CN108677712A - A kind of connecting structure and its construction method of Steel Bridge Deck concrete anti-collision guard bar - Google Patents
A kind of connecting structure and its construction method of Steel Bridge Deck concrete anti-collision guard bar Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108677712A CN108677712A CN201810678692.3A CN201810678692A CN108677712A CN 108677712 A CN108677712 A CN 108677712A CN 201810678692 A CN201810678692 A CN 201810678692A CN 108677712 A CN108677712 A CN 108677712A
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- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- bridge deck
- steel bridge
- anticollision barrier
- reinforcing bar
- perforated panel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 title claims description 10
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000003351 stiffener Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- NJPPVKZQTLUDBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N novaluron Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(OC(F)(F)C(OC(F)(F)F)F)=CC=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=C(F)C=CC=C1F NJPPVKZQTLUDBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009408 flooring Methods 0.000 description 2
- TVEXGJYMHHTVKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-en-7-one Chemical compound C1C2C(=O)OC1C=CC2 TVEXGJYMHHTVKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
- E01D19/00—Structural or constructional details of bridges
- E01D19/10—Railings; Protectors against smoke or gases, e.g. of locomotives; Maintenance travellers; Fastening of pipes or cables to bridges
- E01D19/103—Parapets, railings ; Guard barriers or road-bridges
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
- E01D19/00—Structural or constructional details of bridges
- E01D19/12—Grating or flooring for bridges; Fastening railway sleepers or tracks to bridges
- E01D19/125—Grating or flooring for bridges
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
- E01D21/00—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for erecting or assembling bridges
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
- E01D2101/00—Material constitution of bridges
- E01D2101/20—Concrete, stone or stone-like material
- E01D2101/24—Concrete
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
- E01D2101/00—Material constitution of bridges
- E01D2101/30—Metal
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)
Abstract
Present invention relates particularly to a kind of connecting structure of Steel Bridge Deck concrete anti-collision guard bar, including concrete anti-collision guard bar, anticollision barrier reinforcing bar is equipped in the concrete anti-collision guard bar, it is characterized in that Steel Bridge Deck upper edge guardrail length direction is equipped with longitudinal perforated panel, the longitudinal direction perforated panel is vertically welded on Steel Bridge Deck, it is welded by anticollision barrier reinforcing bar and longitudinal perforated plate connector, concrete anti-collision guard bar and girder steel is linked together.The concrete anti-collision guard bar of the present invention is arranged in Steel Bridge Deck both sides, it is welded with twice longitudinal direction perforated plate connector by anticollision barrier reinforcing bar and is linked together concrete anti-collision guard bar and Steel Bridge Deck, the switching performance of concrete anti-collision guard bar and Steel Bridge Deck can not only be improved, the a large amount of laterally intermittent weld seams for also avoiding anticollision barrier reinforcing bar and steel bridge deck, improve the fatigue strength and service life of steel bridge deck.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of bridge engineering, and in particular to a kind of connecting structure of Steel Bridge Deck concrete anti-collision guard bar
And its construction method.
Background technology
Steel Bridge Deck is made of top plate and the vertically and horizontally ribbed stiffener being welded on top plate, and waterproof layer is arranged on top plate and is laid with drip
Green pave-load layer.It has many advantages, such as dead load light, large carrying capacity, applied widely, is in steel structure bridge using most
Structure type.
To ensure the current safety of vehicle, need that anticollision barrier is arranged in bridge both sides, anticollision barrier is mainly with coagulation
Native guardrail is the stiff safety fence of representative and using steel structure girder pillar guardrail as the semi-rigidity rail of representative.In general, concrete
Bridge uses based on concrete anti-collision guard bar, and steel structure bridge uses based on steel structure girder pillar anticollision barrier.Urban viaduct
Project cost, the bridge of most of standard span use concrete structure, the bridge of part Long span to use steel knot to beam in order to control
Structure, to keep moulding consistent, the anticollision barrier of steel structure bridge is often anti-using concrete identical with adjacent concrete bridge
Hit guardrail.
