CN108694744B - Geological structure surface form comprehensive interpretation method based on multiple outcrops - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a geological structure surface form comprehensive interpretation method based on multiple outcrops, which consists of five parts of database establishment, dominance grouping, spatial relationship comparison, geological attribute comparison and result output; according to basic engineering conditions, geological conditions and the like, inquiring and counting in original survey data to obtain structural surface outcrop samples of a target rock body part, and then obtaining dominant structural surface groups according to outcrop occurrence by adopting a pole isopycnic map technology; in the designated advantageous grouping, carrying out space correlation search on the outcrop samples of the designated structural plane according to the input attitude deviation constraint parameters to obtain the rest outcrop samples with position and attitude correlation conditions; and further screening and removing according to the characteristics of the structural surface to obtain all target samples with consistent spatial position, occurrence and geological properties, thereby realizing analysis and interpretation of the spatial form of a certain deterministic long structural surface.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a geological structure surface form comprehensive interpretation method based on various outcrops, and belongs to the field of engineering investigation of rock engineering industries such as hydropower, mine, building engineering and the like. Aiming at geological structural surface outcrops obtained by geological drilling and adit compiling and recording, correlation properties of different structural surface outcrops in a three-dimensional space are obtained by adopting effective analysis technology interpretation according to geological indexes such as the structure type, geometric characteristics (attitude and spatial position), structural surface characteristics and the like, so that a basic basis is provided for construction of a deterministic geological structural surface network model and related geological analysis.
Background
The geological structure surface is one of the basic compositions of engineering rock mass, and directly influences the structural characteristics and stability of the rock mass, so the geological survey surrounding the structure surface is the core content of the rock mass engineering survey such as water and power engineering and the like. In the traditional geological exploration work, exploration methods such as surface mapping, drilling, hole exploration and the like are generally adopted, and relevant geological analysis is assisted to obtain basic data including main indexes such as exposed positions (outcrop), birth states, cause mechanisms, structural surface characteristics and the like aiming at a structural surface, so that necessary data conditions are laid for the formation of daily geological result drawings and the deepened geological analysis of the daily geological result drawings.
In hard massive rock masses, the network of the geological structural planes is often the controlling factor affecting the potential deformation and failure modes of the engineering rock mass, and therefore, one of the important contents of the geological analysis work required to be carried out around the basic survey data is to determine the spatial morphological characteristics of the structural planes, namely, the interpretation of the morphology of the structural planes.
The key to the interpretation of the morphology of the structural surface is to find the association relationship between different outcrops in three-dimensional space from a large number of types of outcrops of the structural surface. Drilling and footrill are common conventional means used in the prospecting work of rock engineering, and structural surface outcrops are recorded independently from each other during logging, so that the first problem of determining the space form of a geological structural surface is to analyze and interpret whether the outcrops can be connected with each other and how to be connected. The existing interpretation technology is lack of an effective working method, the final result is that a large amount of outcrops are not utilized, and the determination of the space form of the structural surface is still the technical difficulty problem of the geological analysis of the rock mass engineering.
From the aspects of development scale and stability, the high-level structural surface controls the macroscopic characteristics of potential deformation and stability of the rock mass, so that the long and large structural surface is a main object for morphological analysis and interpretation of the structural surface.
The interpretation method around the morphology of the large geological structure surface should excavate the engineering value of the original data as much as possible. During the exploration work of rock engineering, a large amount of structural surface outcrop information is recorded in drilling holes and adit, and the key points comprise the structure type, the geometric characteristics (position and attitude) and the structural surface characteristics (such as dislocation property, structural surface thickness, filling type and the like). The geological structure surface form comprehensive interpretation method based on multiple outcrops sequentially carries out dominance grouping, spatial relationship comparison and characteristic comparison aiming at a large number of structural surface outcrops of multiple types collected on site, continuously eliminates 'irrelevant persons', and finally remains a small number of outcrops with high similarity. According to basic engineering conditions, geological conditions and the like, inquiring and counting in original survey data to obtain structural surface outcrop samples of the target rock body part, and then obtaining dominant structural surface groups according to outcrop occurrence by adopting a pole isopycnic map technology; in the designated advantageous grouping, carrying out space correlation search on the outcrop samples of the designated structural plane according to the input attitude deviation constraint parameters to obtain the rest outcrop samples with position and attitude correlation conditions; and further screening and removing according to the characteristics of the structural surface, so that all target samples with consistent spatial position, occurrence and geological properties can be obtained, and the analysis and interpretation of the spatial form of a certain deterministic long structural surface are realized.
