CN108617061A - Drive current adjustment device - Google Patents
Drive current adjustment device Download PDFInfo
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- CN108617061A CN108617061A CN201611145402.6A CN201611145402A CN108617061A CN 108617061 A CN108617061 A CN 108617061A CN 201611145402 A CN201611145402 A CN 201611145402A CN 108617061 A CN108617061 A CN 108617061A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B47/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light sources in general, i.e. where the type of light source is not relevant
- H05B47/10—Controlling the light source
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of drive current adjustment devices, can be according to the size of the line voltage adjust automatically triode driving current at sampling resistor both ends comprising Linear Driving module, sampling module and variable resistance module.Variable resistance module generates equivalent resistance, the driving current for the equivalent resistance adjust automatically triode that Linear Driving module is generated according to variable resistance module according to the line voltage that sampling module is sampled from sampling resistor both ends.Ensure that triode in full voltage range, is at best drive current state.With known fixed current type of drive compared with linear drive mode, efficiency gets a promotion the present invention.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to AC-DC Switching Power Supply drive areas, more particularly to a kind of drive current adjustment device.
Background technology
In AC-DC Switching Power Supply drive areas, generally sample mos field effect transistor (metal-oxide-semiconductor) and
Triode drives.Because the cost of triode is well below metal-oxide-semiconductor, and triode hot properties is better than metal-oxide-semiconductor, so using now
The Switching Power Supply of triode driving is more and more.But triode requires driving current extremely stringent, excessive driving current,
The loss that may result in chip power supply increases, and too small driving current can not allow triode to enter deep saturation region, lead to three
The saturation voltage drop of pole pipe increases.
There are two types of present triode type of drive, and for one kind directly to drive triode with fixed current, the method is simple, but
It is that drive loss is excessive, especially when low line voltage drives, efficiency substantially reduces.Another kind uses linear drive mode, such as Fig. 1
Shown, it is that the electric current for flowing through external primary inductor L P is adopted when electric current I1 is linearly increasing to flow through pliotron NPN electric currents I1
The voltage Vin at the both ends sample resistance Rcs is also linearly increasing, the electric current of resistance R is flowed through according to line voltage Vin and resistance R adjustment, in turn
Control flows through the electric current of metal-oxide-semiconductor P1 and metal-oxide-semiconductor P2, realizes Linear Driving.Due to the adjustment model of driving current in this type of drive
It encloses and is limited by fixed resistance R, therefore full voltage input can not be taken into account, when low line voltage inputs, circuit is in maximum at this time
The working condition of duty ratio, current supply loss are maximum, if low pressure in order to balance, when high pressure can not also be arranged to sufficiently large driving electricity
Stream, so namely cannot achieve the high efficiency in full voltage range.
Invention content
To solve the above-mentioned problems, the present invention provides a kind of drive current adjustment device, can according to the size of line voltage from
Dynamic adjustment variable resistance adjusts driving current further according to the size of variable resistance, to take into account full voltage input.
To achieve the goals above, the present invention provides kind of a drive current adjustment device, can be according to the line at sampling resistor both ends
The size of voltage adjust automatically triode driving current, including：
Sampling module, the sampling module carry out voltage sample to obtain to the sampling resistor for being serially connected in the emitter of triode
Line voltage is obtained, and the line voltage is converted into line current；
Variable resistance module, the variable resistance module receive the line current from the sampling module, and according to described
Line current generates equivalent resistance；
Linear Driving module, the equivalent resistance of the Linear Driving module based on the variable resistance module, and
The line voltage of the emitter of triode and generate driving current to drive the triode.
Above-mentioned drive current adjustment device, wherein the driving current of the triode and the sampling resistor and the line
The relation formula of voltage is：Iout=k × Ipeak × Rcs × Vin/K, wherein：Iout is the driving current of the triode,
Ipeak is the collector current for flowing through the triode, and Rcs is the resistance value of the sampling resistor, and Vin is the line voltage, k with
K is proportionality coefficient.
Above-mentioned drive current adjustment device, wherein the sampling module includes：
Controlling of sampling unit is electrically connected between the sampling resistor and the emitter of the triode, to sample
The line voltage；
First capacitance is electrically connected in the controlling of sampling unit and is grounded, to keep the line voltage；
Voltage turns current unit, is electrically connected in the controlling of sampling unit and first capacitance, to by the line
Voltage is converted into the line current.