The connection of traditional concrete anti-collision guard bar and Steel Bridge Deck is directly to weld the steel bar stress in anticollision barrier body
On steel bridge deck, then casting concrete, realizes the connection of concrete anti-collision guard bar and Steel Bridge Deck.This method leads to Steel Bridge Deck
A large amount of laterally intermittent weld seam is generated on plate, reduces the fatigue strength and service life of steel construction.Therefore, it is necessary to optimize mixed
The connecting structure of solidifying soil anticollision barrier and Steel Bridge Deck, further increases the fatigue strength and service life of steel bridge deck.
Invention content
The purpose of the present invention is to propose to a kind of connecting structure of Steel Bridge Deck concrete anti-collision guard bar, overcome above-mentioned traditional steel
Disadvantage present on concrete anti-collision guard bar connection, improves the fatigue strength and service life of steel bridge deck on floorings.
The realization of the present invention is completed by following technical scheme：A kind of connecting structure of Steel Bridge Deck concrete anti-collision guard bar, packet
Concrete anti-collision guard bar is included, is equipped with anticollision barrier reinforcing bar in the concrete anti-collision guard bar, it is characterised in that Steel Bridge Deck upper edge is protected
Column length direction is equipped with longitudinal perforated panel, and the longitudinal direction perforated panel is vertically welded on Steel Bridge Deck, by anticollision barrier reinforcing bar with
Longitudinal perforated plate connector welding, concrete anti-collision guard bar and girder steel are linked together.
Further, the concrete anti-collision guard bar includes guardrail ontology, and the bottom of guardrail ontology convexes to form inwardly
Pedestal inclined-plane, concrete anti-collision guard bar is interior to be equipped with the first reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier being arranged along guardrail body profiles and along the pedestal
The second reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier of beveled profile setting, Steel Bridge Deck upper edge guardrail length direction are equipped with the longitudinal direction that twice are mutually parallel and open
The both ends of orifice plate, the first reinforcing bar of the anticollision barrier extend downwardly and are upwardly extended after bending, the first reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier both ends
End and two sides of outside longitudinal direction perforated panel are mutually welded, upper end and the first reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier of the second reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier
Welding, the lower end of the second reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier are welded with the medial surface of inside longitudinal direction perforated panel.
Further, the Steel Bridge Deck is orthogonal sketch plate knot by top plate, longitudinal stiffener and transverse stiffener group
The lateral surface of structure, Steel Bridge Deck is provided with side seal board, is aligned with the longitudinal stiffener of Steel Bridge Deck below the perforated panel of inside longitudinal direction, outside
Longitudinal perforated panel is aligned with the side seal board of Steel Bridge Deck.
Further, the anticollision barrier forms reinforced concrete structure by concrete, anticollision barrier reinforcing bar.
Further, the first reinforcing bar of several groups anticollision barrier is set along guardrail length direction in concrete anti-collision guard bar and prevents
Hit the second reinforcing bar of guardrail, described several circular holes of longitudinal perforated plate connector longitudinal direction spaced set, between adjacent circular holes
For spacing with anticollision barrier bar spacing, the aperture of the circular hole is the 0.4 ~ 0.5 of circular hole spacing.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of construction methods of Steel Bridge Deck concrete anti-collision guard bar, can improve steel
The fatigue strength and service life of floorings.
To achieve the goals above, technical scheme is as follows：A kind of construction of Steel Bridge Deck concrete anti-collision guard bar
Method, it is characterised in that the construction method includes the following steps：
A, by the first reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier and the second reinforcement welding of anticollision barrier at skeleton, wherein the first reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier is along shield
Column body profiles setting, the then pedestal inclined-plane setting on the inside of guardrail body bottom portion of the second reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier；
B, the longitudinal perforated panel being mutually parallel in Steel Bridge Deck upper edge guardrail length direction setting twice, twice longitudinal direction perforated panel are vertical
It is welded on steel bridge deck top plate；
C, the both ends of the first reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier extend downwardly and are upwardly extended after bending, and both ends are located at outside longitudinal direction and open
The both sides of orifice plate, both ends end are mutually welded with two sides of outside longitudinal direction perforated panel respectively；Under the second reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier
End then extends to the inside of the longitudinal perforated panel in inside, and is welded with the medial surface of inside longitudinal direction perforated panel；
D, the first reinforcing bar of several groups anticollision barrier and the second reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier are set along guardrail length direction；
E, casting concrete anticollision barrier.
