CN108692815B - 使用纵向色差的多光谱成像 - Google Patents

使用纵向色差的多光谱成像 Download PDF

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CN108692815B
CN108692815B CN201810290028.1A CN201810290028A CN108692815B CN 108692815 B CN108692815 B CN 108692815B CN 201810290028 A CN201810290028 A CN 201810290028A CN 108692815 B CN108692815 B CN 108692815B
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A.吉勒特
J-L.巴索
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Abstract

本发明涉及使用纵向色差的多光谱成像。提供了用于对目标对象进行成像的系统和方法。在一个示例中，一种多光谱成像器包括物镜，所述物镜被配置成沿所述物镜的光轴以高度纵向色差对来自目标对象的光进行色散。所述多光谱成像器还包括传感器，所述传感器被配置成：当沿所述光轴移动所述物镜和所述传感器中的至少一个时，在多个波长中的每一个处捕获所述目标对象的整个图像。此外，所述多光谱成像器包括处理器，所述处理器被配置成分析每一个整个图像的每一个像素的不同加原色的强度以确定哪些像素具有正确波长。

Description

使用纵向色差的多光谱成像
技术领域
本发明涉及用于对目标对象进行成像的系统和方法，并且更具体地涉及使用纵向色差的多光谱成像。
背景技术
一般来说，多光谱成像涉及在各种波长的光（诸如可见光、紫外光和红外光）处分析图像。多光谱成像可以被用在许多应用中，诸如用于检测假币、检测食品质量、以及其他应用。在实际多光谱成像的许多实现中使用的装备典型地包括光谱仪和/或旋转棱镜。这些实现通常是非常大且昂贵的。因此，存在针对更紧致的多光谱成像设备、尤其是可手持以容易使用的多光谱成像设备的需要。
发明内容
相应地，本发明涵盖了用于对对象进行成像的系统和方法。在一个示例性实施例中，一种多光谱成像器包括：物镜，被配置成沿所述物镜的光轴以高度纵向色差对来自目标对象的光进行色散。所述多光谱成像器进一步包括：传感器，被配置成在多个波长中的每一个处捕获所述目标对象的整个图像，这是通过沿所述光轴移动所述物镜或所述传感器来实现的。而且，所述多光谱成像器的处理器被配置成分析每一个整个图像的每一个像素的不同原色的强度以确定哪些像素具有正确的波长。
在另一示例性实施例中，提供了一种用于对目标对象进行成像的方法。所述方法包括第一步骤：对从目标对象反射的多个波长的光进行光学色散，以便在光轴上创建纵向色差。所述方法还包括下述步骤：确定所述多个波长中的每一个处整个图像的非锐利区的像素的色彩强度。
在以下具体实施方式及其附图内进一步解释前述说明性发明内容、以及本发明的其他示例性目的和/或优势、以及完成它们的方式。
附图说明
图1示意性地描绘了示出根据本发明至少一个实施例的正在监视的电磁辐射的相关波长的图表。
图2示意性地描绘了根据本发明至少一个实施例的多光谱成像装置的图。
图3示意性地描绘了根据本发明至少第一实施例的光学成像器的图。
图4示意性地描绘了根据本发明至少一个实施例的图像堆叠的图。
图5示意性地描绘了根据本发明至少一个实施例的在特定波长处捕获的图像以及该图像的示例性锐利和非锐利部分。
图6a至6c描绘了根据本发明至少一个实施例的图3中所示的传感器的图。
图7描绘了示出根据本发明至少一个实施例的各种波长处的图像的量子效率的曲线图。
图8描绘了根据本发明至少一个实施例的光学成像器的操作的方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
在光学器件的领域中，色差的概念可以被认为是未能将所有颜色聚焦到相同焦点的透镜的结果。色差的效果由于不同波长的光的折射率中的差异而出现。取代将光聚焦到一个点，透镜可以对光进行色散。
附加地，纵向色差是其中沿纵轴并且更具体地沿透镜的光轴对光进行色散的色差类型。例如，产生纵向色差的透镜以某个纵向距离将具有第一极端波长的光的射线聚焦在光谱的一端处且还将具有第二极端波长的光的射线聚焦在光谱的另一端处。本发明利用纵向色差的现象以在与特定波长的焦点或焦场相对应的不同波长处获得多个图像。