The field data acquisition and the interior work arrangement and analysis aiming at the geological structure surface are the key contents of geological work of rock mass engineering. The engineering exploration drilling and footrill record some structural surfaces independently, the structural surfaces are named in a local numbering mode, such as fp1 and fp2 …, the space position information of each structural surface is recorded in a drilling depth or footrill pile number mode, and in addition, the exploration work also records the information of the shape, the structure type, the characteristics and the like of each structural surface in detail. According to basic conditions of engineering and geology, the outcrop position, the attitude, the structure type, the type and the characteristics of the outcrop are synthesized.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a geological structural surface form comprehensive interpretation method based on various outcrops, which can realize the analysis and interpretation of the spatial form of a structural surface and provide more detailed and accurate basis for the construction of a network model of a deterministic structural surface and the analysis and design application of engineering geology.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
the invention relates to a geological structure surface form comprehensive interpretation method based on various outcrops, which consists of five parts of database establishment, dominance grouping, spatial relationship comparison, geological attribute comparison and result output; the database is used for storing and managing outcrop original data of the geological structure surface; according to basic engineering conditions, geological conditions and the like, inquiring and counting in original survey data to obtain structural surface outcrop samples of the target rock body part, and then obtaining dominant structural surface groups according to outcrop occurrence by adopting a pole isopycnic map technology; in the designated advantageous grouping, carrying out space correlation search on the outcrop samples of the designated structural plane according to the input attitude deviation constraint parameters to obtain the rest outcrop samples with position and attitude correlation conditions; further screening and removing according to the characteristics of the structural surface to obtain all target samples with consistent spatial position, occurrence and geological properties, thereby realizing analysis and interpretation of the spatial form of a certain deterministic long structural surface; and outputting the structural surface outcrop sample interpretation result to a specified three-dimensional geological modeling system and constructing a structural surface model.
The database stores and manages basic geological record data by taking a specific engineering object as a unit, and provides necessary data input for realizing engineering application of the comprehensive interpretation method of the geological structure surface morphology based on multiple outcrops.
Specifically, the comprehensive interpretation method of the geological structure surface morphology based on multiple outcrops comprises the following steps
Step 1: establishing a geological structure surface database;
step 2: judging a drilled hole or a footrill in the database, and obtaining a drilled hole or footrill sample meeting conditions when the basic engineering information index is consistent with the specified basic engineering condition constraint parameter;
and step 3: sequentially judging the long and large structural surface samples in the drill holes or the adit meeting the conditions, and obtaining structural surface outcrop samples meeting the conditions when the exposure positions of the long and large structural surface samples are consistent with the specified basic geological condition constraint parameters;
and 4, step 4: performing pole isopycnic map analysis on all structural surface outcrop samples of the target rock mass part to obtain an advantageous grouping result of the outcrop samples;
and 5: within any advantageous feature plane grouping, a reference outcrop a is designated, assuming its inclination and DIP are DIP and DD, respectively, and a deviation angle α, and a attitude deviation β are set.
Step 6: automatically defining a space position of a reference outcrop A and a deviation angle alpha thereof in a space to obtain a constraint boundary, namely a boundary 1 and a boundary 2, wherein the constraint boundary passes through the outcrop A, the trend is DD, and the DIP angles are DIP-alpha and DIP + alpha respectively;
and 7: judging other outcrops in the designated dominant structural surface group, and when the positions of the outcrops are located in a space range defined by constraint boundaries 1 and 2 and the inclination angles and the tendencies are respectively between [ DIP-beta, DIP + beta ], [ DD-beta, DD + beta ], determining that the outcrops and the reference outcrops A have position and attitude association conditions;
and 8: adopting step 7 to sequentially judge all other samples in the designated dominant structural surface group to obtain all outcrop samples which have position and attitude association conditions with the designated outcrop A of a certain space structural surface;
and step 9: summarizing and comparing the geological attributes of all outcrop samples meeting the position and occurrence correlation conditions, eliminating irrelevant samples, and finally obtaining all effective samples with the optimal correlation conditions with the space structural plane;
step 10: and outputting the effective outcrop sample to a geological three-dimensional modeling and analysis design platform ItasCADV3.5, and constructing a structural surface model by adopting a discrete smooth interpolation, namely a DSI (dynamic differential interface) technology.