Above-mentioned drive current adjustment device, wherein the variable resistance module includes：
First negative-feedback circuit, first negative-feedback circuit receives the line current from the sampling module, according to institute
State line current output grid-control voltage；
The first transistor, grid receive the grid-control voltage, and by the first transistor in grid electricity
The resistance of pressure is as the equivalent resistance.
Above-mentioned drive current adjustment device receives institute wherein the variable resistance module further includes current reference unit
It states the line current of sampling module, and after the line current is carried out low pass processing, then is provided to first negative-feedback circuit.
Above-mentioned drive current adjustment device, wherein first negative-feedback circuit includes：
Second transistor, drain electrode receive the line current；
Third transistor, drain electrode electrically couple with the second transistor source electrode, the third transistor source electrode ground connection,
The third transistor grid electrically couples with the first crystal tube grid, and the third transistor grid voltage is described the
The grid-control voltage that one negative-feedback circuit generates；
First operational amplifier, positive input terminal electrically couple with low voltage reference unit, and negative input end is electrically connected in institute
It states between second transistor source electrode and third transistor drain electrode, output end electrically couples with the second transistor grid；
Wherein, the third transistor drain voltage is the voltage that the low voltage reference unit generates, the third crystal
The grid voltage of pipe is to make it be operated in drain voltage equal to the voltage and operating current of low voltage reference unit generation to be equal to
The voltage of the line current.
Above-mentioned drive current adjustment device, wherein the Linear Driving module includes:
Second negative-feedback circuit is electrically connected with the emitter of triode to obtain the line voltage, according to the line
The equivalent resistance that voltage and the variable resistance module generate generates intermediate current；
The intermediate current that second negative-feedback circuit generates is converted to the driving electricity by current converter circuit
Stream.
Above-mentioned drive current adjustment device, it is and described wherein the Linear Driving module further includes fixed current unit
Current converter circuit electrically couples, to provide the initial current of the triode.
Above-mentioned drive current adjustment device, wherein second negative-feedback circuit includes：
Second operational amplifier, positive input terminal receive the line voltage, negative input end and the 4th electric transistor
Connection, output end electrically couple with the 4th transistor gate；
4th transistor, drain electrode are serially connected with the current converter circuit, the 4th transistor source and described second
Operational amplifier negative input end electrically couples, and the 4th transistor gate electrically joins with the second operational amplifier output end
It connects；
Wherein, the intermediate current simultaneously flows through the current converter circuit being arranged in series and the 4th transistor,
And meeting Im=Vin/Rout, wherein Im is the intermediate current, and Vin is the line current, and Rout is the equivalent resistance.
Above-mentioned drive current adjustment device, wherein the first transistor and the 4th transistor series connection, in described
Between electric current simultaneously flow through the current converter circuit, the 4th transistor and the first transistor being arranged in series；
Above-mentioned drive current adjustment device, wherein the current converter circuit includes：
5th transistor, source electrode electrically couple with second negative-feedback circuit, to by the current converter circuit
It is concatenated with second negative-feedback circuit, the intermediate current flows through the 5th crystal；
6th transistor, grid electrically couples with the 5th transistor gate and source electrode electrically couples, and described
Six transistors, which are missed, electrically to be coupled with the 5th transistor drain with supply voltage, the intermediate current is converted to institute
Driving current is stated, the 6th transistor source electrically couples and is grounded with the transistor base, to by the drive
Streaming current is delivered to the triode.
Above-mentioned drive current adjustment device, wherein the Linear Driving module further includes：
7th transistor, drain electrode electrically couple with the transistor source, the 7th transistor source ground connection；
Drain control unit, electrically couples with the 6th transistor and the 7th transistor gate respectively, to control
The 6th transistor and its described transistor are made, when the 6th transistor turns, its described transistor cutoff, institute
Triode ON is stated, when the 6th transistor cutoff, seven transistor turns, the triode shutdown.