本发明涵盖用于在各种波长处获得目标对象的图像且分析该图像以确定目标对象的某些特性的系统和方法。本发明可以包括被设计成在不针对色差进行校正的情况下对光进行色散的透镜，诸如物镜。具体地，本发明的物镜可以提供纵向色差，使得不同波长处的光聚焦在沿透镜的焦散面或光轴的不同点处。本发明还可以包括被配置成在不同波长处获得对象的多个焦点对准（in-focus）图像的传感器。根据各种实施例，可以相对于光轴移动物镜或传感器，以允许传感器在不同波长处获得图像。
根据多个图像，可以生成图像堆叠。然后，图像堆叠可以用于分析各种属性以检测对象的特性。在一个示例中，可以分析具体波长处图像的具体部分以确定所印刷的货币是否是假的。而且，可以通过观察吸收光谱来分析食品的质量或成熟度。应当指出，本文描述的多光谱成像系统也可以包括其他应用。
图1是示出了根据示例性实施例的具体光谱10内的电磁辐射的波长的图表。光谱10可以基本上对应于本发明所利用的相关波长。特别地，在使用CMOS传感器或RGB-IR传感器的情况下，所感测的相关波长可以在从约300 nm或更小到约1100 nm或更大的范围内变化。因此，该示例中的光谱10可以涵盖整个可见光谱，其在从约400 nm到约700 nm的范围内变化且还包括紫外（UV）光谱的一部分和近红外（近IR）光谱的一部分，紫外（UV）光谱包括400 nm以下的波长，近红外（近IR）光谱包括700 nm以上的波长。
根据一些实施例，可以使用其他类型的传感器以感测更宽范围的波长。例如，可以使用一些传感器以感测UV光谱中的更低波长和IR光谱中的更高波长，UV光谱中的该更低波长包括从约100 nm到400 nm的波长，IR光谱中的该更高波长包括从约700 nm到约1 mm的波长。
本发明可以提供用于照亮目标对象的光源。在一些实施例中，光源可以提供在从约300 nm到约1100 nm的范围内变化的电磁辐射范围。而且，本发明的光学系统可能能够至少感测与图1中的光谱10所示的范围相同的范围。在一些实施例中，光学系统可以被配置成感测更大范围的电磁辐射。
图2是图示了本发明的一般概念以及更特别地在本发明各种实施例中可利用的物镜的概念的示例的装置20的图。装置20包括色差单元22，色差单元22表示用于对目标对象24进行成像的光学系统。色差单元22包括光轴26，光轴26定义了色差单元22的光学元件绕其旋转对称的假想线。
如图2中所示，从目标对象24反射的光射线被辐射到色差单元22。色差单元22对射线进行光学折射，使得不同波长聚焦在沿光轴26的不同点处。更具体地，图像聚焦到在轴上的相应点处与光轴26垂直相交的平面上。应当指出，每一个波长处的焦点的深度使传感器能够将锐利图像与模糊图像进行区分。
取决于各种实施例，图2的色差单元22可以包括透镜、滤色器等的各种组合。不论特定实现方式如何，色差单元22都包括被配置成对目标对象24的图像进行光学色散的物镜。图像的色散包括将图像的具体波长聚焦在沿光轴26的具体点处。例如，色差单元22能够将具有约400 nm波长（例如，蓝紫色）的图像聚焦到在图2中被标记为“400”的点处与光轴垂直的平面上。
尽管在图2中示出了附图标记“400”、“500”、“600”、“700”和“800”，但应当指出，它们不是装置20自身的一部分，而是主要出于解释的目的而示出的。而且，光轴26是假想线，且也是出于解释的目的而示出的。应当指出，与沿光轴26的点处的对应波长有关的标度可能不必然是如所示的线性标度，而是可以取决于色差单元22的特性。
取决于色差单元22的配置，可以在约400 nm和800 nm之间的任何波长处对目标对象24的图像进行色散。而且，色差单元22还可以被配置成沿光轴26对小于400 nm和/或大于800 nm的其他波长进行色散。
图3是示出了光学成像器30的第一实施例的图。光学成像器30包括具有光轴26的色差单元22，如上面关于图2所描述。光学成像器30进一步包括一个或多个辐射源32、传感器34、电动机36、电动机控制器38、处理器40和存储器42。传感器34、电动机36和电动机控制器38可以定义自动聚焦机构。在本发明中，其他类型的自动聚焦机构可以被用于沿光轴26往复移动传感器34和/或色差单元22。在一些实施例中，可以优选的是，移动色差单元22的一个或多个透镜以使传感器34能够感测多个波长处的图像。自动聚焦机构的目的是使传感器34能够通过沿由光学系统创建的色差的焦散面移动传感器34或色差单元22的透镜来在不同波长处获取焦点对准图像。
辐射源32在被组合地考虑或分离地考虑时定义宽带光谱源。因此，辐射源32被配置成利用至少处于光学成像器30所利用的相关光谱内的光照亮目标对象24，该相关光谱可以包括从约400 nm到约800 nm的波长范围内变化的电磁辐射。如上所提及，色差单元22基于波长来对光射线进行色散。较短波长（例如，蓝紫色）相比于较长波长（例如，近IR）在更大的角度处折射，且聚焦在光轴26上的不同点处。