After the step 3 is finished, the steps 2 and 3 can be repeated, all the drill holes, the footrills and the structural surface samples in the database are traversed, the statistical acquisition of the structural surface outcrop samples of the target rock body part is finally obtained, and then the dominant structural surface grouping analysis is carried out by adopting the extreme point equal density map technology in the step 4; after the step 10 is completed, the step 5 to the step 10 can be repeated, and the query, screening and analysis of the exposure of the effective samples of other structural surfaces in the designated advantageous grouping and the model construction thereof are sequentially completed to obtain the network model of the structural surface of the grouping.
According to basic engineering conditions and basic geological conditions, the spatial position, the attitude and the address attribute information of outcrop of the structural surface of drilling and footrill exposure are combined, the comprehensive interpretation of the incidence relation among the outcrop of different structural surfaces of a target rock body part is realized, and an effective method is provided for the construction of a deterministic geological structural surface network model and the related geological deepening analysis. Compared with the traditional structural surface interpretation method, the method makes full use of the original geological data information, and therefore, the interpretation result is richer and more detailed. The invention greatly improves the availability and the engineering value of the exploration original data, has simple and effective working principle, does not increase the working content and the engineering quantity in the exploration process, and is easy to master the interpretation method.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the composition and workflow of a comprehensive interpretation method for geological structure surface morphology based on multiple outcrops;
FIG. 2 shows query statistics of structural plane outcrop of a target rock mass location;
FIG. 3 shows a schematic view of the outcrop principle of the screening structure surface of occurrence deviation and angle deviation;
FIG. 4 illustrates a structural surface three-dimensional geological model obtained by interpretation;
FIG. 5 shows dam site area fill feature advantage groupings;
FIG. 6 shows the distribution statistics of mid-dam site filling structural plane (left) and fault (right) in the plant area;
FIG. 7 illustrates a first set of fault visualization presentations of a factory building area;
FIG. 8 shows the results of spatial contrast (left) and feature contrast (right) screening of a first set of faults in a factory building;
fig. 9 shows the interpretation result of the shape of the structural surface of the factory building area.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following figures and examples, which are not to be construed as limiting the invention in any way.
The comprehensive interpretation method of the geological structure surface form based on multiple outcrops comprises a database, an advantage grouping, a space relation comparison, a geological attribute comparison and a result output. The database is used for storing and managing outcrop original data of the geological structure surface. According to basic engineering conditions, geological conditions and the like, inquiring and counting in original survey data to obtain structural surface outcrop samples of the target rock body part, and then obtaining dominant structural surface groups according to outcrop occurrence by adopting a pole isopycnic map technology; in the designated advantageous grouping, carrying out space correlation search on the outcrop samples of the designated structural plane according to the input attitude deviation constraint parameters to obtain the rest outcrop samples with position and attitude correlation conditions; further screening and removing according to the characteristics of the structural surface, and obtaining all target samples with consistent spatial position, occurrence and geological properties, thereby realizing analysis and interpretation of the spatial form of a certain deterministic long structural surface; and outputting the structural surface outcrop sample interpretation result to a specified three-dimensional geological modeling system and constructing a structural surface model.
The database stores and manages basic geological record data by taking a specific engineering object as a unit, and provides necessary data input for realizing engineering application of the comprehensive interpretation method of the geological structure surface form based on various outcrops. With the purpose of interpreting structural planes obtained by two conventional exploration types, namely drilling and adit, a database is provided with a comprehensive data input interface of the system, table 1 shows main cataloguing contents and indexes, and the design intention and significance are as follows:
1) content of the catalog: according to different information types, catalogued contents obtained by drilling and adit are divided into basic information and a long and large structural surface, and a data form is adopted for classified management;
2) basic information cataloging: besides storing the self-form description parameters of the drill hole or the footrill, the method also comprises the basic information of the engineering to which the drill hole or the footrill belongs and the basic geological information revealed by the exploration process.
a) Morphological characteristics: the spatial form of the drilled hole or the footrill is described by using the coordinates of the hole (cave) opening, the depth of the hole (cave) and the axis direction of the hole (cave).
b) Engineering information: the method comprises the steps of project name, project position and project stage;
c) geological information: including formation code, lithologic name, weathering degree, and unloading degree
3) And (3) recording the long and large structural plane: the method is used for storing and managing the information of the large and large structural planes revealed in the exploration object, and mainly comprises the indicators (fields) of revealing position, thickness, occurrence, geological properties and the like.
