CN108684418A - 樱桃的育苗方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了樱桃的育苗方法,其步骤如下:种子采收后,冲洗,晾干,沙藏;播种前将种子挖出,剥除种尖处种皮,放入乙烯利溶液中浸泡,泡好的种子与拌种剂拌种,阴干备用;将培育基质装入育苗袋中,再放置种子,上覆基质层,待幼苗长成后,将幼苗带基质移栽;栽植前,用甲基托布津将带幼苗基质浇灌浸根;在种植田中挖穴,向穴内铺一层消毒木屑,将深层土加腐熟有机肥拌匀回填,再喷洒上尿素溶液和磷酸氢钾溶液,把幼苗放入栽植坑,将表层土壤覆到幼苗周围,踏实土壤,浇足水。本发明育苗方法简单有效,可操作性强,可使樱桃出苗发芽率高,成活率高,发病率低,根系发达,有效缩短生产周期,降低生产成本,增加经济效益。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及植物种植技术领域,尤其是涉及樱桃的育苗方法。
技术背景
樱桃,乔木,高2-6米,树皮灰白色,小枝灰褐色,嫩枝绿色,无毛或被疏柔毛,冬芽卵形,无毛。果实可以作为水果食用,外表色泽鲜艳、晶莹美丽、红如玛瑙,黄如凝脂,果实富含糖、蛋白质、维生素及钙、铁、磷、钾等多种元素,以富含维生素C而闻名于世,是世界公认的“天然VC之王”和“生命之果”。中国主要产地有黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、山东、安徽、江苏、浙江、河南、甘肃、陕西、四川等。
优质的苗木是樱桃生产的基础,要加速樱桃的生产,以适应市场的需求量,首先要加快良种苗木的繁育,生产上樱桃育苗方法主要有种子育苗、扦插育苗、嫁接育苗及组培的方法,扦插法、嫁接法和组培方法虽然也能获得较优质的幼苗,但生产时要求的环境条件较高,均不如种子播种简便和直接,而传统种子育苗法,存在难萌发、育苗周期长、出芽率低的问题,因此,只要改变传统种子育苗的缺点,即可得到优良品种的樱桃幼苗。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供出苗发芽率高、成活率高、发病率低、根系发达的樱桃的育苗方法,该方法简单有效,可操作性强,有效缩短生产周期,降低生产成本,增加经济效益。
本发明针对背景技术中提到的问题,采取的技术方案为:
樱桃的育苗方法,具体包括以下步骤:
采种与贮藏:育苗用种子必须在果实完全成熟后才能采收,采收后立即去掉果肉,取出种核,用清水冲洗干净,放在阴凉处晾干,然后立即沙藏,沙藏时先把种子按1:3-5的比例与湿沙混合,沙的湿度以用手握成团,伸开手即散为宜,沙藏温度控制在0-8℃,经过低温湿藏的种子,在层积作用下,促使核壳开裂,有助于种皮内抑制萌芽的物质分解转化,有利于播种发芽;
种子预处理:春季播种前将贮藏的种子挖出,筛除沙子,剥除种尖处的种皮,用清水冲洗干净后,放入体积浓度为2-4%的乙烯利溶液中浸泡10-12h,将浸泡好的种子与拌种剂按15-20:1的比例拌种,阴干4-5h,备用,该拌种剂由以下重量份原料组成:吡虫啉5-8份、甲霜灵3-7份、咯菌腈6-10份、苯醚甲环唑10-12份、乳化剂2-3份,对种子进行催芽、拌种,可以打破种子休眠,有效提高樱桃种子发芽率,缩短发芽时间,也能有效对抗前期病虫危害,提高成活率;