In conclusion drive current adjustment device proposed by the present invention has the beneficial effect that：Variable resistance module is replaced
Resistance R for adjusting driving current, can generate the equivalent resistance of different resistance values corresponding from different line voltages, then pass through this
The driving current of triode is adjusted in a little difference resistance value equivalent resistances, available suitably to drive electricity with present line voltage
Stream, to ensure that triode always works in best working condition.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram of the Linear Driving regulating current device of the prior art；
Fig. 2 is the structural schematic diagram of the drive current adjustment device of an embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 3 is the concrete structure schematic diagram of the drive current adjustment device of an embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 4 is the structural schematic diagram of the Linear Driving module of the drive current adjustment device of an embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 5 is the structural schematic diagram of the sampling module of the drive current adjustment device of an embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 6 is the structural schematic diagram of the variable resistance module of the drive current adjustment device of an embodiment of the present invention；
Specific implementation mode
Technical scheme of the present invention is described in detail below by the drawings and specific embodiments, but is not to limit
The system present invention.
Fig. 2 is referred to, Fig. 2 is the structural schematic diagram of the drive current adjustment device 10 of an embodiment of the present invention, such as Fig. 1
Shown, drive current adjustment device 10 includes triode NPN, sampling resistor Rcs, Linear Driving module 11,12 He of sampling module
Variable resistance module 13, wherein the collector of triode NPN electrically couples with primary inductor L P so that primary side inductive current
Ipeak flows into triode NPN, and the one end sampling resistor Rcs electrically couples with the emitter of triode NPN, other end ground connection so that
Line voltage Vin is generated at sampling resistor both ends, line voltage Vin meets formula (1)：
Vin=Ipeak × Rcs (1)
The input terminal IN3 of sampling module 12 is electrically connected between triode NPN emitters and sampling resistor Rcs, to
Line voltage Vin is sampled, sampling module 12 can export line current Iin according to line voltage Vin obtained by sampling from output end OUT2；
The input terminal IN4 of variable resistance module 13 receives line current Iin from sampling module output end OUT2, and is existed according to line current Iin
Delivery outlet OUT3 goes out to generate equivalent resistance Rout；Later, Linear Driving module 11 is electrical by input port IN2 and delivery outlet OUT3
After variable resistance module is serially connected in Linear Driving module 11 by connection, while according to the line voltage received from the IN1 of input port
Vin adjusts driving current Iout and from the output of delivery outlet 1 to the base stage of triode NPN.
Continuing with referring to Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, Fig. 3 is the concrete structure of the drive current adjustment device of an embodiment of the present invention
Schematic diagram, Fig. 4 are the structural schematic diagram of the drive current adjustment device 11 of an embodiment of the present invention；The leakage of transistor P1 and P2
Pole electrically couples after mutually electrically coupling with voltage VCC, and transistor P2 reality is by k identical coupled in parallel into (in figure not
Indicate), since the grid of transistor P1 electrically couples with the grid of transistor P2, and the drain electrode of itself electrically joins with transistor P1
It connects so that the electric current Ip2 for flowing through transistor P2 meets formula (2)：
Ip2=Ip1 × k (2)
In the better embodiment of the present invention, the number of transistors ranging from 60~100 of transistor P2 is constituted, therefore,
The drain electrode of integers of the proportionality coefficient k between 60 and 100, transistor N1 electrically couples with the source electrode of transistor P1, and fixed electricity
Stream unit 111 is electrically connected between the drain electrode of transistor N1 and the source electrode of transistor P1, in the better embodiment of the present invention
In, the initial driving that fixed current unit 111 is the triode NPN that drive current adjustment device 10 provides zero-temperature coefficient is electric
Stream；The positive input terminal of operational amplifier A 1 electrically couples with input port IN1, receives line voltage Vin, the output of operational amplifier A 1
Mouth is electrically connected in the grid of transistor N1, and the negative input end of operational amplifier A 1 is electrically connected in the source electrode of transistor N1, root
According to the short feature of void of closed loop operational amplifier so that the voltage at the source electrode (i.e. input port IN2) of transistor N1 is also Vin；It is brilliant
The drain electrode of body pipe N2 electrically couples with the source electrode of transistor P2, the source electrode ground connection of transistor N2；Due to delivery outlet OUT1 and crystal
The source electrode of pipe P2 electrically couples so that electric current Ip2 is the driving current Iout exported from delivery outlet, i.e.,：
Iout=Ip2 (3)
In addition, control logic unit 112 electrically couples with the grid of transistor P2 and N2 respectively, in the preferable reality of the present invention
It applies in mode, control drain element 112 can control transistor P2 and N2, when transistor P2 is connected, and transistor N2 ends, three poles
Pipe NPN conductings, when transistor P2 ends, and transistor N2 is connected, triode NPN shutdowns.
