CN108625243A - Suitable for mountain area hills red clay area high-fill roadbed filling construction method - Google Patents
Suitable for mountain area hills red clay area high-fill roadbed filling construction method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108625243A CN108625243A CN201710163281.6A CN201710163281A CN108625243A CN 108625243 A CN108625243 A CN 108625243A CN 201710163281 A CN201710163281 A CN 201710163281A CN 108625243 A CN108625243 A CN 108625243A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- soil
- red clay
- area
- lime
- construction method
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C3/00—Foundations for pavings
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C3/00—Foundations for pavings
- E01C3/04—Foundations produced by soil stabilisation
Abstract
It is a kind of suitable for mountain area hills red clay area high-fill roadbed construction method the invention discloses disclosing, soil is predominantly ploughed including 1) high roadbed location ground top, artificial earth fill and ditch pool bottom sludge, lower part soil layer is mainly silty clay, red clay, limestone etc., upper soil horizon engineering is poor, it takes to excavate to change and is filled into capable processing, plain soil, which changes, fills out rear earth's surface progress impact-rolling, it is tested after rolling, levelling of the land is carried out after detection is qualified, topsoil is eliminated to the place to be constructed, surface loose soil bed is rolled, build mechanical equipment access roads, exclude surface water, gutter is done to ensure that yard drain is unobstructed in construction area periphery, measure the horizontal absolute altitude of surface of filling, best level mark, to control embankment lift height.This method can rationally utilize this area red clay, reduce engineering cost, reduce the destruction to natural environment.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the realm of building construction, more particularly to one kind being suitable for mountain area hills red clay area high-fill roadbed
Filling construction method.
Background technology
When being that the location of red clay carries out high-fill roadbed filling construction on mountain area hills etc., due to red clay excavated volume and
Backfill amount is big, and red clay cannot be directly as filling construction in roadbed location and tall earth fill region；And contain in general location
A variety of clays, expansion soil swelling is irregular, and the breathing sex differernce of same soil layer is also very big, and swelled ground itself has water suction swollen
Swollen, dehydration shrinkage characteristic, therefore structure foundation swell-shrinking deformation is often resulted in, cause building deformation cracking destruction, to low load
Lotus shallow foundation effect on building is larger.In order to carry out high-fill roadbed filling construction, need to abandon the red clay dug out and outsourcing
Cubic metre of earth, increase very high cost.
Invention content
Place in order to overcome the above-mentioned deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention provide a kind of suitable for mountain area hills red clay area
High-fill roadbed filling construction method, this method can rationally utilize this area red clay, reduce engineering cost, reduce to natural ring
The destruction in border.
To achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme that：It is high that one kind being suitable for mountain area hills red clay area
Filled-up ground construction method, including 1) soil, artificial earth fill and ditch pool bottom sludge are predominantly ploughed in ground top in high roadbed location, under
Portion's soil layer is mainly silty clay, red clay, limestone etc., and upper soil horizon engineering is poor, takes to excavate to change being filled into capable processing, element
Soil, which changes, fills out rear earth's surface progress impact-rolling, is tested after rolling, levelling of the land is carried out after detection is qualified, to the place to be constructed
Topsoil is eliminated, surface loose soil bed is rolled, builds mechanical equipment access roads, excludes surface water, construction area periphery is arranged
Ditch measures the horizontal absolute altitude of surface of filling, best level mark, to control embankment lift height to ensure that yard drain is unobstructed；2)
Specified Dumping Sites are thoroughly wiped out and be transported to the sundries such as organoclay, tree root, turf at red clay material source, at red clay material source
Representative soil sample is taken, laboratory experiment is carried out to red clay and quick lime sampling, cooperation mixture is hit respectively according to design requirement
Real experiment and non-confining compression strength test, determine the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of conditioned soil；3) from excavation section accurate
The red clay of standby improvement, which directly unloads, to be transported and paves on road mix Active workings surface of filling, is spread according to dump truck transporter amount and pine
THICKNESS CALCULATION per car fills area, and vehicle soil is unloaded in the ground the to be paved pulverized limestone side of drawing grid, each grid；4)
Filler moisture content is detected after the completion of paving, water content should control in -3% to the 2% of optimum moisture content, if water content mistake
It is small, then optimum moisture content is reached by the way of sprinkler, if water content is excessive, using bull-dozer ridge buster or
After the method that turnplow pulls loose drying makes water content be reduced to optimum moisture content, paved for one time with the quick static pressure of road roller red glutinous
Then it is flat to carry out essence with land leveller for soil, for the position that uneven surface and absolute altitude are inadequate, with land leveller or manually carry out filling up red
Clay；5) area that per car lime paves is calculated according to the square gauge of dump truck, and is used on the red clay roadbed after essence is flat
Pulverized limestone draws grid, and the lime after Miss Che is unloaded per lattice, is used in combination Slicking apparatus cooperation that manually lime paves uniformly；6) it uses
Native road-mixed machine mix lime and red clay, mix form conditioned soil at least twice, check the water content of the conditioned soil after mix, if
Its moisture deficit is supplemented watering, and mix again by the way of watering, makes the water content of conditioned soil in optimum moisture content
- 3% to 2% in；7) first primary with the quick static pressure of road roller to conditioned soil, the flat operation of essence then is carried out with land leveller, is played a game
Portion's pit is owed the timely artificial supplementation conditioned soils of Tu Bupingzhengchu and is flattened；8) step 3 to 7 is repeated, to realize modified soil subgrade
Placement in layers.