育苗:按重量份取松针粉8-10份、三七粉5-8份、茯苓粉3-6份、椰糠8-10份、细沙7-9份、50%硫磺悬浮液3-5份、有机腐熟肥1-2份混合,加水调节含水量在55-65%,制得培育基质,将基质装入育苗袋中,每个育苗袋放置2-3粒种子,再在种子上覆层3-5cm厚的基质层,育苗温度控制在20-30℃,待幼苗长至20-30cm后,除去基质袋,将幼苗带基质进行移栽,椰糠具有良好的保水性和透气性,自然分解缓慢,保证对樱桃供肥的连续性和均匀性,有利于延长基质使用期,加入中药粉末可以提高樱桃的抗病能力,降低苗木病变几率,育苗袋播种空间小,容易防鼠,便于集中管理,移栽时既方便又不损伤幼苗,幼苗移栽时要保持基质完整,减少创伤,并进行严格的检查,发现病苗,立即淘汰;
移栽:在种植田中准备栽植幼苗的位置挖穴,以40-50cm见方、深度50-60cm为宜,在种植穴内先铺一层5-10cm厚的消毒木屑,再将挖出的深层土加10-25%腐熟的有机肥拌匀回填到坑内,回填深度以栽植时幼苗基质上表层与地面平齐为宜,再喷洒上浓度为0.1-0.2%的尿素溶液和浓度为0.2-0.3%的磷酸氢钾溶液,使用量均为3-4ml/cm2,把带基质的幼苗垂直放入栽植坑中央,将原来挖出的表层土壤,均匀地覆到幼苗的周围,覆土后将幼苗轻轻向上提一下,使幼苗根系舒展,且充分与覆土密接,然后踏实土壤,浇足水;
管理:栽植前,用500倍的甲基托布津将带幼苗基质浇灌浸根10-30min,幼苗定植后,在缓苗期要求栽植层土壤水分以田间最大持水量的65-70%为宜,当栽植层土壤水分不足时,要及时补充水分,以利缓苗,移栽成活后,进行中耕除草,并即时做好干汗浇水、雨涝排水工作,同时在雨季时做好病虫害的预防。
作为优选,上述拌种剂的制备方法为:将苯醚甲环唑、吡虫啉、甲霜灵、咯菌腈、乳化剂混合,在振荡速度400-500r/min、功率30-45W的条件下,溶解20-30min,得到拌种剂,其中乳化剂为十二烷基磺酸钠和甘油醛的混合物,甘油醛为乳化剂重量的0.05-0.09%,甘油醛中含有0.65-0.85%的右旋甘油醛,由特殊比例组成的甘油醛加入拌种剂中,使拌种剂液滴中油水界面张力急剧减小,以增加拌种剂的稳定性,当拌种剂与种子接触后,能在种子表面形成薄膜,并向内渗透,将种皮细胞间隙不断扩大,增加其通透性,以便促进种子发芽,缩短发芽时间,同时能够增加芽苗的内吸作用,使有效药物成分通过内吸进入芽苗,起到杀菌、防病的作用。
与现有技术相比,本发明的优点在于:1)本发明中对种子进行了低温湿藏、催芽和拌种的预处理方式,经过多种方式来打破樱桃种子的休眠,使种皮内抑制萌芽的物质分解转化,有效提高樱桃种子发芽率,缩短发芽时间,也能对抗前期病虫危害,提高成活率;2)本发明中采用的培育基质营养丰富全面,提供了良好的保湿性和透气性,改善了土壤环境,使苗木成活率高、长势好、根系发达,缩短生长周期,提高生产效率;3)本发明提供的樱桃的育苗方法,简单有效,可操作性强,可使樱桃出苗发芽率高,成活率高,发病率低,根系发达,有效缩短生产周期,降低生产成本,增加经济效益。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例对本发明方案作进一步说明:
实施例1:
樱桃的育苗方法,具体包括以下步骤:
1)育苗用种子采收后立即去掉果肉,取出种核,用清水冲洗干净,放在阴凉处晾干,然后立即沙藏,沙藏时先把种子按1:3的比例与湿沙混合,沙的湿度以用手握成团,伸开手即散为宜,沙藏温度控制在2℃;
2)将苯醚甲环唑10份、吡虫啉5份、甲霜灵3份、咯菌腈6份、乳化剂2份混合,在振荡速度400r/min、功率30W的条件下,溶解20min,得到拌种剂,上述乳化剂为十二烷基磺酸钠;
3)播种前将贮藏的种子挖出,筛除沙子,剥除种尖处的种皮,用清水冲洗干净后,放入体积浓度为2%的乙烯利溶液中浸泡10h,将浸泡好的种子与拌种剂按15:1的比例进行拌种,阴干4h,备用;