Continuing with referring to Fig. 3 and Fig. 5, Fig. 5 is the sampling module of the drive current adjustment device of an embodiment of the present invention
12 structural schematic diagram；One end of controlling of sampling unit 121 electrically couples with input terminal IN3, to receive line voltage Vin, separately
One end is electrically connected in one end that voltage turns current unit 122, in the better embodiment of the present invention, controlling of sampling unit
121 can be used to adjust sampling time sequence, make sampling module 12 with it is preset when ordered pair line voltage Vin sampled；The one of capacitance C1
End is electrically connected in controlling of sampling unit 121 and between voltage turns current unit 122, other end ground connection, and capacitance C1 is keeping
The line voltage Vin sampled via control unit 121；Voltage turns current unit and the line voltage Vin that capacitance C1 is kept is converted to line
Electric current Iin, and exported from delivery outlet OUT2.
It is the variable resistance of the drive current adjustment device of an embodiment of the present invention please continue to refer to Fig. 3 and Fig. 6, Fig. 6
The structural schematic diagram of module 13；Input port IN4 receives line current Iin from sampling module 12, and will by current reference unit 131
Line current is transmitted to transistor N3 drain electrodes, in the present embodiment, when line current is by current reference unit 131, can pass through
Low-pass filter, to carry out low pass processing to line current Iin, to remove the high frequency noise in line current Iin；Due to transistor
The source electrode of N3 electrically couples with the drain electrode of transistor N4, and the grid of transistor N3 electrically joins with the output end of operational amplifier A 2
It connects, and the negative input end of operational amplifier A 2 is electrically connected between transistor N3 source electrodes and transistor N4 drain electrodes so that operation
Amplifier A2, transistor N3 source electrodes and transistor N4 constitute degeneration factor, due to the short feature of void of closed loop amplifier, to crystal
The drain voltage of pipe N4 is the voltage for being input to the low voltage reference unit 132 of 2 positive input terminal of operational amplifier A and generating, at this
In the better embodiment of invention, low voltage reference unit 132 generates low pressure zero temp shift benchmark；The grid and transistor of transistor N4
The grid and current reference unit 131 of N5 electrically couples, the source electrode ground connection of transistor N4, at this point, the grid voltage of transistor N4
So that transistor N4 is operated in its drain voltage and be equal to the voltage that low voltage reference unit 131 generates, and operating current is equal to
The voltage for the electric current that current reference unit 131 exports；When the resistance region of transistor work, equivalent resistance and the transistor
Gate source voltage be inversely proportional, i.e., gate source voltage is higher, and the equivalent resistance of transistor is lower, on the contrary when gate source voltage it is lower, crystal
The equivalent resistance of pipe is higher, for transistor N5, since transistor N5 source electrodes are grounded, and the gate source voltage of transistor N5
As its grid voltage, since the grid of transistor N5 is electrically connected in the grid of transistor N4, the grid voltage of transistor N5
It is identical as the grid voltage of transistor N4, to which the equivalent resistance of transistor N5 is controlled by the grid voltage of transistor N4, crystal
The grid voltage of pipe N4 be controlled by current reference unit 131 output electric current, current reference unit 131 export it is current controlled in
The electric current Iin that sampling unit 12 exports, and the electric current Iin that sampling unit 12 exports, the sampling resistor sampled with sampling unit 12
The line voltage Vin at the both ends Rcs is directly proportional, that is, the equivalent resistance of transistor N5 is controlled by line input voltage, in the implementation of the present invention
In mode, the equivalent resistance Rout that the equivalent resistance of transistor N5 is generated as variable resistance module 13 is exported to output end
OUT3, therefore, equivalent resistance Rout are inversely proportional with line voltage Vin, meet formula (4)：
Rout=K/Vin (4)
Wherein Proportional coefficient K is the constant directly proportional to triode NPN output powers, in the better embodiment of the present invention
In, ranging from the 8.0~12.0 of Proportional coefficient K.