在一些实施例中，传感器34可以是CMOS感测组件、RGB-IR传感器或其他类型的传感器，其可以被配置成感测从约300 nm到约1100 nm的范围内的电磁辐射。根据其他实施例，传感器34可以包括用于感测300 nm以下的波长和/或用于感测1100 nm以上的波长的其他类型的感测组件。
处理器40指示电动机控制器38使电动机36沿光轴26在往复运动中移动传感器34或色差单元22。在一些实施例中，电动机控制器38可以控制电动机36以逐步的方式移动。相应地，电动机36可以被配置成将传感器34和/或色差单元22的透镜移动到其中传感器34可关于第一波长感测到光的第一点，然后将传感器34或透镜移动到其中关于第二波长感测到光的第二点，依此类推。这可以针对相关光谱内的多个波长而重复。
例如，光学成像器30可以被配置成以如下这样的方式步进传感器34：关于以约25nm而不同的各种波长捕获目标对象24的图像。当以相隔25 nm（即，在图1中的每一个记号处）感测时，光学成像器30可以捕获例如从400 nm到800 nm的17个图像。处理器40可以进一步被配置成将所捕获的图像存储在存储器42中。
作为涉及机械促动器的图3的自动聚焦机构的可替换方案，其他实施例可以包括液体透镜、可变形透镜或其他自动聚焦设备。除了检测焦点或锐利度外，处理器40进一步能够如下面关于图6所描述的那样计算K比率。而且，处理器40可以被配置成将图像存储在存储器42中并按需组合图像。处理器40还可以包括用于对目标对象进行三维成像的三维成像电路。处理器40的功能可以是处理器40的硬件的一部分，或者可以被配置为存储在存储器42中且由处理器40执行的软件或固件。在一些实施例中，透镜、色差单元22或传感器34沿光轴26的移动还可以涉及作用于液体或可变形透镜上的自动聚焦机构的促动。
图4是示出了包括目标对象的多个图像48的图像堆叠46的示例的图。每一个图像50表示对应波长处的目标对象24的视图。根据图3的实施例，可以在沿光轴26的各种点处捕获多个图像48。
图像堆叠46是对在相关光谱内以各种步长获取的图像48进行堆叠的多维（例如，三维）多光谱图像。在约400 nm到约700 nm的相关光谱内的波长处获取图像。图像48不必然包括每个波长，而是包括光谱内的离散测量结果。
一旦在多个波长处获得多维图像堆叠46，就可以分析目标对象24的各种属性。为了检测伪钞，可以由处理器40在一个或多个波长处分析钞票的不同区，并将该不同区与真钞的对应区进行比较。
对于食品质量检测，可以分析各种波长的吸收。例如，随着水果成熟，其对各种光的吸收可以变化。因此，可以针对成熟性而分析水果，以及针对经过成熟阶段到变腐烂而分析水果。
可以实现多光谱成像的其他应用。特别地，使用本公开中描述的多光谱成像设备，用途可以尤其更便利，这是由于本文描述的实施例可以体现在紧致手持设备（诸如，手持扫描仪或条形码扫描仪）中，该紧致手持设备表示相对于传统光学成像器在大小方面的极大减小。在这方面，用户可以容易地操控手持设备，以在多个波长处捕获目标对象24的三维图像堆叠46。
图5示出了目标对象的图像50的示例。图像50可以包括锐利部分52，锐利部分52包括某个水平的焦点对准细节。图像50的其他部分54可以由非锐利特征表征。因此，光学成像器的自动聚焦算法可能能够确定图像50的某些部分是锐利的或焦点对准，诸如与锐利部分52类似的那些部分。然而，自动聚焦算法可能不能够查明其他部分（诸如部分54）是否焦点对准。
图6a-6c图示了图3中所示的传感器34的实施例。如图6a中所示，传感器34被配置为包括利用滤色器62覆盖的单色传感器60的色彩传感器。滤色器62可以是拜耳（Bayer）滤色器、RFG-IR滤色器或其他类型的滤色器矩阵。如图6b中所示，滤色器62包括色彩像素64的矩阵。如图6c中所示，每一个色彩像素64包括两个绿色像素、一个蓝色像素和一个红色像素。因此，每一个色彩像素64能够确定三个加原色（即，红色、绿色和蓝色）中的每一个的强度。
图3中所示的处理器40被配置成从滤色器62的每一个色彩通道接收色彩信号。色彩通道例如可以包括R、G和B，且可以可选地包括IR。根据色彩信号，处理器40能够计算针对每一个色彩像素64的K1比率和K2比率。下面定义比率K1和K2：
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
其中I(g)是色彩像素64中的绿色的强度，I(b)是色彩像素64中的蓝色的强度，并且I(r)是色彩像素64中的红色的强度。