4)按重量份取松针粉8份、三七粉5份、茯苓粉3份、椰糠8份、细沙7份、50%硫磺悬浮液1份、有机腐熟肥1份混合,加水调节含水量在55%,制得培育基质,将基质装入育苗袋中,每个育苗袋放置2粒种子,再在种子上覆层3cm厚的基质层,育苗温度控制在20℃,待幼苗长至20cm后,除去基质袋,将幼苗带基质进行移栽;
5)在准备栽植幼苗的位置挖穴,以40cm见方、深度50cm为宜,在种植穴内先铺一层5cm厚的消毒木屑,再将挖出的深层土加10%腐熟的有机肥拌匀回填到坑内,再喷洒上浓度为0.1%的尿素溶液和浓度为0.2%的磷酸氢钾溶液,使用量为3ml/cm2,把带基质的幼苗垂直放入栽植坑中央,将原来挖出的表层土壤,均匀地覆到幼苗的周围,覆土后将幼苗轻轻向上提一下,使幼苗根系舒展,且充分与覆土密接,然后踏实土壤,浇足水;
6)栽植前,用500倍的甲基托布津将带幼苗基质浇灌浸根10min,幼苗定植后,栽植层土壤水分以田间最大持水量的65%为宜,当栽植层土壤水分不足时,要及时补充水分,移栽成活后,进行中耕除草,并即时做好干汗浇水、雨涝排水工作,同时在雨季时做好病虫害的预防。
实施例2:
樱桃的育苗方法,具体包括以下步骤:
1)育苗用种子采收后立即去掉果肉,取出种核,用清水冲洗干净,放在阴凉处晾干,然后立即沙藏,沙藏时先把种子按1:3的比例与湿沙混合,沙的湿度以用手握成团,伸开手即散为宜,沙藏温度控制在2℃;
2)将苯醚甲环唑10份、吡虫啉5份、甲霜灵3份、咯菌腈6份、乳化剂2份混合,在速度400r/min、功率30W的条件下,溶解20min,得到拌种剂,上述乳化剂为十二烷基磺酸钠和甘油醛的混合物,甘油醛为乳化剂重量的0.05%,甘油醛中含有0.65%的右旋甘油醛;
3)播种前将贮藏的种子挖出,筛除沙子,剥除种尖处的种皮,用清水冲洗干净后,放入体积浓度为2%的乙烯利溶液中浸泡10h,将浸泡好的种子与拌种剂按15:1的比例进行拌种,阴干4h,备用;
4)按重量份取松针粉8份、三七粉5份、茯苓粉3份、椰糠8份、细沙7份、50%硫磺悬浮液1份、有机腐熟肥1份混合,加水调节含水量在55%,制得培育基质,将基质装入育苗袋中,每个育苗袋放置2粒种子,再在种子上覆层3cm厚的基质层,育苗温度控制在20℃,待幼苗长至20cm后,除去基质袋,将幼苗带基质进行移栽;
5)在准备栽植幼苗的位置挖穴,以40cm见方、深度50cm为宜,在种植穴内先铺一层5cm厚的消毒木屑,再将挖出的深层土加10%腐熟的有机肥拌匀回填到坑内,再喷洒上浓度为0.1%的尿素溶液和浓度为0.2%的磷酸氢钾溶液,使用量为3ml/cm2,把带基质的幼苗垂直放入栽植坑中央,将原来挖出的表层土壤,均匀地覆到幼苗的周围,覆土后将幼苗轻轻向上提一下,使幼苗根系舒展,且充分与覆土密接,然后踏实土壤,浇足水;
6)栽植前,用500倍的甲基托布津将带幼苗基质浇灌浸根10min,幼苗定植后,栽植层土壤水分以田间最大持水量的65%为宜,当栽植层土壤水分不足时,要及时补充水分,移栽成活后,进行中耕除草,并即时做好干汗浇水、雨涝排水工作,同时在雨季时做好病虫害的预防。
实施例3:
樱桃的育苗方法,具体包括以下步骤:
1)育苗用种子采收后立即去掉果肉,取出种核,用清水冲洗干净,放在阴凉处晾干,然后立即沙藏,沙藏时先把种子按1:5的比例与湿沙混合,沙的湿度以用手握成团,伸开手即散为宜,沙藏温度控制在4℃;
2)将苯醚甲环唑11份、吡虫啉6份、甲霜灵5份、咯菌腈8份、乳化剂2份混合,在速度480r/min、功率40W的条件下,溶解25min,得到拌种剂,上述乳化剂为十二烷基磺酸钠和甘油醛的混合物,甘油醛为乳化剂重量的0.08%,甘油醛中含有0.75%的右旋甘油醛;