Flow through transistor P1's since transistor P1, transistor N1 are concatenated with transistor N5 referring again to Fig. 3
Electric current Ip1 is identical as the electric current IN5 of transistor N5 is flowed through, i.e.,：
IN5=Ip1 (5)
Simultaneously as voltage is line voltage Vin at the source electrode of transistor N1, i.e., voltage is also line at the drain electrode of transistor N5
Voltage Vin, therefore electric current IN5 also meets formula (6)：
IN5=Vin/Rout (6)
In conjunction with formula (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6), it is public can to show that the driving current Iout of triode NPN meets
Formula (7)：
Iout=k × Ipeak × Rcs × Vin/K (7)
In conclusion the drive current adjustment device of the present invention realizes the linear of the Different Slope in full voltage range
Driving, the size of the size direct ratio and line voltage Vin of driving current Iout, when triode NPN is that high line voltage inputs, driving
Electric current Iout also becomes larger accordingly, and when triode NPN is that low-voltage inputs, driving current Iout also becomes smaller accordingly, makes three
Pole pipe NPN remains best drive current state in full voltage range, to realize the adaptive driving of triode.Separately
Outside, in the present embodiment, transistor P1, P2, N1, N2, N3, N4 and N5 has used metal-oxide-semiconductor, but not to the present invention
It is defined, those skilled in the art can be according to needing using different types of transistor unit to reach identical work(
Effect.
Presently preferred embodiments of the present invention is above are only, is not used for limiting the present invention, without departing substantially from spirit of that invention
And its in the case of essence, those skilled in the art make various corresponding change and deformations in accordance with the present invention,
But these corresponding change and deformations should all belong to the protection domain of appended claims of the invention.
Claims (12)
1. a kind of drive current adjustment device, including：
Sampling module, the sampling module carry out voltage sample to obtain line to the sampling resistor for being serially connected in the emitter of triode
Voltage, and the line voltage is converted into line current；
Variable resistance module, the variable resistance module receive the line current from the sampling module, and according to line electricity
The raw equivalent resistance of miscarriage；
Linear Driving module, the equivalent resistance and three poles of the Linear Driving module based on the variable resistance module
The line voltage of the emitter of pipe and generate driving current to drive the triode.
2. drive current adjustment device according to claim 1, wherein the driving current of the triode and the sampling
Resistance and the relation formula of the line voltage are：, wherein：Iout is the driving current of the triode, and Ipeak is described to flow through
The collector current of triode, Rcs are the resistance value of the sampling resistor, and Vin is the line voltage, and proportionality coefficient k is 60 to 100
Between integer, Proportional coefficient K is the constant directly proportional to the triode output power, and ranging from the 8.0~12.0 of K.
3. drive current adjustment device according to claim 1, wherein the sampling module includes：
Controlling of sampling unit is electrically connected between the sampling resistor and the emitter of the triode, described to sample
Line voltage；
First capacitance is electrically connected in the controlling of sampling unit and is grounded, to keep the line voltage；
Voltage turns current unit, is electrically connected in the controlling of sampling unit and first capacitance, to by the line voltage
It is converted into the line current.
4. drive current adjustment device according to claim 1, wherein the variable resistance module includes：
First negative-feedback circuit, first negative-feedback circuit receives the line current from the sampling module, according to the line
Electric current exports grid-control voltage；
The first transistor, grid receives the grid-control voltage, and the first transistor is controlled electricity in the grid
The resistance of pressure is as the equivalent resistance.
5. drive current adjustment device according to claim 4, wherein the variable resistance module further includes current reference
Unit, receives the line current of the sampling module, and after the line current is carried out low pass processing, then to be provided to described first negative
Feedback circuit.