Further, the Steel Bridge Deck is orthogonal sketch plate knot by top plate, longitudinal stiffener and transverse stiffener group
The lateral surface of structure, Steel Bridge Deck is provided with side seal board, is aligned with the longitudinal stiffener of Steel Bridge Deck below the perforated panel of inside longitudinal direction, outside
Longitudinal perforated panel is aligned with the side seal board of Steel Bridge Deck.
It is an advantage of the invention that：1. it is a large amount of horizontal to avoid concrete anti-collision guard bar reinforcing bar from directly being generated with steel bridge deck welding
To intermittent weld, lead to the reduction of steel bridge deck fatigue strength and service life.2. not only increase concrete anti-collision guard bar with
The switching performance of girder steel, and improve the fatigue strength and service life of steel bridge deck.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is concrete anti-collision guard bar and Steel Bridge Deck connection diagram in the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the A-A sectional views of Fig. 1 in the present invention（Outside longitudinal direction perforated panel and anticollision barrier reinforcement welding full-page proof）.
Fig. 3 is the B-B sectional views of Fig. 1 in the present invention（Inside longitudinal direction perforated panel and anticollision barrier reinforcement welding full-page proof）.
Fig. 4 is traditional concrete anti-collision guard bar and Steel Bridge Deck connection diagram.
Specific implementation mode
The feature of the present invention and other correlated characteristics are described in further detail by embodiment below in conjunction with attached drawing, with
Convenient for the understanding of technical staff of the same trade：
Such as Fig. 1-Fig. 4, label 1-11 is respectively in figure：1 --- Steel Bridge Deck top plate, 2 --- longitudinal stiffener, 3 --- laterally plus
--- --- concrete anti-collision guard bar, 6 --- the first reinforcing bar of the anticollision barrier, 7 --- anticollision barrier second of side seal board, 5 of strength rib, 4
Reinforcing bar, 8 --- outside longitudinal direction perforated panel, 9 --- inside longitudinal direction perforated panel.
Embodiment：As shown in Figure 1, the present embodiment provides a kind of Steel Bridge Deck concrete anti-collision guard bar and its connecting structure.It should
Steel bridge deck is made of Steel Bridge Deck top plate 1, longitudinal stiffener 2, transverse stiffener 3, side seal board 4.Edge in concrete anti-collision guard bar 5
The first reinforcing bar of several groups anticollision barrier 6 and the second reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier 7 is arranged in guardrail length direction, by the first reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier
6 and the second reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier 7 formed concrete framework of steel reinforcement, wherein the first reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier 6 is along guardrail body profiles
Setting, the second reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier 7 are then arranged along the pedestal beveled profile of guardrail body bottom portion.1 top surface of Steel Bridge Deck top plate is arranged
The longitudinal perforated panel 8 of longitudinal perforated plate connector that twice are mutually parallel, respectively outside and inside longitudinal direction perforated panel 9, outside are vertical
It is true by the first reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier 6, the position of the second reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier 7 to the spacing of perforated panel 8 and inside longitudinal direction perforated panel 9
It is fixed, it is ensured that the first reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier 6, the second reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier 7 can be with outside longitudinal direction perforated panel 8, the trepannings of inside longitudinal direction
Plate 9 welds.Outside longitudinal direction perforated panel 8 and 9 vertical welding of inside longitudinal direction perforated panel on Steel Bridge Deck top plate 1, below with steel bridge
Panel longitudinal stiffener 2 is aligned.
As shown in Fig. 2, 6 both ends of the first reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier extend downwardly and are upwardly extended after bending, both ends end part
It is not welded in outside 8 both sides of longitudinal perforated panel, is equally spaced with circular hole dislocation, is welded using welding by both sides.As shown in figure 3, anti-
It hits 7 one end of the second reinforcing bar of guardrail to weld with the first reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier 6, the other end is then welded in the interior of inside longitudinal direction perforated panel 9
Side is equally spaced with circular hole dislocation, is welded using welding by both sides.