3)播种前将贮藏的种子挖出,筛除沙子,剥除种尖处的种皮,用清水冲洗干净后,放入体积浓度为3%的乙烯利溶液中浸泡12h,将浸泡好的种子与拌种剂按20:1的比例进行拌种,阴干5h,备用;
4)按重量份取松针粉9份、三七粉7份、茯苓粉5份、椰糠10份、细沙8份、50%硫磺悬浮液2份、有机腐熟肥2份混合,加水调节含水量在65%,制得培育基质,将基质装入育苗袋中,每个育苗袋放置3粒种子,再在种子上覆层5cm厚的基质层,育苗温度控制在25℃,待幼苗长至30cm后,除去基质袋,将幼苗带基质进行移栽;
5)在准备栽植幼苗的位置挖穴,以50cm见方、深度60cm为宜,在种植穴内先铺一层10cm厚的消毒木屑,再将挖出的深层土加18%腐熟的有机肥拌匀回填到坑内,再喷洒上浓度为0.2%的尿素溶液和浓度为0.3%的磷酸氢钾溶液,使用量为4ml/cm2,把带基质的幼苗垂直放入栽植坑中央,将原来挖出的表层土壤,均匀地覆到幼苗的周围,覆土后将幼苗轻轻向上提一下,使幼苗根系舒展,且充分与覆土密接,然后踏实土壤,浇足水;
6)栽植前,用500倍的甲基托布津将带幼苗基质浇灌浸根30min,幼苗定植后,要求栽植层土壤水分以田间最大持水量的70%为宜,当栽植层土壤水分不足时,要及时补充水分,移栽成活后,进行中耕除草,并即时做好干汗浇水、雨涝排水工作,同时在雨季时做好病虫害的预防。
实施例4:
樱桃的育苗方法,进一步优化步骤如下:
1)育苗用种子采收后立即去掉果肉,取出种核,用清水冲洗干净,放在阴凉处晾干,然后立即沙藏,沙藏时先把种子按1:5的比例与湿沙混合,沙的湿度以用手握成团,伸开手即散为宜,沙藏温度控制在4℃;
2)将苯醚甲环唑11份、吡虫啉6份、甲霜灵5份、咯菌腈8份、乳化剂2份混合,在速度480r/min、功率40W的条件下,溶解25min,得到拌种剂,上述乳化剂为十二烷基磺酸钠和甘油醛的混合物,甘油醛为乳化剂重量的0.08%,甘油醛中含有0.75%的右旋甘油醛;
3)播种前将贮藏的种子挖出,筛除沙子,剥除种尖处的种皮,用清水冲洗干净后,放入体积浓度为3%的乙烯利溶液中浸泡12h,将浸泡好的种子与拌种剂按20:1的比例进行拌种,阴干5h,备用;
4)按重量份取松针粉9份、三七粉7份、茯苓粉5份、椰糠10份、细沙8份、50%硫磺悬浮液2份、有机腐熟肥2份混合,加水调节含水量在65%,制得培育基质,将基质装入育苗袋中,每个育苗袋放置3粒种子,再在种子上覆层5cm厚的基质层,育苗温度控制在25℃,待幼苗长至30cm后,除去基质袋,将幼苗带基质进行移栽,上述硫磺悬浮液中含有重量占比0.03%的乙基麦芽酚,乙基麦芽酚能随硫磺悬浮液药膜,附着在苗芽、根系上,并快速与基质中的氮、磷离子发生络合,使氮、磷离子更快速的进入幼苗体内,以加强幼苗茎叶营养,增强根系生长,使幼苗成活率明显提高,同时乙基麦芽酚可增加樱桃的风味,使其果实鲜艳,香味持久;
5)在准备栽植幼苗的位置挖穴,以50cm见方、深度60cm为宜,在种植穴内先铺一层10cm厚的消毒木屑,再将挖出的深层土加18%腐熟的有机肥拌匀回填到坑内,再喷洒上浓度为0.2%的尿素溶液和浓度为0.3%的磷酸氢钾溶液,使用量为4ml/cm2,把带基质的幼苗垂直放入栽植坑中央,将原来挖出的表层土壤,均匀地覆到幼苗的周围,覆土后将幼苗轻轻向上提一下,使幼苗根系舒展,且充分与覆土密接,然后踏实土壤,浇足水;
6)栽植前,用500倍的甲基托布津将带幼苗基质浇灌浸根30min,幼苗定植后,要求栽植层土壤水分以田间最大持水量的70%为宜,当栽植层土壤水分不足时,要及时补充水分,移栽成活后,进行中耕除草,并即时做好干汗浇水、雨涝排水工作,同时在雨季时做好病虫害的预防。