In the above-mentioned technical solutions, Tu Chang, which is excavated, should use horizontal slice excavating load, more consistent to obtain water content
Red clay filler.
In the above-mentioned technical solutions, the quick lime after the quick lime is fully cleared up, quick lime are admixed with red clay, lime
Dosage is 7% (weight percent).
In the above-mentioned technical solutions, mix resolution after lime and red clay when, soil block will be smashed, and grain size is not more than
15mm, mixture require color and luster consistent, and mix is uniform, and no lath, ash group, flower face must not contain soil block and caustic lime block.
In the above-mentioned technical solutions, it for the mode that rolls of conditioned soil, is rolled for the first time as static pressure, is shaken to be weak for the 2-3 times
It rolls, is rolled since the 4th time to shake by force, until the conditioned soil after rolling reaches the compactness of requirement, last static pressure one
Secondary, to eliminate the trace of road roller, the maximum of road roller rolls form speed and is not more than 4km/h, and one into one moves back pressure width completely
It is primary to roll.
In the above-mentioned technical solutions, it turns around on the roadbed that mixing machinery and other machinery must not be after the completion of rolling.
In the above-mentioned technical solutions, after the completion of conditioned soil rolls, if cannot continuously construct, the improvement dirt road after rolling is coped with
Base carries out health, and conditioned soil surface wet curing is made to be no less than 7 days.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：Red clay is filled using lime-stabilized soil, is pinched to greatest extent using scene red glutinous
Earth material source avoids digging soil and earthwork outsourcing, and it is in a basic balance to have reached the earthwork in field, economical and efficiently, and the roadbed matter filled
It measures excellent, while avoiding destruction of the outsourcing earthwork to natural environment.
Specific implementation mode
The present invention is further explained in the light of specific embodiments.
One kind being suitable for mountain area hills red clay area high-fill roadbed construction method, including 1) on the ground of high roadbed location
It is mainly silty clay, red clay, limestone etc., top that soil, artificial earth fill and ditch pool bottom sludge, lower part soil layer are predominantly ploughed by portion
Soil layer engineering is poor, takes to excavate to change being filled into capable processing, and plain soil, which changes, fills out rear earth's surface progress impact-rolling, is tried after rolling
It tests, levelling of the land is carried out after detection is qualified, topsoil is eliminated to the place to be constructed, surface loose soil bed is rolled, building machine
Tool equipment access roads, exclude surface water, and construction area periphery does gutter to ensure that yard drain is unobstructed, it is horizontal to measure surface of filling
Absolute altitude, best level mark, to control embankment lift height；2) by sundries such as organoclay, tree root, turfs at red clay material source
Specified Dumping Sites are thoroughly wiped out and be transported to, Representative soil sample is taken at red clay material source, red clay and quick lime sampling are carried out
Laboratory experiment, cooperation mixture do compaction test and non-confining compression strength test according to design requirement, determine conditioned soil respectively
Maximum dry density and optimum moisture content；3) red clay for preparing improvement is directly unloaded from excavation section and transports and paves in road mix operation
On the surface of filling of place, area is filled according to what dump truck transporter amount and loose laying depth calculated per car, on the ground to be paved
With the pulverized limestone side of drawing grid, vehicle soil is unloaded in each grid；4) filler moisture content is detected after the completion of paving, water content should be controlled
System, if water content is too small, is reached by the way of sprinkler and is most preferably contained in -3% to the 2% of optimum moisture content
Water makes water content be reduced to and most preferably contains if water content is excessive using the method that bull-dozer ridge buster or turnplow pull loose drying
After water, with road roller time red clay to pave of quick static pressure, then essence is carried out with land leveller and put down, for uneven surface and mark
High inadequate position with land leveller or manually carries out filling up red clay；5) per car lime is calculated according to the square gauge of dump truck
The area to pave, and grid is drawn with pulverized limestone on the red clay roadbed after essence is flat, the lime after Miss Che is unloaded per lattice, and
Manually lime is paved uniformly with Slicking apparatus cooperation；6) using native road-mixed machine mix lime and red clay, mix shape at least twice
At conditioned soil, check that the water content of the conditioned soil after mix supplements watering if its moisture deficit by the way of watering, and
Mix again makes the water content of conditioned soil in -3% to the 2% of optimum moisture content；7) first quickly quiet with road roller to conditioned soil
Pressure is primary, then carries out the flat operation of essence with land leveller, owes the timely artificial supplementation conditioned soils of Tu Bupingzhengchu to local pit and press
It is flat；8) step 3 to 7 is repeated, to realize the placement in layers of modified soil subgrade.