Traditional concrete anti-collision guard bar is with Steel Bridge Deck connection type as shown in figure 4, the first reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier 6 and anticollision
The second reinforcing bar of guardrail 7 directly welds after being welded into skeleton with Steel Bridge Deck top plate 1 and side seal board 4, and then casting concrete anticollision is protected
Column 5.This method will cause the Steel Bridge Deck top plate 1 contacted with concrete anti-collision guard bar and side seal board 4 along bridge at spacing intervals
（Generally 150mm）Generate one of twin fillet wolt.A large amount of laterally intermittent weld seam not only causes the welding deformation of steel bridge deck,
And lead to the reduction of steel bridge deck fatigue strength and service life.
And the present invention overcomes disadvantages mentioned above completely, and twice longitudinal direction perforated panel is provided on Steel Bridge Deck top plate 1.It is all anti-
It hits guardrail reinforcing bar to be all welded on longitudinal perforated panel, avoids being directly connected to for reinforcing bar and agent structure, avoid welding to master
The damage of body structure.
Longitudinal perforated panel itself is provided with circular hole simultaneously, can enhance the switching performance with concrete, ensures that concrete is anti-
Hit the switching performance of guardrail 5 and steel bridge deck 1.Further, the aperture of circular hole is the 0.4 ~ 0.5 of circular hole spacing, specific real
It applies in example, circular hole aperture is 70mm, and the spacing between circular hole is 150mm.
A kind of Steel Bridge Deck concrete anti-collision guard bar of the present invention and its connecting structure not only increase concrete anti-collision guard bar with
The switching performance of girder steel also improves the fatigue strength and service life of steel bridge deck.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of connecting structure of Steel Bridge Deck concrete anti-collision guard bar, including concrete anti-collision guard bar, the concrete anticollision shield
Anticollision barrier reinforcing bar is equipped in column, it is characterised in that Steel Bridge Deck upper edge guardrail length direction is equipped with longitudinal perforated panel, the longitudinal direction
Perforated panel is vertically welded on Steel Bridge Deck, is welded by anticollision barrier reinforcing bar and longitudinal perforated plate connector, by concrete anticollision
Guardrail and girder steel are linked together.
2. a kind of connecting structure of Steel Bridge Deck concrete anti-collision guard bar according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described mixed
Solidifying soil anticollision barrier includes guardrail ontology, and the bottom of guardrail ontology convexes to form pedestal inclined-plane, concrete anti-collision guard bar inwardly
It is interior equipped with the first reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier being arranged along guardrail body profiles and the anticollision barrier being arranged along the pedestal beveled profile
Second reinforcing bar, Steel Bridge Deck upper edge guardrail length direction are equipped with longitudinal perforated panel that twice are mutually parallel, the anticollision barrier first
The both ends of reinforcing bar extend downwardly and are upwardly extended after bending, anticollision barrier the first reinforcing bar both ends end and outside longitudinal direction perforated panel
Two sides are mutually welded, upper end and the first reinforcement welding of anticollision barrier of the second reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier, the second reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier
The medial surface of lower end and inside longitudinal direction perforated panel weld.
3. a kind of connecting structure of Steel Bridge Deck concrete anti-collision guard bar according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described
Steel Bridge Deck is orthogonal sketch plate structure by top plate, longitudinal stiffener and transverse stiffener group, and the lateral surface of Steel Bridge Deck is provided with
Side seal board, inside longitudinal direction perforated panel lower section are aligned with the longitudinal stiffener of Steel Bridge Deck, the side of outside longitudinal direction perforated panel and Steel Bridge Deck
Sealing plate is aligned.
4. a kind of connecting structure of Steel Bridge Deck concrete anti-collision guard bar according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described
Several circular holes of longitudinal perforated plate connector longitudinal direction spaced set, the spacing between adjacent circular holes is the same as between anticollision barrier reinforcing bar
Away from the aperture of the circular hole is the 0.4 ~ 0.5 of circular hole spacing.