The basic information recording indexes (fields) are mainly used as constraint conditions for query and screening of the large and large structural plane outcrop samples, and the exact position of each outcrop in a three-dimensional space can be traced by combining with structural plane exposure position information, so that statistical acquisition of the structural plane outcrop samples of the target rock body part is realized and the outcrop samples are used as data input of subsequent application analysis.
By taking the above principle as a background, a comprehensive interpretation method of geological structure surface morphology based on multiple outcrops is realized, and the method composition and the working flow are shown in fig. 1.
Step 1: a geological structural surface database. Aiming at a drilling or adit exploration object, original data is sorted and put in storage according to a suggested format and a standard, and input conditions for working development of a geological structure surface form comprehensive interpretation method based on multiple outcrops are formed.
Basic engineering conditions (engineering names, engineering stages and engineering positions) or basic geological conditions (stratum codes, lithologic names, weathering degrees and unloading degrees) indexes are selected as constraint parameters of query statistics, and according to the basic information of the drill holes or the footrills and the relationship between the outcrop exposure positions of the structural surfaces and the constraint conditions, outcrop samples of target rock mass positions are obtained through query statistics in a geological structural surface database, and the outcrop samples are shown in figure 2.
Step 2: and judging the drilled holes or footrills in the database, and obtaining drilled hole or footrills meeting the conditions when the basic engineering information indexes are consistent with the specified basic engineering condition constraint parameters.
And step 3: and sequentially judging the long and large structural surface samples in the drill holes or the footrills meeting the conditions, and obtaining the structural surface outcrop samples meeting the conditions when the exposure positions of the long and large structural surface samples are consistent with the specified basic geological condition constraint parameters.
And (3) repeating the step (2) and the step (3), traversing all the drilling holes, the footrill and the structural surface samples in the database, finally obtaining the statistical acquisition of the structural surface outcrop samples of the target rock body part, and further carrying out the grouping analysis of the dominant structural surface by adopting a pole-like dense-chart technology.
And 4, step 4: and (4) performing pole isopycnic map analysis on all structural surface outcrop samples of the target rock body part to obtain the advantage grouping result of the outcrop samples.
The drilling and footrill at different positions reveal the outcrop of a certain space structure surface, and the deviation of the space position and the attitude should be within a certain range, so that the position and the attitude are used as the primary indexes for the interpretation of the structure surface. And (3) outputting the grouping result of any advantageous structural surface, and performing space correlation search on the outcrop of the specified structural surface according to the input occurrence deviation constraint parameter to obtain other outcrop samples with position and occurrence correlation conditions, wherein the basic principle is shown in FIG. 3.
And 5: within any advantageous feature plane grouping, a reference outcrop a is designated (assuming its inclination and DIP are DIP and DD, respectively) and a deviation angle α, and a attitude deviation β, are set.
Step 6: and automatically defining the space position of the reference outcrop A and the deviation angle alpha thereof in the space to obtain a constraint boundary, namely a boundary 1 and a boundary 2, wherein the constraint boundary passes through the outcrop A, the trends are DD, and the DIP angles are DIP-alpha and DIP + alpha respectively.
And 7: and judging other outcrops in the designated dominant structural surface group, and considering that the outcrops and the reference outcrops A have position and shape association conditions when the positions of the outcrops are positioned in a space range defined by the constraint boundaries 1 and 2 and the inclination angles and the tendencies are respectively between [ DIP-beta, DIP + beta ], [ DD-beta, DD + beta ].
See fig. 4, where outcrop B is outside the constraint boundary with no association condition; although the outcrop C is positioned in the constraint boundary, the inclination angle is outside the attitude constraint range [ DIP-beta, DIP + beta ], and the outcrop C also has no correlation condition; D. e satisfies all constraints and is therefore an outcrop sample with associated conditions.