In the above-mentioned technical solutions, Tu Chang, which is excavated, should use horizontal slice excavating load, more consistent to obtain water content
Red clay filler.
In the above-mentioned technical solutions, the quick lime after the quick lime is fully cleared up, quick lime are admixed with red clay, lime
Dosage is 7% (weight percent).Through experiment, when quick lime and red clay are admixed, when 7% dosage, meets production specification and requirement
And the properties of composite soil are best.
In the above-mentioned technical solutions, mix resolution after lime and red clay when, soil block will be smashed, and grain size is not more than
15mm, mixture require color and luster consistent, and mix is uniform, and no lath, ash group, flower face must not contain soil block and caustic lime block.Mix
It should not be turned when first time on earth, 2 should be stayed to arrive 3cm, form grey interlayer to prevent lime sinking from concentrating on bottom, influence turns effect
Fruit will turn on earth, mix depth should reach the surface 1cm or so that lower layer holds, while cannot mistake when turning for the second time and later
It is deep, reduce the disturbance to lower layer.
In the above-mentioned technical solutions, it for the mode that rolls of conditioned soil, is rolled for the first time as static pressure, is shaken to be weak for the 2-3 times
It rolls, is rolled since the 4th time to shake by force, until the conditioned soil after rolling reaches the compactness of requirement, last static pressure one
Secondary, to eliminate the trace of road roller, the maximum of road roller rolls form speed and is not more than 4km/h, and one into one moves back pressure width completely
It is primary to roll.
In the above-mentioned technical solutions, it turns around on the roadbed that mixing machinery and other machinery must not be after the completion of rolling.
In the above-mentioned technical solutions, after the completion of conditioned soil rolls, if cannot continuously construct, the improvement dirt road after rolling is coped with
Base carries out health, so that conditioned soil surface wet curing is no less than 7 days, its humidity is controlled during modified soil subgrade health in suitable model
It encloses (range is uncertain, is required according to actual place and construction requirement determines).
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto,
Any one skilled in the art in the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, the change or replacement that can be readily occurred in,
It should be covered by the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. one kind being suitable for mountain area hills red clay area high-fill roadbed construction method, it is characterized in that：Including 1) high roadbed
It is mainly silty clay, red clay, ash that soil, artificial earth fill and ditch pool bottom sludge, lower part soil layer are predominantly ploughed in section ground top
Rock etc., upper soil horizon engineering is poor, takes to excavate to change being filled into capable processing, and plain soil, which changes, fills out rear earth's surface progress impact-rolling, rolls
After tested, carry out levelling of the land after detection is qualified, topsoil eliminated to the place to be constructed, surface loose soil bed is ground
Pressure builds mechanical equipment access roads, excludes surface water, and construction area periphery is done gutter to ensure that yard drain is unobstructed, measured
The horizontal absolute altitude of surface of filling, best level mark, to control embankment lift height；2) by red clay material source organoclay, tree root,
Specified Dumping Sites are thoroughly wiped out and be transported to the sundries such as turf, and Representative soil sample is taken at red clay material source, to red clay and raw stone
Ash sampling carries out laboratory experiment, and cooperation mixture does compaction test and non-confining compression strength test respectively according to design requirement,
Determine the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of conditioned soil；3) red clay for preparing improvement is directly unloaded from excavation section and transports and paves
On road mix Active workings surface of filling, area is filled according to what dump truck transporter amount and loose laying depth calculated per car,
The ground to pave the pulverized limestone side of drawing grid unloads vehicle soil in each grid；4) filler moisture content is detected after the completion of paving,
Water content should control in -3% to the 2% of optimum moisture content, if water content is too small, make it by the way of sprinkler
Reach optimum moisture content, if water content is excessive, so that water content is dropped using the method that bull-dozer ridge buster or turnplow pull loose drying
After optimum moisture content, with road roller time red clay to pave of quick static pressure, then essence is carried out with land leveller and put down, for table
The position that face is uneven and absolute altitude is inadequate with land leveller or manually carries out filling up red clay；5) it is calculated according to side's amount of dump truck
Go out the area that per car lime paves, and grid is drawn with pulverized limestone on the red clay roadbed after essence is flat, Miss Che is unloaded per lattice
Lime afterwards is used in combination Slicking apparatus cooperation that manually lime paves uniformly；6) using native road-mixed machine mix lime and red clay, mix
Conditioned soil is formed at least twice, the water content of the conditioned soil after mix is checked, if its moisture deficit, is mended by the way of watering
Watering, and mix again are filled, makes the water content of conditioned soil in -3% to the 2% of optimum moisture content；7) to conditioned soil first with pressure
Machine quick static pressure in road is primary, then carries out the flat operation of essence with land leveller, owes Tu Bupingzhengchu timely artificial supplementations local pit
Conditioned soil simultaneously flattens；8) step 3 to 7 is repeated, to realize the placement in layers of modified soil subgrade.
