CN108602515A - 用于车辆的控制系统 - Google Patents

用于车辆的控制系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN108602515A
CN108602515A CN201680081477.4A CN201680081477A CN108602515A CN 108602515 A CN108602515 A CN 108602515A CN 201680081477 A CN201680081477 A CN 201680081477A CN 108602515 A CN108602515 A CN 108602515A
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China
Prior art keywords
vehicle
motor
user
combustion engine
internal combustion
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Granted
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CN201680081477.4A
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English (en)
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CN108602515B (zh
Inventor
汤姆·卢卡斯
安德鲁·怀特海德
马克·波特
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Protean Electric Ltd
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Protean Electric Ltd
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W50/00—Details of control systems for road vehicle drive control not related to the control of a particular sub-unit, e.g. process diagnostic or vehicle driver interfaces
    • B60W50/08—Interaction between the driver and the control system
    • B60W50/082—Selecting or switching between different modes of propelling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W20/00—Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/36—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the transmission gearings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
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    • B60K6/387—Actuated clutches, i.e. clutches engaged or disengaged by electric, hydraulic or mechanical actuating means
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/44—Series-parallel type
    • B60K6/448—Electrical distribution type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/48—Parallel type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/50—Architecture of the driveline characterised by arrangement or kind of transmission units
    • B60K6/52—Driving a plurality of drive axles, e.g. four-wheel drive
