CN108676818B - 一种有机废弃物快速转化能源的方法 - Google Patents

一种有机废弃物快速转化能源的方法 Download PDF

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CN108676818B
CN108676818B CN201810482512.4A CN201810482512A CN108676818B CN 108676818 B CN108676818 B CN 108676818B CN 201810482512 A CN201810482512 A CN 201810482512A CN 108676818 B CN108676818 B CN 108676818B
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李欢
刘跃岭
景琦
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Shenzhen Graduate School Tsinghua University
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种有机废弃物快速转化能源的方法，包括以下步骤：S1、对有机废弃物进行厌氧发酵，以使所述有机废弃物中的大分子有机质转化为可溶的小分子有机质，得到发酵液；S2、对所述发酵液进行固液分离，分别获得固相部分和液相部分；S3、所述固相部分作为残渣进行处置或再利用，所述液相部分进入液流催化燃料电池以使所述液相部分中的有机质转化为电能。本发明能快速、高效地将有机废弃物转化为电能。

Description

一种有机废弃物快速转化能源的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及有机废弃物能源化技术领域，尤其是涉及一种有机废弃物快速转化能源的方法。
背景技术
有机废弃物包括有机废水、污泥、餐厨垃圾等，这些废弃物含有大量水分，但同时也含有较高的有机质含量，具有转化能源的潜力。目前有机废弃物能源化的主要途径包括热化学法和生物法等。热化学法包括焚烧、混烧、热解等技术，这些技术都需要对有机废弃物进行预先脱水、干燥，需要消耗大量能量，同时燃烧过程的能量回收效率较低。生物法主要是通过厌氧微生物将有机废弃物转化为甲烷等可燃气，但这一方法处理周期长，有机质转化率低，甲烷还需要进一步燃烧产热或产电，因此总体能量效率也较低。除上述方法外，燃料电池是一种新型的有机质转化能源途径，具有较高的能源效率。在多种燃料电池中，液流催化燃料电池可以在低温条件下(<100℃)利用含有大量水分的复杂有机质作为燃料。然而，现有的液流催化燃料电池不能转化脂类，催化剂也无法与处理残渣分离，因此还不能实际用于处理有机废弃物。
以上背景技术内容的公开仅用于辅助理解本发明的发明构思及技术方案，其并不必然属于本专利申请的现有技术，在没有明确的证据表明上述内容在本专利申请的申请日前已经公开的情况下，上述背景技术不应当用于评价本申请的新颖性和创造性。
发明内容
为弥补上述现有技术的不足，本发明提出一种有机废弃物快速转化能源的方法，能显著提高有机废弃物转化能源的效率。
本发明为达上述目的提出以下技术方案：
一种有机废弃物快速转化能源的方法，包括以下步骤：
S1、对有机废弃物进行厌氧发酵，以使所述有机废弃物中的大分子有机质转化为可溶的小分子有机质，得到发酵液；
S2、对所述发酵液进行固液分离，分别获得固相部分和液相部分；
S3、所述固相部分作为残渣进行处置或再利用，所述液相部分进入液流催化燃料电池以使所述液相部分中的有机质转化为电能。
本发明提供的上述技术方案，结合了厌氧发酵技术和改进的液流催化燃料电池技术，其中厌氧发酵技术可以实现含有脂类成分的复杂有机废弃物的快速转化和分解，液流催化燃料电池技术可以将发酵液快速、直接转化为电能，从而提高有机废弃物转化电能的效率。以有机废弃物污泥为例，相对于厌氧消化15～30天的处理周期和仅15～40％的能量转化率，本发明的方法处理周期可以缩短为3～7天，能量效率可以提高至45～50％。
优选地，所述液流催化燃料电池采用质子交换膜隔离阴阳两极，阳极电解液采用磷钼酸作为催化剂，以及，采用空气或纯氧作为阴极氧化剂；当所述液相部分进入所述液流催化燃料电池后，使所述液流催化燃料电池于80～95℃运行，以使所述液相部分中的有机质转化为电能。
优选地，所述磷钼酸溶解于所述液流催化燃料电池的阳极电解液中。更优选地，在完成所述液相部分中的有机质转化为电能的过程后，往所述阳极电解液中加入铵盐以形成磷钼酸铵沉淀进行磷钼酸的回收。
优选地，所述磷钼酸附着于所述液流催化燃料电池的阳极电极上，并且，在完成所述液相部分中的有机质转化为电能的过程后，剩余水分直接流出所述液流催化燃料电池。
优选地，所述磷钼酸与不溶性颗粒结合，并且，在完成所述液相部分中的有机质转化为电能的过程后，采用过滤法、离心法或磁场分离法回收所述磷钼酸；其中，所述不溶性颗粒包括碳微球和/或磁性颗粒。
优选地，步骤S1于一发酵反应器中进行。更优选地，所述发酵反应器采用丁酸发酵、丙酸发酵、乙醇发酵、乳酸发酵或碱性发酵。
优选地，步骤S2进行固液分离时，采用过滤法或离心法。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体的实施方式对本发明作进一步说明。
本发明的具体实施方式提供了一种有机废弃物快速转化能源的方法，包括如下步骤S1、S2和S3：
步骤S1、对有机废弃物进行厌氧发酵，以使所述有机废弃物中的大分子有机质转化为可溶的小分子有机质，得到发酵液；所述厌氧发酵可在一发酵反应器中进行，发酵类型可以采用丁酸发酵、丙酸发酵、乙醇发酵、乳酸发酵或碱性发酵等等不限于此。在优选的实施例中，所述有机废弃物是含有脂类的有机废弃物，在进行厌氧发酵后，其中的脂类成分分解为短链脂肪酸和甘油等小分子有机质。
步骤S2、对所述发酵液进行固液分离，分别获得固相部分和液相部分，此步骤中进行所述固液分离可以采用过滤法或离心法。
步骤S3、所述固相部分作为残渣进行处置或再利用，所述液相部分进入液流催化燃料电池以使所述液相部分中的有机质转化为电能。
在一种优选的实施例中，本发明所用的液流催化燃料电池采用质子交换膜隔离阴阳两极，阳极电解液采用磷钼酸H3PMo12O40作为催化剂，阴极则采用空气或纯氧作为氧化剂。当所述液相部分进入该燃料电池后，使该电池于80～95℃运行，从而使发酵液中的液相部分中的有机质直接转化为电能。其中，作为阳极催化剂的所述磷钼酸可以溶解于该燃料电池的阳极电解液中，也可以不溶而是附着在阳极电极上或与碳微球和/或磁性颗粒等不溶性颗粒结合。
在磷钼酸溶解于所述液流催化燃料电池的阳极电解液的实施例中，当完成所述液相部分中的有机质转化为电能的过程后，可以往所述阳极电解液中加入铵盐以形成磷钼酸铵沉淀进行磷钼酸的回收。而在磷钼酸附着在所述阳极电极上的实施例中，在完成所述液相部分中的有机质转化为电能的过程后，剩余水分直接流出所述液流催化燃料电池；在磷钼酸与所述不溶性颗粒结合的实施例中，磷钼酸的回收是完成所述液相部分中的有机质转化为电能的过程后，采用过滤法、离心法或磁场分离法回收。
以某餐厨垃圾为例，采用本发明的前述方法进行快速能源化处理，首先将该餐厨垃圾置于发酵反应器，设置停留时间4天，通过碱液调控发酵类型为丁酸发酵；到时间则将得到的发酵液从发酵反应器排出，然后进行离心分离，上清液(液相部分)中有机碳(TOC)占该餐厨垃圾总TOC的80％；上清液进入液流催化燃料电池，调控浓度后初始TOC为4.20g/L，经24h处理后，降低至1.30g/L，转化率约70％。整个处理过程耗时5天，有机质转化率56％(以TOC计)，系统能量效率(输出电能/输入能量)为45.72％。
以上内容是结合具体的优选实施方式对本发明所作的进一步详细说明，不能认定本发明的具体实施只局限于这些说明。对于本发明所属技术领域的技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明构思的前提下，还可以做出若干等同替代或明显变型，而且性能或用途相同，都应当视为属于本发明的保护范围。