2. according to claim 1 be suitable for mountain area hills red clay area high-fill roadbed construction method, it is characterized in that：
Tu Chang, which is excavated, should use horizontal slice excavating load, to obtain the more consistent red clay filler of water content.
3. according to claim 1 be suitable for mountain area hills red clay area high-fill roadbed construction method, it is characterized in that：
The quick lime is the quick lime after fully resolution, and quick lime is admixed with red clay, and lime consumption accounts for weight percent and is
7%.
4. according to claim 1 be suitable for mountain area hills red clay area high-fill roadbed construction method, it is characterized in that：
Mix resolution after lime and red clay when, soil block will be smashed, grain size be not more than 15mm, mixture require color and luster it is consistent, mix
It closes uniformly, no lath, ash group, flower face must not contain soil block and caustic lime block.
5. according to claim 1 be suitable for mountain area hills red clay area high-fill roadbed construction method, it is characterized in that：
For the mode that rolls of conditioned soil, first pass rolls as static pressure, is rolled for weak shake for the 2nd~3 time, is the stone roller that shakes by force since the 4th time
Pressure, until the conditioned soil after rolling reaches the compactness of requirement, last static pressure is primary, to eliminate the trace of road roller,
The maximum of road roller rolls form speed and is not more than 4km/h, and one into one moves back the complete width of pressure to roll once.
6. according to claim 1 be suitable for mountain area hills red clay area high-fill roadbed construction method, it is characterized in that：
It turns around on the roadbed that mixing machinery and other machinery must not be after the completion of rolling.
7. according to claim 1 be suitable for mountain area hills red clay area high-fill roadbed construction method, it is characterized in that：
After the completion of conditioned soil rolls, if cannot continuously construct, health should be carried out to the modified soil subgrade after rolling, conditioned soil surface is made to protect
Wet health is no less than 7 days.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710163281.6A CN108625243A (en) | 2017-03-19 | 2017-03-19 | Suitable for mountain area hills red clay area high-fill roadbed filling construction method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710163281.6A CN108625243A (en) | 2017-03-19 | 2017-03-19 | Suitable for mountain area hills red clay area high-fill roadbed filling construction method |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN108625243A true CN108625243A (en) | 2018-10-09 |
Family
ID=63686975
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710163281.6A Pending CN108625243A (en) | 2017-03-19 | 2017-03-19 | Suitable for mountain area hills red clay area high-fill roadbed filling construction method |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN108625243A (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109440543A (en) * | 2018-10-22 | 2019-03-08 | 华东交通大学 | Phyllite saprolite and admaic earth mixing modification method and blending method |
| CN112534984A (en) * | 2020-11-09 | 2021-03-23 | 中冶南方都市环保工程技术股份有限公司 | Method for improving soft clay into planting soil |
| CN113417183A (en) * | 2021-07-26 | 2021-09-21 | 招商局重庆交通科研设计院有限公司 | Red clay roadbed and construction method |
| CN115058931A (en) * | 2022-07-01 | 2022-09-16 | 中交路桥建设有限公司 | Soil roadbed filling construction method |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS6417902A (en) * | 1987-07-10 | 1989-01-20 | Nippon Reinetsu Kk | Piled soil execution method using ultra- lightweight hollow frp box on weak ground |
| CN104631253A (en) * | 2013-11-08 | 2015-05-20 | 五冶集团上海有限公司 | Improvement and filling method of red clay subgrades at zone 94 and zone 96 of highway |
| CN106192986A (en) * | 2016-07-26 | 2016-12-07 | 杭州超华市政园林工程有限公司 | A kind of method of limestone improvement refuse soil |
| CN106245503A (en) * | 2016-08-12 | 2016-12-21 | 马鞍山十七冶工程科技有限责任公司 | A kind of for rendzinas control debulking methods in roadbed filling |
-
2017