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/50—Architecture of the driveline characterised by arrangement or kind of transmission units
    • B60K6/54—Transmission for changing ratio
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    • B60K7/00—Disposition of motor in, or adjacent to, traction wheel
    • B60K7/0007—Disposition of motor in, or adjacent to, traction wheel the motor being electric
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/04—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units
    • B60W10/06—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units including control of combustion engines
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F16D2500/31—Signal inputs from the vehicle
    • F16D2500/3114—Vehicle wheels
    • F16D2500/3117—Vehicle wheel torque
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D2500/00—External control of clutches by electric or electronic means
    • F16D2500/30—Signal inputs
    • F16D2500/314—Signal inputs from the user
    • F16D2500/3146—Signal inputs from the user input from levers
    • F16D2500/31466—Gear lever
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F16D2500/00—External control of clutches by electric or electronic means
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Abstract

一种用于车辆的控制系统，该车辆具有给车辆的至少一个车轮提供驱动转矩的电动机、给车辆的至少一个车轮提供驱动转矩的内燃发动机、具有使用者可选的变速比的手动变速单元以及离合致动器，该变速比包括使用者可选的至少一个前进档位和/或后退档位，所述控制系统包括控制器，该控制器设置为具有使用者可选择的三个操作模式，其中，在第一操作模式中，所述控制器设置为基于使用者的选择允许离合致动器将所述内燃发动机和所述手动变速单元接合和脱离，其中当所述离合致动器设置为将所述内燃发动机和所述手动变速单元相接合时，并且基于使用者选择了所述至少一个前进档位还是至少一个后退档位，由所述内燃发动机生成的转矩被施加到至少一个车轮，而所述电动机设置为向车辆的至少一个车轮提供驱动转矩；以及，在第二操作模式中，所述控制器设置为基于使用者的选择允许离合致动器将所述内燃发动机和所述手动变速单元接合和断开，并阻止电动机向车辆的至少一个车轮提供驱动转矩；以及，在第三操作模式中，所述控制器设置为基于使用者选择了至少一个前进档位还是至少一个后退档位而允许电动机向车辆的至少一个车轮提供驱动转矩，并且将所述离合致动器配置为将所述内燃发动机从所述手动变速单元断开。

Description

用于车辆的控制系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种控制系统，尤其是用于车辆的控制系统。
背景技术
随着对环境友好型车辆的兴趣的增加，也许是不出意料地，对电动车辆和电动混合动力车辆的使用的兴趣也已经相应的增加。
然而，由于大量现有道路车辆需要使用化石燃料，可能会放缓采用电动车辆的速度。
对这一问题的解决方案是以电动机改装现有使用内燃发动机运行的车辆，其中该电动机设置成或者驱动同样被该发动机提供动力的轮子，或者用于驱动一些与发动机不耦接的轮子。这将允许现有的化石燃料补给设施能够用于补充可被用于电动车辆的充电设施。