5. a kind of construction method of Steel Bridge Deck concrete anti-collision guard bar, it is characterised in that the construction method includes the following steps：
A, by the first reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier and the second reinforcement welding of anticollision barrier at skeleton, wherein the first reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier is along shield
Column body profiles setting, the then pedestal inclined-plane setting on the inside of guardrail body bottom portion of the second reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier；
B, the longitudinal perforated panel being mutually parallel in Steel Bridge Deck upper edge guardrail length direction setting twice, twice longitudinal direction perforated panel are vertical
It is welded on steel bridge deck top plate；
C, the both ends of the first reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier extend downwardly and are upwardly extended after bending, and both ends are located at outside longitudinal direction and open
The both sides of orifice plate, both ends end are mutually welded with two sides of outside longitudinal direction perforated panel respectively；Under the second reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier
End then extends to the inside of the longitudinal perforated panel in inside, and is welded with the medial surface of inside longitudinal direction perforated panel；
D, the first reinforcing bar of several groups anticollision barrier and the second reinforcing bar of anticollision barrier are set along guardrail length direction；
E, casting concrete anticollision barrier；
The Steel Bridge Deck is orthogonal sketch plate structure by top plate, longitudinal stiffener and transverse stiffener group, Steel Bridge Deck it is outer
Side is provided with side seal board, is aligned with the longitudinal stiffener of Steel Bridge Deck below the perforated panel of inside longitudinal direction, outside longitudinal direction perforated panel and
The side seal board of Steel Bridge Deck is aligned.
6. a kind of construction method of Steel Bridge Deck concrete anti-collision guard bar according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described
Steel Bridge Deck is orthogonal sketch plate structure by top plate, longitudinal stiffener and transverse stiffener group, and the lateral surface of Steel Bridge Deck is provided with
Side seal board, inside longitudinal direction perforated panel lower section are aligned with the longitudinal stiffener of Steel Bridge Deck, the side of outside longitudinal direction perforated panel and Steel Bridge Deck
Sealing plate is aligned.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810678692.3A CN108677712A (en) | 2018-06-27 | 2018-06-27 | A kind of connecting structure and its construction method of Steel Bridge Deck concrete anti-collision guard bar |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810678692.3A CN108677712A (en) | 2018-06-27 | 2018-06-27 | A kind of connecting structure and its construction method of Steel Bridge Deck concrete anti-collision guard bar |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN108677712A true CN108677712A (en) | 2018-10-19 |
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ID=63812248
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810678692.3A Pending CN108677712A (en) | 2018-06-27 | 2018-06-27 | A kind of connecting structure and its construction method of Steel Bridge Deck concrete anti-collision guard bar |
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| CN (1) | CN108677712A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111270606A (en) * | 2020-02-11 | 2020-06-12 | 山东省交通规划设计院有限公司 | Connecting structure of assembled steel bridge floor concrete anti-collision guardrail and complete construction method thereof |
| CN112281654A (en) * | 2020-11-05 | 2021-01-29 | 安徽省公路桥梁工程有限公司 | Semi-assembly type steel skeleton bridge anti-collision guardrail and construction method thereof |
| CN115478476A (en) * | 2021-05-31 | 2022-12-16 | 上海浦东建筑设计研究院有限公司 | Steel shell anti-collision guardrail and bridge deck integrated combined bridge deck system structure and construction method |
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| CN111270606B (en) * | 2020-02-11 | 2022-02-25 | 山东省交通规划设计院集团有限公司 | Connecting structure of assembled steel bridge floor concrete anti-collision guardrail and complete construction method thereof |
| CN112281654A (en) * | 2020-11-05 | 2021-01-29 | 安徽省公路桥梁工程有限公司 | Semi-assembly type steel skeleton bridge anti-collision guardrail and construction method thereof |
| CN115478476A (en) * | 2021-05-31 | 2022-12-16 | 上海浦东建筑设计研究院有限公司 | Steel shell anti-collision guardrail and bridge deck integrated combined bridge deck system structure and construction method |
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