6. drive current adjustment device according to claim 4, wherein first negative-feedback circuit includes：
Second transistor, drain electrode receive the line current；
Third transistor, drain electrode electrically couple with the second transistor source electrode, the third transistor source electrode ground connection, described
Third transistor grid electrically couples with the first crystal tube grid, and the third transistor grid voltage is described first negative
The grid-control voltage that feedback circuit generates；
First operational amplifier, positive input terminal electrically couple with low voltage reference unit, and negative input end is electrically connected in described
Between two-transistor source electrode and third transistor drain electrode, output end electrically couples with the second transistor grid；
Wherein, the third transistor drain voltage is the voltage that the low voltage reference unit generates, the third transistor
Grid voltage is that it is made to be operated in voltage and operating current of the drain voltage equal to low voltage reference unit generation equal to described
The voltage of line current.
7. drive current adjustment device according to claim 1, wherein the Linear Driving module includes:
Second negative-feedback circuit is electrically connected with the emitter of triode to obtain the line voltage, according to the line voltage
Intermediate current is generated with the equivalent resistance that the variable resistance module generates；
The intermediate current that second negative-feedback circuit generates is converted to the driving current by current converter circuit.
8. drive current adjustment device according to claim 7, wherein the Linear Driving module further includes fixed current
Unit electrically couples with the current converter circuit, to provide the initial current of the triode.
9. drive current adjustment device according to claim 7, wherein second negative-feedback circuit includes：
Second operational amplifier, positive input terminal receive the line voltage, and negative input end couples with the 4th electric transistor,
Output end electrically couples with the 4th transistor gate；
4th transistor, drain electrode are serially connected with the current converter circuit, the 4th transistor source and second operation
Amplifier negative input end electrically couples, and the 4th transistor gate electrically couples with the second operational amplifier output end；
Wherein, the intermediate current simultaneously flows through the current converter circuit being arranged in series and the 4th transistor, and full
Sufficient Im=Vin/Rout, wherein Im are the intermediate current, and Vin is the line current, and Rout is the equivalent resistance.
10. the drive current adjustment device according to claim 4 or 9, wherein the first transistor and the 4th crystalline substance
Body pipe concatenates, and the intermediate current simultaneously flows through the current converter circuit being arranged in series, the 4th transistor and described
The first transistor.
11. drive current adjustment device according to claim 7, wherein the current converter circuit includes：
5th transistor, source electrode electrically couple with second negative-feedback circuit, to by the current converter circuit and institute
The second negative-feedback circuit concatenation is stated, the intermediate current flows through the 5th crystal；
6th transistor, grid electrically couples with the 5th transistor gate and source electrode electrically couples, and the described 6th is brilliant
Body pipe, which is missed, electrically to be coupled with the 5th transistor drain with supply voltage, the intermediate current is converted to the drive
Streaming current, the 6th transistor source electrically couple and are grounded with the transistor base, to the driving is electric
Stream is delivered to the triode.
12. drive current adjustment device according to claim 11, wherein the Linear Driving module further includes：
7th transistor, drain electrode electrically couple with the transistor source, the 7th transistor source ground connection；
Drain control unit, electrically couples with the 6th transistor and the 7th transistor gate respectively, to control
The 6th transistor and its described transistor are stated, when the 6th transistor turns, its described transistor cutoff, described three
Pole pipe is connected, when the 6th transistor cutoff, seven transistor turns, the triode shutdown.
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| CN201611145402.6A CN108617061B (en) | 2016-12-13 | 2016-12-13 | Drive current adjusting device |
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| CN114488873A (en) * | 2021-12-24 | 2022-05-13 | 深圳市联洲国际技术有限公司 | Control circuit and device |
| CN114488873B (en) * | 2021-12-24 | 2024-05-03 | 深圳市联洲国际技术有限公司 | Control circuit and device |
| CN114499429A (en) * | 2022-02-14 | 2022-05-13 | 揭阳市科和电子实业有限公司 | Triode chip identification gain device |
| CN114499130A (en) * | 2022-04-14 | 2022-05-13 | 深圳市思远半导体有限公司 | Self-adaptive constant-on-time step-down direct current converter |
| CN114499130B (en) * | 2022-04-14 | 2022-07-22 | 深圳市思远半导体有限公司 | Self-adaptive constant-on-time step-down direct-current converter |
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| CN108617061B (en) | 2020-07-28 |
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