And 8: and 7, sequentially judging all other samples in the designated dominant structural surface group to obtain all outcrop samples which have position and attitude association conditions with the designated outcrop A of a certain space structural surface.
The outcrop of the position of the structure surface is revealed by drilling and adit of a certain space structure surface at different positions, and the characteristics of the structure surface are always higher in consistency except that the attitude and the space position deviation are within a certain range, so that outcrop samples can be further screened by adopting the geological properties of the structure surface.
And step 9: and summarizing and comparing the geological attributes (structure type, thickness, dislocation property and filling type) of all outcrop samples meeting the position and occurrence correlation conditions, and removing irrelevant samples to finally obtain all effective samples with the optimal correlation conditions with the space structure surface.
Step 10: and outputting the effective outcrop sample to a geological three-dimensional modeling and analysis design platform ItasCADV3.5, and constructing a structural surface model by adopting a discrete smooth interpolation, namely a DSI (differential phase information) technology, and referring to FIG. 4.
And repeating the steps 5-10, and sequentially finishing the query screening analysis and the model construction of the exposure of the effective samples of other structural surfaces in the designated advantageous grouping to obtain the network model of the structural surface of the grouping.
Table 1: the main contents and indexes (fields) recorded in the database
Example (b):
in water conservancy and hydropower engineering in western China, stage investigation results can be developed, and holes drilled at different parts of a dam site area and various filling structural surfaces developed in footrill can be divided into 5 advantage groups according to the property, as shown in figure 5. Structural surfaces which cannot be judged to be related to each other are exposed when drilling and adit are compiled, and local numbers are adopted for distinguishing and naming in single holes/tunnels. The plant area is located on the right bank of the middle dam site, the structural plane is relatively developed, potential influences are caused on deformation and failure modes of plant rock masses, and therefore research work needs to obtain a geological model of the structural plane of the plant area, and model basis is provided for engineering geological analysis and design application.
The requirement of the practical work requires that when the structural surface outcrop is subjected to structural surface form interpretation, the structural surface outcrop space position information can be utilized to carry out targeted structural surface interpretation work on different engineering parts. The geological structural surface form comprehensive interpretation method based on various outcrops is adopted, the structural surface is screened in the database according to the engineering position and the structural surface type, as shown in figure 6, and the screening result of the structural surface aiming at the fault type of the factory building area is listed on the right side of figure 6.
According to actual work requirements, the faults of the factory building area are further divided into 3 groups according to the advantages of the faults of the factory building area, as shown in fig. 7, the faults of the factory building area are divided into 3 groups, the first group is selected, and the first group is output to the three-dimensional visualization platform.
As can be seen from fig. 7, structural face outcrops screened and output according to engineering position and occurrence dominance groups are all intensively distributed in a right bank factory area, at this time, the structural face outcrops meeting screening conditions in exploration holes and holes are still difficult to clear correlation, therefore, spatial comparison is further performed on the outcrops, any structural face outcrop (such as PDZ14_ fp8) is selected to further eliminate the structural face outcrops outside a potential range through setting an occurrence deviation allowable value of 20 degrees and a deviation angle allowable value of 10 degrees, as shown in fig. 8 (left), after the spatial comparison screening is finished, a small number of structural face outcrops in a adit are remained, at this time, fp10, fp12, screened fp 865 5 and fp14 in PDZ08 are screened and reserved, other characteristics of the fault outcrops such as fault types are further compared, PDZ08_ fp10\ fp12 is found to be a positive fault, fp 08 is screened and fp 387 is a reverse fault type, and other fault outcrops are found to be a reverse fault deviation through other fault angle deviations, therefore, three structural surfaces of PDZ08_ fp10\ fp12\ fp13 are further rejected to be outcrop. Finally, the fault outcrop and the adit/borehole thereof which are obtained and have the correlation with the PDZ14_ fp8 are obtained as shown in FIG. 8 (right). And fitting and creating a three-dimensional geological model of the fault of the factory building area according to the outcrop incidence relation of the finally interpreted structural surface, as shown in FIG. 9.
