined by scope of the appended claims.
Claims (11)
1. a kind of animal swimming experiment device, including：Transparent experiment bucket (1) for installing water and animal, which is characterized in that also
Including：
The transparent experiment bucket (1) at least there are two；
Video camera (2), for shooting behavior of the record animal in the transparent experiment bucket (1)；
Filter device (3), the filter device (3) is by piping connection between the two neighboring transparent experiment bucket (1)；
Circulator (4), the circulator (4) are connected to multiple transparent experiment buckets (1) and can drive multiple described
Water in bright experiment bucket (1) circulates through the filter device (3) and is filtered.
2. animal swimming experiment device according to claim 1, which is characterized in that further include experimental bench (5), it is described transparent
There are two experiment buckets (1), and two transparent experiment buckets (1) are both placed on the experimental bench (5), each transparent experiment bucket
(1) bottom surface is both provided with outlet pipe (11).
3. animal swimming experiment device according to claim 2, which is characterized in that the video camera (2) is arranged described
The side wall of the side of experimental bench (5), the video camera (2) towards the transparent experiment bucket (1) is shot.
4. animal swimming experiment device according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the filter device (3) includes box body
(31) can be opened and closed with active charcoal bag (32), the box body (31), box body (31) both ends by pipeline with it is two neighboring described
Transparent experiment bucket (1) connection, the active charcoal bag (32) are placed in the box body (31), and the active charcoal bag (32) is replaceable.
5. animal swimming experiment device according to claim 4, which is characterized in that active charcoal bag (32) both sides are also set
It is equipped with strainer, the strainer is replaceable.
6. animal swimming experiment device according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the circulator (4) includes vacuum
It pumps (41), the input end of the vacuum pump (41) is inserted into a transparent experiment bucket (1), the vacuum pump (41) by pipe
Outlet end another transparent experiment bucket (1) is inserted by pipe.
7. animal swimming experiment device according to claim 6, which is characterized in that further include being placed on the transparent experiment
Bung (6) on bucket (1) is provided with via on the bung (6), and the pipe being connected with the vacuum pump (41) is across the mistake
Hole is simultaneously inserted into the transparent experiment bucket (1).
8. animal swimming experiment device according to claim 1, which is characterized in that described when experimental animal is mouse
The height of a diameter of 25cm-35cm of transparent experiment bucket (1), the transparent experiment bucket (1) are 35cm-45cm.
9. a kind of animal swimming experiment method, which is characterized in that include the following steps：
S1, more animals are respectively put into the multiple transparent experiment buckets for filling with water, start timing, video camera is to transparent experiment bucket
Interior animal is shot, and when reaching for the first predetermined time, animal is taken out, and is recorded in animal in first predetermined time
The static time；
S2, the second predetermined time of interval, more animals in step S1 are respectively put into the multiple transparent experiment buckets for filling with water again
It is interior, start timing, video camera shoots the animal in transparent experiment bucket, when reaching the third predetermined time, animal is taken
Go out, is recorded in the time that animal is static in second predetermined time.
10. animal swimming experiment method according to claim 9, which is characterized in that the first predetermined time was 13min-
17min, the second predetermined time are 15h-30h, and the third predetermined time is 3min-7min.
11. animal swimming experiment method according to claim 9, which is characterized in that between step S1 and S2 and/or walk
Further include the steps that circulating filtration is carried out to the water in the multiple transparent experiment bucket after rapid S2.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810533117.4A CN108719118A (en) | 2018-05-29 | 2018-05-29 | A kind of animal swimming experiment device and experimental method |
| PCT/CN2018/102217 WO2019227714A1 (en) | 2018-05-29 | 2018-08-24 | Animal swimming test device and test method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810533117.4A CN108719118A (en) | 2018-05-29 | 2018-05-29 | A kind of animal swimming experiment device and experimental method |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN108719118A true CN108719118A (en) | 2018-11-02 |
Family
ID=63936711
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810533117.4A Pending CN108719118A (en) | 2018-05-29 | 2018-05-29 | A kind of animal swimming experiment device and experimental method |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN108719118A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2019227714A1 (en) |
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| CN110012844A (en) * | 2019-04-10 | 2019-07-16 | 中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院 | A kind of underwater multifunctional unit animal experiment device |
| CN112970604A (en) * | 2021-02-19 | 2021-06-18 | 山东中医药大学 | Rodent weight bearing swimming intelligent experimental device |
| CN112970605A (en) * | 2021-02-19 | 2021-06-18 | 山东中医药大学 | Intelligent experimental apparatus for forced swimming of rodent |
| CN113080080A (en) * | 2021-04-07 | 2021-07-09 | 川北医学院 | Rat forced swimming test device and test method |
| CN114365704A (en) * | 2021-03-30 | 2022-04-19 | 中国人民解放军空军军医大学 | Small animal swimming training state evaluation system and method |
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| CN112970604A (en) * | 2021-02-19 | 2021-06-18 | 山东中医药大学 | Rodent weight bearing swimming intelligent experimental device |
| CN112970605A (en) * | 2021-02-19 | 2021-06-18 | 山东中医药大学 | Intelligent experimental apparatus for forced swimming of rodent |
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| CN114365704A (en) * | 2021-03-30 | 2022-04-19 | 中国人民解放军空军军医大学 | Small animal swimming training state evaluation system and method |
| CN113080080A (en) * | 2021-04-07 | 2021-07-09 | 川北医学院 | Rat forced swimming test device and test method |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2019227714A1 (en) | 2019-12-05 |
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Application publication date: 20181102 |