图7图示了示出各种波长处的色彩强度的示例的曲线图。在一个特定波长（即，约500 nm）处，蓝色图案的波形与绿色图案的波形相交。在该点处，绿色和蓝色的强度是相同的。因此，在其中绿色和蓝色的强度相同的波长处，K1比率将等于1.0。
根据示例性操作，处理器40可以被配置成首先确定图像50的锐利部分52并存储锐利部分。而且，然后可以从整个图像中提取锐利部分，从而留下不锐利的部分54。由于可能难以确定非锐利部分是否应当是图像的一部分，因此处理器40可以进一步被配置成确定图像50的这些剩余部分的每一个色彩像素64的K1和K2比率。通过计算每一个色彩像素64处的K1和K2，处理器40可以确定哪些像素处于正确的波长。还可以在存储器42中保存且从图像50中提取基于K1和K2比率而被确定为正确的像素。然后可以组合这两个图像，以确定哪些部分是针对每一个特定波长的最终图像的一部分。
图8是图示了用于获得多光谱图像的方法80的实施例的流程图。在图8中，方法80包括在第一波长处获取整个图像（诸如图像50）的第一步骤。如框84中所指示，方法80包括从所获取的整个图像中提取锐利区以获得第一图像。框86包括下述步骤：计算未在步骤84中提取的剩余区中的每一个的K比率。K比率可以使用上面描述的等式（1）和（2）而计算。
如框88所指示，方法80进一步包括下述步骤：提取具有正确K比率的那些像素，以便获得第二图像。框90包括下述步骤：组合在步骤84和88中提取的第一和第二图像。决策框92确定是否要监视更多波长。如果是，则方法80返回到框82，在框82中，获取下一波长处的整个图像。如果没有更多波长要被监视，则该方法继续到框94。如框94中所指示，在已经在每一个波长或兴趣处获取和组合所有图像之后，方法80包括执行下述步骤：记录所有经组合的图像以获得多光谱图像。
在说明书和/或附图中，已经公开了本发明的典型实施例。本发明不限于这样的示例性实施例。术语“和/或”的使用包括关联的所列出的项目中的一个或多个的任何和所有组合。附图是示意性表示，且因此不必然按比例绘制。除非以其他方式指出，已经在一般性和描述性的意义上而非出于限制的目的使用具体术语。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于多光谱成像的成像器，包括：
物镜，被配置成沿所述物镜的光轴以高度纵向色差对从目标对象反射的光进行色散；
色彩传感器，被配置成在多个波长处捕获所述目标对象的多个基本上完整的图像，其中所述物镜和所述传感器中的至少一个被配置成沿所述光轴移动，以使所述传感器能够捕获所述多个基本上完整的图像；以及
处理器，被配置成针对对应波长处的所述多个基本上完整的图像中的每一个基本上完整的图像：
通过从基本上完整的图像提取锐利区来获得第一图像；
针对基本上完整的图像的剩余区的每一个色彩像素，计算第一颜色的像素强度与第二颜色的像素强度的第一比率K1，并计算第一颜色的像素强度与第三颜色的像素强度的第二比率K2，并基于第一比率K1和第二比率K2来确定哪些像素处于正确波长；
基于具有第一比率K1和第二比率K2的正确值的像素的提取来获得第二图像；
基于所述对应波长处的所获得的第一图像和第二图像的组合来生成经组合的图像；以及
基于针对所述对应波长的所述多个基本上完整的图像中的每一个基本上完整的图像的所生成的经组合的图像，来获得多光谱图像。
2.如权利要求1所述的成像器，其中所述处理器被配置成：提取每一个所捕获的图像的锐利区，以创建表示所捕获的图像的子集的相应第一图像。
3.如权利要求2所述的成像器，其中所述处理器被配置成：通过计算第一颜色的像素强度与第二颜色的像素强度的第一比率并计算所述第一颜色的像素强度与第三颜色的像素强度的第二比率，分析不同加原色的强度。
4.如权利要求3所述的成像器，其中所述第一和第二比率定义针对每一个所捕获的图像的预先选择的波长。
5.如权利要求1所述的成像器，其中所述传感器包括色彩感测元件。
6.如权利要求5所述的成像器，其中所述色彩感测元件包括利用滤色器覆盖的单色传感器。
7.如权利要求6所述的成像器，其中所述滤色器包括色彩像素的矩阵，每一个色彩像素包括两个绿色像素、一个蓝色像素和一个红色像素。
8.如权利要求1所述的成像器，进一步包括：电磁辐射源，被配置成向所述目标对象投射宽带光谱辐射。
9.如权利要求1所述的成像器，其中所述传感器被配置成：感测具有从约400nm到约700nm的范围内的波长的电磁辐射。
10.如权利要求1所述的成像器，其中所述处理器被配置成：处理多个图像以获得所述多个波长的多维图像堆叠。
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