The above are only specific application examples of the present invention, and other embodiments of the present invention are within the scope of the present invention as claimed by using equivalent alternatives or equivalent variations.
Claims (4)
1. A geological structure surface form comprehensive interpretation method based on multiple outcrops is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the steps of establishing a database, superiority grouping, spatial relationship comparison, geological attribute comparison and result output; the database is used for storing and managing outcrop original data of the geological structure surface; according to basic engineering conditions and geological conditions, structural surface outcrop samples of the target rock body part are obtained through query and statistics in original survey data, and then dominant structural surface groups are obtained according to outcrop occurrence by adopting a pole isopiestic map technology; in the designated advantageous grouping, carrying out space correlation search on the outcrop samples of the designated structural plane according to the input attitude deviation constraint parameters to obtain the rest outcrop samples with position and attitude correlation conditions; further screening and removing according to the characteristics of the structural surface to obtain all target samples with consistent spatial position, occurrence and geological properties, thereby realizing analysis and interpretation of the spatial form of a certain deterministic long structural surface;
the method comprises the following steps:
step 1: establishing a geological structure surface database;
step 2: judging a drilled hole or a footrill in the database, and obtaining a drilled hole or footrill sample meeting conditions when the basic engineering information index is consistent with the specified basic engineering condition constraint parameter;
and step 3: sequentially judging the long and large structural surface samples in the drill holes or the adit meeting the conditions, and obtaining structural surface outcrop samples meeting the conditions when the exposure positions of the long and large structural surface samples are consistent with the specified basic geological condition constraint parameters;
and 4, step 4: performing pole isopycnic map analysis on all structural surface outcrop samples of the target rock mass part to obtain an advantageous grouping result of the outcrop samples;
and 5: in any advantageous structural surface group, a certain reference outcrop A is designated, the DIP angle and the inclination are respectively assumed to be DIP and DD, and a deviation angle alpha and a attitude deviation beta are set;
step 6: automatically defining a space position of a reference outcrop A and a deviation angle alpha thereof in a space to obtain a constraint boundary, namely a boundary 1 and a boundary 2, wherein the constraint boundary passes through the outcrop A, the trend is DD, and the DIP angles are DIP-alpha and DIP + alpha respectively;
and 7: judging other outcrops in the designated dominant structural surface group, and when the positions of the outcrops are located in a space range defined by constraint boundaries 1 and 2 and the inclination angles and the tendencies are respectively between [ DIP-beta, DIP + beta ], [ DD-beta, DD + beta ], determining that the outcrops and the reference outcrops A have position and attitude association conditions;
and 8: adopting step 7 to sequentially judge all other samples in the designated dominant structural surface group to obtain all outcrop samples which have position and attitude association conditions with the designated outcrop A of a certain space structural surface;
and step 9: summarizing and comparing the geological attributes of all outcrop samples meeting the position and occurrence correlation conditions, eliminating irrelevant samples, and finally obtaining all effective samples with the optimal correlation conditions with the space structural plane;
step 10: and outputting the effective outcrop sample to a geological three-dimensional modeling and analysis design platform ItasCAD V3.5, and constructing a structural surface model by adopting a discrete smooth interpolation, namely a DSI (dynamic differential input) technology.
2. The comprehensive interpretation method for the morphology of the geological structure surface based on multiple outcrops as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: the database stores and manages basic geological record data by taking a specific engineering object as a unit, and provides necessary data input for realizing engineering application of the comprehensive interpretation method of the geological structure surface form based on various outcrops.
3. The comprehensive interpretation method for the morphology of the geological structure surface based on multiple outcrops as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: and (3) after the step (3) is finished, repeating the step (2) and the step (3), traversing all the drilling holes, the footrills and the structural surface samples in the footrills in the database, finally obtaining the statistical acquisition of the structural surface outcrop samples of the target rock body part, and further carrying out the group analysis of the dominant structural surface by adopting the pole isoprobe technology in the step (4).
4. The comprehensive interpretation method for the morphology of the geological structure surface based on multiple outcrops as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: and after the step 10 is finished, repeating the step 5 to the step 10, and sequentially finishing the query, screening and analysis of the exposure of the effective samples of other structural surfaces in the designated advantageous grouping and the model construction thereof to obtain the network model of the structural surface of the grouping.
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