Claims (8)

1.一种有机废弃物快速转化能源的方法，包括以下步骤：
S1、对含有脂类的有机废弃物进行厌氧发酵，以使所述有机废弃物中的大分子有机质脂类成分转化为可溶的小分子有机质，得到发酵液；所述小分子有机质包括短链脂肪酸和甘油；
S2、对所述发酵液进行固液分离，分别获得固相部分和液相部分；
S3、所述固相部分作为残渣进行处置或再利用，所述液相部分进入液流催化燃料电池以使所述液相部分中的小分子有机质转化为电能；
其中，所述液流催化燃料电池采用质子交换膜隔离阴阳两极，阳极电解液采用磷钼酸作为催化剂，以及，采用空气或纯氧作为阴极氧化剂；当所述液相部分进入所述液流催化燃料电池后，使所述液流催化燃料电池于80～95℃运行，以使所述液相部分中的小分子有机质转化为电能。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：所述磷钼酸溶解于所述液流催化燃料电池的阳极电解液中。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于：在完成所述液相部分中的有机质转化为电能的过程后，往所述阳极电解液中加入铵盐以形成磷钼酸铵沉淀进行磷钼酸的回收。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：所述磷钼酸附着于所述液流催化燃料电池的阳极电极上，并且，在完成所述液相部分中的有机质转化为电能的过程后，剩余水分直接流出所述液流催化燃料电池。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：所述磷钼酸与不溶性颗粒结合，并且，在完成所述液相部分中的有机质转化为电能的过程后，采用过滤法、离心法或磁场分离法回收所述磷钼酸；其中，所述不溶性颗粒包括碳微球和/或磁性颗粒。
6.如权利要求1至5任一项所述的方法，其特征在于：步骤S1于一发酵反应器中进行。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法，其特征在于：所述发酵反应器采用丁酸发酵、丙酸发酵、乙醇发酵、乳酸发酵或碱性发酵。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：步骤S2进行固液分离时，采用过滤法或离心法。
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