以实施例2-4培育繁殖的樱桃苗,与实施例1所得樱桃苗形成对照试验,通过对樱桃育苗期间的发芽率、发芽耗时、移栽成活率、发病率、移栽时发根数及根长进行记录,取平均数据并分析,结果如下表。
表1樱桃生长状况的综合分析
由上表可明显得出,樱桃种子经过预处理后,可以有效促进樱桃种子的发芽,缩短发芽时间,所采用的育苗繁殖方法可以提供出苗发芽率高、成活率高、发病率低、根系发达的樱桃幼苗,可以有效降低生产成本,增加经济效益。
本发明操作步骤中的常规操作为本领域技术人员所熟知,在此不进行赘述。
以上所述的实施例对本发明的技术方案进行了详细说明,应理解的是以上所述仅为本发明的具体实施例,并不用于限制本发明,凡在本发明的原则范围内所做的任何修改、补充或类似方式替代等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (7)
1.樱桃的育苗方法,其特征在于:所述樱桃的育苗方法步骤如下:
步骤1:育苗用种子采收后去掉果肉,取出种核冲洗干净,晾干,沙藏;
步骤2:播种前将种子挖出,剥除种尖处的种皮,冲洗干净后,放入乙烯利溶液中浸泡,将泡好的种子与拌种剂拌种,阴干备用;
步骤3:将培育基质装入育苗袋中,再放置种子,在种子上覆基质层,开始育苗,待幼苗长成后,除去基质袋,将幼苗带基质进行移栽;
步骤4:在种植田中挖穴,向种植穴内铺一层消毒木屑,再将深层土加腐熟的有机肥拌匀回填,再喷洒上尿素溶液和磷酸氢钾溶液,把幼苗垂直放入栽植坑,将表层土壤覆到幼苗周围,踏实土壤,浇足水;
步骤5:栽植前,用甲基托布津将带幼苗基质浇灌浸根,移栽成活后,进行中耕除草,并做好干汗浇水、雨涝排水工作,同时在雨季时做好病虫害的预防。
2.根据权利要求1所述的樱桃的育苗方法,其特征在于:所述步骤1中沙藏是把种子按1:3-5的比例与湿沙混合贮藏,沙藏温度控制在0-8℃。
3.根据权利要求1所述的樱桃的育苗方法,其特征在于:所述步骤2中浸泡好的种子与拌种剂的比例为15-20:1。
4.根据权利要求1所述的樱桃的育苗方法,其特征在于:所述拌种剂由以下重量份原料组成:吡虫啉5-8份、甲霜灵3-7份、咯菌腈6-10份、苯醚甲环唑10-12份、乳化剂2-3份。
5.根据权利要求4所述的樱桃的育苗方法,其特征在于:所述乳化剂为十二烷基磺酸钠和甘油醛的混合物,甘油醛为乳化剂重量的0.05-0.09%,甘油醛中含有0.65-0.85%的右旋甘油醛。
6.根据权利要求4所述的樱桃的育苗方法,其特征在于:所述拌种剂的制备方法为:将苯醚甲环唑、吡虫啉、甲霜灵、咯菌腈、乳化剂混合,在振荡速度400-500r/min、功率30-45W的条件下,溶解20-30min,得到拌种剂。
7.根据权利要求1所述的樱桃的育苗方法,其特征在于:所述步骤3中培育基质是按重量份取松针粉8-10份、三七粉5-8份、茯苓粉3-6份、椰糠8-10份、细沙7-9份、50%硫磺悬浮液3-5份、有机腐熟肥1-2份混合,加水调节含水量在55-65%而制得。
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CN111109043A (zh) * | 2019-12-30 | 2020-05-08 | 昆明金厘子农业科技有限公司 | 一种车厘子种植用的新型基质 |
CN116849079A (zh) * | 2023-08-30 | 2023-10-10 | 湖南省植物园 | 一种半枫荷容器育苗方法 |
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