然而，拥有带两个分开的单独的传动系(即内燃发动机和电动机驱动源)的车辆将或者需要能协调两个驱动源运行的自动变速器系统，或者对于没有自动变速器系统的车辆将需要具有两个分开的驱动选择器，用于允许驾驶员在燃机驱动转矩和电动机驱动转矩之间做选择。
这种情况有待改善。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个方面，提供了一种根据所附权利要求的系统。
所要求保护的本发明提供了如下优势：简化将电动驱动机改装到车辆的过程，在所述车辆中使用内燃发动机经由手动变速箱来提供驱动转矩。本发明允许手动变速箱用于对来自内燃发动机的驱动转矩的施加进行控制，同时档位选择可以用于确定需由电动驱动机提供的合适的驱动转矩，不论车辆处于内燃发动机唯一模式、电动驱动机唯一模式还是混合动力模式。
附图说明
本发明现在将通过举例的方式参考下列附图进行说明，其中：
图1示出了根据本发明实施例的车辆；
图2示出用于本发明实施例的电动机的分解图；
图3示出了图2所示电动机的从另一角度观察的分解图；
图4示出了根据本发明实施例的电动机；
图5示出根据本发明实施例的控制装置的分解图；
图6示出根据本发明实施例的车辆的速度/转矩。
具体实施方式
本发明的实施例描述用于一种控制系统，该控制系统允许手动变速箱的手动档位选择器用于对由内燃发动机和电动驱动机或一起或单独生成的驱动转矩的施加进行控制。
出于本实施例的目的，电动驱动机是以用于车辆的车轮中的电动机形式，但电动机可以位于车辆内的任何地方。所述电动机的类型具有作为安装到车辆的定子一部分的一组线圈，所述一组线圈由安装到车轮的承载一组磁体的转子径向环绕。此外，本发明的一些方面适用于具有在径向环绕线圈内安装在中央的转子的装置。正如由本领域技术人员所理解是，本发明也适用于与其它类型的电动机或驱动系统一起使用。
图1示出了车辆100，例如具有四个车轮101的轿车或货车，其中两个车轮分别位于车辆前面位置的近侧和远侧位置。类似的，另外两个车轮分别位于车辆后面位置的近侧和远侧位置，对于常见的轿车配置，这是典型的。然而，正如被本领域技术人员所理解的，所述车辆可以具有任何数量的车轮。
在车辆后面位置上的车轮101内收纳的是轮内电动机120，其中如下面详细说明的，每个轮内电动机作为驱动源分别用于各个车轮。尽管当前实施例描述了具有关联于位于车辆后面位置上的车轮101的轮内电动机120的车辆，正如本领域技术人员将理解的，轮内电动机可以位于其他车轮。例如，轮内电动机可以位于前面的两个车轮。此外，尽管本实施例描述了轮内电动机的使用，但可以使用其他电动机结构，例如安装在中央的电动机，这种电动机使用驱动轴来对各个车辆车轮提供动力。然而，优选的实施例是便于对轮内电动机的应用进行改装。
耦接至轮内电动机120以及耦接至车辆通信总线例如CAN总线(未示出)的是控制单元102，用于响应驾驶员输入来控制由轮内电动机生成的转矩。
同样位于车辆内的是内燃发动机103，该内燃发动机经由另外被称为变速单元的手动变速箱104和驱动轴105耦接至两个前轮，其中如下文所述，离合器130用于机械性连接或断开内燃发动机103和变速箱104，以允许内燃发动机103生成的转矩施加于两个前轮。如本领域技术人员所公知的，术语“变速单元”也可以包括驱动轴105。
尽管手动变速箱可以包括单个前进档位和/或后退档位，优选地，所述变速箱包括具有不同变速比的多个前进档位和单个后退档位，该后退档位可以具有与所述多个前进档位之一相同或不同的变速比。所述档位可以通过使用者使用耦接至变速箱的档位选择器(未示出)来手动选择。
为了本实施例的目的，如下文所述，内燃发动机103和轮内电动机120所产生的转矩被车辆驾驶员经由位于车辆中的节气门踏板(未显示)控制。
此外，所述车辆包括与控制单元102通信的电子离合致动器140和离合器踏板模拟器150，其中所述控制单元102设置成根据所述控制单元已经被设置的操作模式并响应离合器踏板模拟器150的操作来控制电子离合致动器140。所述离合器踏板模拟器150设置为模拟传统离合器踏板的感觉和操作，然而，离合器踏板模拟器与控制单元102通信，而不是离合器踏板模拟器直接控制离合器操作，其中，如上所述，控制单元102基于控制单元102已经被设置的操作模式并基于离合器踏板模拟器150的操作来控制离合器的操作。
当电子离合致动器140被控制单元102置于致动状态时，电子离合致动器140设置成使离合器130将内燃发动机103和变速箱104机械性连接。当电子离合致动器140被控制单元102置于非致动状态时，电子离合致动器140设置成使离合器130将内燃发动机103从变速箱104机械性断开。
出于本实施例的目的，如在图2和图3所示，轮内电动机包括定子252，所述定子包括散热器253、多个线圈254、安装在散热器253上的位于所述定子的后部上用于驱动线圈的两个控制装置400以及安装在所述定子上的位于所述控制装置400内径内的环形电容器，又称为直流链电容器(DC link capacitor)。所述线圈254形成于定子齿部叠片上，从而形成线圈绕组。定子盖256被安装在所述定子252的后部，包围所述控制装置400以形成所述定子252，所述定子252然后可以固定于车辆并在使用过程中不相对于车辆旋转。
每个控制装置400包括两个逆变器410和控制逻辑420，所述控制逻辑420在本实施例中包括用于控制逆变器410的操作的处理器，所述处理器在图4中被示意性地表示。
虽然出于本实施例的目的，轮内电动机包括两个控制装置，其中，每个控制装置包括控制逻辑，换句话说包括用于控制逆变器的操作的控制器，但是也可以使用控制逻辑和逆变器可组合的任何配置，所述配置包括将控制逻辑和/或逆变器远离电动机放置。
所述环形电容器被耦合跨接于(coupled across)逆变器410和电动机直流电源，用于减小电动机操作期间的电动机电源供应线又称为直流母线上的电压纹波，以及减小电压过冲。为减小电感，所述电容器安装于与所述控制装置400相邻接的地方。因此，流向电动机的电流经由所述直流母线，其中所述电动机作为对所述直流电源的电力负载起作用，所述直流电源的电压置于直流母线两端。如下文所描述的，电流传感器被用于测量流向所述电动机的直流母线电流。
转子240包括前部220以及形成盖的圆筒部221，所述转子240基本上围绕所述定子252。所述转子包括多个围绕圆筒部221的内侧设置的永磁体242。出于本实施例的目的，32个磁体对被安装在所述圆筒部221的内侧。然而，可以使用任何数量的磁体对。
所述磁体紧密靠近所述定子252上的线圈绕组，使得由线圈产生的磁场与设置在转子240的圆筒部221的内侧的磁体242相互作用，以使转子240旋转。由于永磁体242被用于产生用于驱动电动机的驱动转矩，永磁体通常被称为驱动磁体。
转子240通过轴承座223连接到定子252。轴承座223可以是将用于车辆中的标准轴承座，此电动机组件将装配于所述车辆。所述轴承座包括两个部分，固定于定子的第一部分和固定于转子的第二部分。所述轴承座被固定于定子252的壁的中心部253，并且被固定于转子240的壳壁220的中心部225。因此转子240被可旋转地固定于所述车辆，随着所述车辆，所述转子240将通过位于转子240的中心部225上的轴承座223被使用。这种设置的优点在于，可以使用普通车轮螺栓将轮辋固定于所述转子的中心部，从而牢固地固定在所述轴承座223的可旋转侧上，从而则使得轮辋和轮胎固定在转子240的中心部225。所述车轮螺栓本身可以贯穿转子的中心部225穿入轴承座而被装配。随着转子240和车轮被装配于轴承座223，转子和车轮的旋转角之间存在一一对应的关系。
图3示出了与图2所示相同的电动机的从相反侧观察的分解图。转子240包括外转子壁220和圆周壁221，磁体242环向设置于所述圆周壁221内。如前所述，定子252通过在转子壁和定子壁的中心部处的轴承座连接于转子240。
字母V形的密封件设置于转子的圆周壁221和定子的外边缘之间。
所述转子还包括一组用于感测位置的磁体227，又称为换向磁体(commutationmagnets)，所述换向磁体连同安装在定子上的传感器能够使得转子磁通角被估算。所述转子磁通角规定了所述驱动磁体与所述线圈绕组的位置关系。或者，代替一组单独的磁体，所述转子可以包括具有多个极性的磁体材料环，所述多个极性起到一组单独的磁体的作用。
为了使得换向磁体可以用于计算转子磁通角，优选地每个驱动磁体具有相关联的换向磁体，其中通过校准所测量的换向磁体磁通角，从与该组换向磁体相关联的磁通角推导出所述转子磁通角。为了简化换向磁体磁通角和转子磁通角之间的相关性，优选地，该组换向磁体具有与该组驱动磁体对相同数量的磁体对或磁极对，其中所述换向磁体和相关联的驱动磁体基本上彼此径向对齐。因此，出于本实施例的目的，该组换向磁体有32个磁体对，其中每个磁体对与相应的驱动磁体对大致径向对齐。
将传感器安装在定子上，在本实施例中所述传感器是霍尔传感器。定位所述传感器以使得当转子旋转时每个形成所述换向磁体环的换向磁体分别旋转经过传感器。
当所述转子相对于所述定子旋转时，所述换相磁体相应地旋转经过具有输出交流电压信号的霍尔传感器的传感器，其中所述传感器对于每个经过传感器的磁体对输出360电角度的完整电压周期，其中由所述霍尔传感器输出的所述交流电压信号可以用于转子位置检测和用于确定转子速度(ω)。
对于改进的位置检测，优选地，所述传感器包括放置于距离第一传感器移位90电角度的位置的相关联的第二传感器。
在本实施例中，电动机包括四个线圈组，其中每个线圈组具有三个子线圈组，所述三个子线圈组以字母Y的结构耦接，以形成三相子电动机，从而使得所述电动机具有四个三相子电动机。通过如下所述的两个控制设备400之一控制相应子电动机的操作。然而，虽然本实施例描述了具有四个线圈组(即四个子电动机)的电动机，所述电动机可以同样具有一个或多个带有相关联的控制装置的线圈组。在一个优选的实施例中，所述电动机包括八个线圈组60，其中每个线圈组具有三个子线圈组，所述三个子线圈组以字母Y的结构耦接，以形成三相子电动机，从而使得所述电动机具有八个三相子电动机。类似地，每个线圈组可具有任何数量的子线圈组，从而使每个子电动机具有两相或更多相。
图4示出相应的线圈组60和控制装置400之间的连接，其中相应的线圈组60被连接于相应的三相逆变器410，所述三相逆变器410包括于控制装置400上，所述控制装置400用于控制相应的线圈组内的电流流动。正如本领域技术人员所熟知的，三相逆变器包括6个开关，其中，可以由六个开关的可控操作来产生三相交流电压。然而，开关的数量将取决于待施加于相应子电动机的电压相位的数量，其中所述子电动机可以构造为具有任何数量的相位。
优选地，所述控制装置400具有模块化结构。图5示出了优选实施例的分解图，其中每个控制装置400又称为电源模块，包括在其中装有两个电源基板组件510的电源印刷电路板500、控制印刷电路板520、用于与直流电池连接的四个电源母线530，以及用于与相应线圈绕组连接的六个相位绕组母线540。每个所述控制装置组件被安装在控制装置壳体550内，并且四个电源母线530被安装在所述控制装置壳体550上的与所述相位绕组母线540相反的一侧。
如上所述，流向电动机的电流，换句话即线路电流，经由相应的电源母线，其中所述电动机作为对所述直流电源的电力负载起作用，所述直流电源的电压置于相应的直流母线两端。
每个电源基板510设置为被安装在形成于所述电源印刷电路板500的相应的孔中。
所述电源印刷电路板500包括各种组件，所述组件包括对形成于所述电源基板组件510上的逆变器开关的驱动器，其中所述驱动器通常用于将控制信号转换为合适的形式以对所述逆变器开关进行开启和断开。
控制印刷电路板520包括控制逆变器开关操作的处理器。此外，每个控制印刷电路板520包括接口装置以允许相应控制装置400之间经由通信总线通信，并且一个控制装置400设置为与安装在所述电动机外部的车辆控制器通信。每个控制装置400上的所述处理器420被设置为处理接口装置上的通信。
如上所述，在相应控制装置400上的所述处理器420被设置为控制所述逆变器开关的操作，在所述控制壳体550内部，所述逆变器开关安装在相应的电源基板520上，由此允许每个电动机线圈组60获得三相电压供应，引起相应子线圈组产生旋转磁场。如上所述，尽管本实施例将每个线圈组60描述为具有三个子线圈组，本发明并不限于此并且可以理解的是，每个线圈组60可以具有一个或更多的子线圈组。
在相应处理器420的控制下，各个三相桥式逆变器410被设置为提供跨接相应的子线圈组的脉宽调制PWM电压控制，由此通过相应的子电动机在相应子线圈组中产生电流以用于提供所需转矩，其中在相应子线圈中的所述电流被称为相电流。
PWM控制的工作原理是通过使用电动机电感来平均出所施加的脉冲电压从而将所需电流引至所述电动机线圈中。通过使用PWM控制，所施加的电源在所述多个电动机绕组间切换。当电源在所述多个电动机绕组间切换时的期间，所述电流在所述电动机线圈中以一个比例提高，该比例由它们的电感和所施加电压指定。在所述电流已经增加超过了所需值之前，所述PWM电压控制被断开，由此允许实现所述子线圈内对相电流的精确控制。
对于所给定的线圈组60，所述三相桥式逆变器410开关被设置为在每个所述子线圈组两端施加一个单一电压相位。
通过使用PWM开关，所述多个开关被设置为在相应子线圈组两端施加交流电源。所述电信号的电压包络和相位角由调制电源脉冲确定。图6示出了显示了三个相位的具有三个子线圈组的线圈组中相电流的例子，所述线圈组又称为三相电动机结构。
所述逆变器开关可以包括多个半导体装置，例如金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFETs)或绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBTs)。在本示例中，所述开关包括多个绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBTs)。然而，任何合适的已知的开关电路可以用于控制所述电流。对于配置为驱动三相电动机的具有六个开关的三相逆变器，所述六个开关被配置为两个开关的三个并联组，其中每对开关被串联并形成所述三相桥式电路的一个腿，同时反激(fly-back)二极管，又称为反向二极管，以反向并联方式耦合跨接于每个开关两端。单相逆变器将具有两对串联设置的开关从而形成逆变器的两个腿600。
如上所述，PWM开关用于将交流电压施加于电动机线圈绕组，其中转子速度取决于在线圈绕组两端施加的电压的振幅。施加到转子的转矩由线圈绕组内的相电流引起，其中电动机转矩与所述相电流的振幅成正比。
响应于驾驶员输入，例如经由节气门踏板，当接合电动机时，控制单元102向各个轮内电动机传达所需的转矩值，其中用于各个轮内电动机的所述控制装置设置为在线圈绕组内控制相电流以提供所需的转矩值。
控制单元102被设置为允许使用者将车辆置于三种操作模式之一，其中，控制单元102允许基于所选择的操作模式对施加影响对象的内燃发动机、轮内电动机、变速箱、电子离合致动器和离合器的操作的控制。可由使用者使用任何合适的机构例如，通过车辆内的致动装置来选择操作模式。
在第一操作模式中，车辆驱动转矩被内燃发动机和轮内电动机两个提供。
在第二操作模式中，车辆驱动转矩被内燃发动机单独提供。
在第三操作模式中，车辆驱动转矩被轮内电动机单独提供。
在第一操作模式(即混合动力模式)中，内燃发动机被开启而控制单元102设置为启用电动机120，从而允许内燃发动机和电动机两个都为车辆提供驱动转矩。
在第一操作模式，控制单元102设置为基于离合器踏板模拟器150的操作来控制电子离合致动器140的致动，其中所述控制单元102设置为，当离合器踏板模拟器150被车辆使用者选择时，例如通过踩下离合器踏板模拟器150，则将电子离合致动器140置于非致动状态，而当离合器踏板模拟器150不被选择时，例如通过车辆使用者从离合踏板模拟器150移走压力，则将电子离合致动器140置于致动状态。
因此，内燃发动机103设置为，经由使用离合器踏板模拟器来选择合适的档位和以传统方式使用的档位选择而结合节气门踏板(未示出)的操作向两个前轮101施加转矩。离合器踏板模拟器150的操作设置为，在档位选择过程中使离合器将变速箱104与内燃发动机机械性连接/断开。正如本领域技术人员所公知的，由内燃发动机向车轮施加的转矩取决于发动机转矩和所选择的变速箱104的档位。
通过说明方式，图6示出了通过用于有6个档位的变速箱的内燃发动机施加到车辆车轮的典型的速度/转矩曲线，其中曲线10示出了在第一档位被施加的最大转矩，曲线11示出了在第二档位被施加的最大转矩，曲线12示出了在第三档位被施加的最大转矩，曲线13示出了在第四档位被施加的最大转矩，曲线14示出了在第五档位被施加的最大转矩，曲线15示出了在第六档位被施加的最大转矩。
除了被内燃发动机施加的转矩之外，如上所述，转矩还被电动机施加。
此外，在第一操作模式中，当使用者设置离合致动器将内燃发动机和手动变速单元相接合时，所述控制器允许由内燃发动机生成的转矩，而由电动机生成的转矩可以由手动变速单元选择的变速比来确定或不可以由所述变速比确定。
在本实施例中，当电动机独立于变速箱运行时，在第一操作模式中，由电动机生成的转矩量可以由各种手段来确定。
在第一优选实施例中，车辆的最大速度限制在当前所选择的档位的可接收范围。这意味着，电动机的转矩将随着速度增加到发动机接近了超过所选择档位的最大转速(rpm)的点而减小，其中优选地，电动机驱动转矩将在发动机接近于超过其最大转速时减小到零。换句话说，由各自电动机生成的转矩设置为反映了内燃发动机生成的转矩值。
因此，驾驶员将一直处于正确的档位，以允许驾驶员自由使用离合器来接合或断开发动机，以适当方式获得最佳经济/排放/性能。
在替换性实施例中，如果电动机生成的转矩即将使得发动机运行脱离其所在档位的工作范围，则可以使用离合器来断开发动机，从而使得车辆进入到电动唯一模式。这可能由于车辆在所选择的档位运行太快导致该车辆“卡”在电动唯一模式。在这种情况下,在重新接合发动机之前驾驶员必须换到适合的档位。基于所采取的两个实施例是哪一个，根据车辆速度是否处于所选择档位的操作范围中，车辆将对于最大节气门具有不同的运行状况(behaviours)。
在第二操作模式中，随着控制单元102设置为禁用电动机120或将电动机120置于电动机所需转矩不取决于节气门踏板位置的模式下，内燃发动机被开启。在第二操作模式中，控制单元102设置为基于离合器踏板模拟器150的操作来控制电子离合致动器140的致动，其中所述控制单元102设置为，当离合器踏板模拟器150被车辆使用者选择时，例如通过踩下离合器踏板模拟器150，则将电子离合致动器140置于非致动状态，而当离合器踏板模拟器150不被选择时，例如通过车辆使用者从离合踏板模拟器150移走压力，则将电子离合致动器140置于致动状态。
因此，内燃发动机103设置为，经由使用离合器踏板模拟器来选择合适的档位和以传统方式使用的档位选择而结合节气门踏板(未示出)的操作向两个前轮101施加转矩，其中如上所述，基于所选的档位，将速度/转矩曲线施加到车辆车轮上。
离合器踏板模拟器150的操作设置为，在档位选择过程中使离合器将变速箱104与内燃发动机机械性连接/断开。正如本领域技术人员所公知的，由内燃发动机向车轮施加的转矩取决于发动机转矩和所选择的变速箱的档位。
在第三操作模式中，随着控制单元102设置为启用电动机120，由电动机120单独提供驱动转矩。通常将关闭所述内燃发动机，然而内燃发动机也可以继续运行，其中其可以被用于例如对电动机所使用的电池提供充电。
在第三操作模式中，控制单元102设置为，独立于离合器踏板模拟器150的操作，将电子离合致动器140置于非致动状态，从而使得离合器130将内燃发动机103从变速箱机械性断开。因此，内燃发动机从变速器脱开，从而在车辆在轮内电动机的操作下移动的同时避免内燃发动机成为拖曳源。施加在车辆上的驱动转矩由电动机单独提供，其中所生成的转矩由控制单元基于节气门踏板的操作确定。
因此，当在第三操作模式中时，被电子致动的离合致动器会使发动机从变速箱脱离，从而最小化任何拖曳转矩并允许在没有驱动负载的状态下发动机运转。驾驶员可以使用离合器并换档位，但这个动作不会起作用，除了给控制单元一些输入以在舒适和感受上提供档位切换的“感觉”。
所以，在第一和第二操作模式中，如本领域技术人员所公知的，由驾驶员使用离合器踏板，以将内燃机和变速箱接合/断开。然而，在第三操作模式即EV(电动)模式中，离合器踏板不会起作用，除了给控制单元一些输入以提供档位切换的“感觉”。
在第三操作模式的优选实施例中，如果已经选择了档位，对于电动机的驱动转矩进行限制，使得车辆的最大速度被限制在所选档位的可接受范围内。这意味着，电动机的转矩将随着速度增加到发动机接近了超过所选择档位的最大转速(rpm)的点而减小，其中优选地，电动机驱动转矩将在发动机接近于超过其最大转速时减小到零。这具有以下优点：允许车辆使用者在第三操作模式和第一和/或第二操作模式之间进行无缝切换而不存在电动机和内燃机之间所提供的转矩之间的差距。
类似地，如果控制单元识别到车辆超过所选变速比的预定阈值，则控制单元设置为阻止使用者选择第一操作模式或第二操作模式。

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1.一种用于车辆的控制系统，所述车辆具有给所述车辆的至少一个车轮提供驱动转矩的电动机、给所述车辆的至少一个车轮提供驱动转矩的内燃发动机、具有使用者可选的至少一个前进档位和/或后退档位的手动变速单元以及离合致动器，所述控制系统包括控制器，该控制器设置为具有使用者可选择的三个操作模式，其中，在第一操作模式中，所述控制器设置为基于使用者的选择允许离合致动器将所述内燃发动机和所述手动变速单元接合和脱离，其中当所述离合致动器设置为将所述内燃发动机和所述手动变速单元相接合时，并且基于使用者选择了所述至少一个前进档位还是至少一个后退档位，由所述内燃发动机生成的转矩被施加到至少一个车轮，而所述电动机设置为向所述车辆的至少一个车轮提供驱动转矩；在第二操作模式中，所述控制器设置为基于使用者的选择允许离合致动器将所述内燃发动机和所述手动变速单元接合和断开，并阻止电动机向所述车辆的至少一个车轮提供驱动转矩；以及，在第三操作模式中，所述控制器设置为基于使用者选择了至少一个前进档位还是至少一个后退档位而允许电动机向所述车辆的至少一个车轮提供驱动转矩，并且将所述离合致动器配置为将所述内燃发动机从所述手动变速单元断开。
2.根据权利要求1的控制系统，其中，所述手动变速单元包括使用者可选择的多个变速比，并且所述控制器设置为允许由所述电动机所生成的转矩由使用者在手动变速单元中所选择的变速比来确定。
3.根据权利要求1或2的控制系统，其中，当所述控制器处于所述第一操作模式时，所述控制器被设置为基本上维持所述内燃发动机和所述电动机产生的转矩之间的预定关系。
4.根据前述任一项权利要求的控制系统，其中，所述手动变速单元包括使用者可选择的多个变速比，其中，当所述控制器处于所述第一操作模式或所述第三操作模式时，所述控制器设置为基于使用者所选的变速比限定车辆的最大速度。
5.根据前述任一项权利要求的控制系统，其中，所述手动变速单元包括使用者可选择的多个变速比，其中，如果车辆的速度超过所选变速比的预定阈值，则所述控制器设置为从所述第一操作模式向所述第三操作模式切换。
6.根据前述任一项权利要求的控制系统，其中，所述手动变速单元包括使用者可选择的多个变速比，其中，当所述控制器处于所述第三操作模式中时，如果车辆的速度超过所选变速比的预定阈值，则所述控制器设置为阻止使用者选择所述第一操作模式或所述第二操作模式。
7.一种车辆，所述车辆具有向所述车辆的至少一个车轮提供驱动转矩的电动机、向所述车辆的至少一个车轮提供驱动转矩的内燃发动机、具有使用者可选择的至少一个前进档位和/或后退档位的手动变速单元、离合致动器和根据前述任一项权利要求的控制系统。
8.根据权利要求7的车辆，进一步包括多个轮内电动机。
9.根据权利要求7或8的车辆，其中所述离合致动器设置为经由离合器将所述内燃发动机和所述手动变速单元接合和断开。
10.根据权利要求7至9任一项的车辆，其中所述离合致动器设置为基于使用者对离合器踏板的操作将所述内燃发动机和所述手动变速单元接合和断开。
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