- 2017-03-19 CN CN201710163281.6A patent/CN108625243A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS6417902A (en) * | 1987-07-10 | 1989-01-20 | Nippon Reinetsu Kk | Piled soil execution method using ultra- lightweight hollow frp box on weak ground |
| CN104631253A (en) * | 2013-11-08 | 2015-05-20 | 五冶集团上海有限公司 | Improvement and filling method of red clay subgrades at zone 94 and zone 96 of highway |
| CN106192986A (en) * | 2016-07-26 | 2016-12-07 | 杭州超华市政园林工程有限公司 | A kind of method of limestone improvement refuse soil |
| CN106245503A (en) * | 2016-08-12 | 2016-12-21 | 马鞍山十七冶工程科技有限责任公司 | A kind of for rendzinas control debulking methods in roadbed filling |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 于义: "石灰改良土填筑试验段方案", 《科技创新导报》 * |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109440543A (en) * | 2018-10-22 | 2019-03-08 | 华东交通大学 | Phyllite saprolite and admaic earth mixing modification method and blending method |
| CN112534984A (en) * | 2020-11-09 | 2021-03-23 | 中冶南方都市环保工程技术股份有限公司 | Method for improving soft clay into planting soil |
| CN113417183A (en) * | 2021-07-26 | 2021-09-21 | 招商局重庆交通科研设计院有限公司 | Red clay roadbed and construction method |
| CN115058931A (en) * | 2022-07-01 | 2022-09-16 | 中交路桥建设有限公司 | Soil roadbed filling construction method |
| CN115058931B (en) * | 2022-07-01 | 2023-11-17 | 中交路桥建设有限公司 | Soil roadbed filling construction method |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| RU2274749C1 (en) | Method for land reclamation in the case of land corruption by opened deposit development | |
| CN101451355B (en) | Water retention method of back fill course | |
| CN103882855B (en) | Expansive soil modified cement and filling construction method | |
| CN108625243A (en) | Suitable for mountain area hills red clay area high-fill roadbed filling construction method | |
| CN106245503A (en) | A kind of for rendzinas control debulking methods in roadbed filling | |
| CN105297570B (en) | Special soil subgrade structure and construction method thereof | |
| CN106283944B (en) | The method for pressing washer stone and/or block stone to reinforce shallow layer soft ground | |
| CN103039147A (en) | Reclamation method for sunk paddy field caused by mining in mountainous regions | |
| CN107489137A (en) | A kind of method that collapsible loess foundation is handled using cement soil padding | |
| CN104264680B (en) | The method for processing foundation of Tian Wa joint portion, a kind of collapsible loess slope | |
| CN103790166A (en) | Method for treating foundation of loess area saturated zone slope filling and digging joint part | |
| CN106676987A (en) | Construction method for rubble stone-ventilating board composite roadbed of expressway at permafrost area | |
| CN113445396B (en) | High-fill road foundation filling construction method for high liquid limit soil road section | |
| CN101974898B (en) | Roller compacted concrete cushion changing and filling method | |
| CN107100184A (en) | Caved in the composite foundation and construction method with sapping area for arid biogeographic zone earthen ruins | |
| CN111778796A (en) | Roadbed construction process | |
| CN107119505A (en) | The general fast railway bed filling construction method of desert area | |
| CN105421328B (en) | The method of construction of collapsible loess area roadbed basement process structure | |
| CN107859041A (en) | The construction method of collapsible loess zanjon high roadbed structure | |
| CN103061225A (en) | Rock salt railroad bed structure of section parallel to existing line and construction method of structure | |
| CN109183541A (en) | A kind of roadbed construction method and application using gravelly sand group material | |
| CN104631255B (en) | A kind of use cement and fiber suppress the construction method of the earth roadbed disintegrate of granite residual | |
| CN101418565A (en) | Qinghai-tibet railway permafrost wetland ground treatment technique | |
| CN107675577A (en) | A kind of Soft Soil Districts road foundation closing cushion layer structure and its construction method | |
| CN107237301A (en) | The construction method of high altitude localities sand-gravel dam continuous laying |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication |
Application publication date: 20181009 |
|
| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication |