CN108593170A - Device for measuring revolute pair moment of friction - Google Patents
Device for measuring revolute pair moment of friction Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L5/00—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L5/00—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
- G01L5/0009—Force sensors associated with a bearing
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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Abstract
本发明提出了一种用于测量转动副摩擦力矩的装置，包括支架、支撑套、内挡板、外挡板、卡盘、摆杆、摆锤、挡板螺钉、多个抵紧螺钉和角度传感器；本发明的有益技术效果是：提出了一种用于测量转动副摩擦力矩的装置，该技术基于能量守恒原理，测量精度较高，误差较小，装置的结构简单，操作方便，特别适合现场检测。
The invention proposes a device for measuring the frictional moment of rotating pair, which includes a bracket, a support sleeve, an inner baffle, an outer baffle, a chuck, a pendulum, a pendulum, a baffle screw, a plurality of pressing screws and an angle sensor; the beneficial technical effect of the present invention is: propose a kind of device that is used to measure the friction torque of rotating pair, this technology is based on the principle of energy conservation, the measurement precision is higher, the error is smaller, the structure of the device is simple, easy to operate, especially suitable for On-site testing.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种转动副摩擦力矩测量技术，尤其涉及一种用于测量转动副摩擦力矩的装置。The invention relates to a technique for measuring the friction torque of a rotating pair, in particular to a device for measuring the friction torque of a rotating pair.
背景技术Background technique
机械转动中，摩擦力矩是影响零部件寿命及设备可靠性和精确性的重要因素，摩擦力矩会导致转动副磨损和温度上升，降低寿命和工作质量，情况严重时还会导致转动零件表面烧伤，使零件损坏，并影响安全，另外，对于精密仪器而言，摩擦力矩会对装置的精确性造成影响，如航空陀螺仪中的滚动轴承，摩擦力矩会对航向指示的准确度造成影响。In mechanical rotation, friction torque is an important factor affecting the life of parts and equipment reliability and accuracy. Friction torque will cause wear and temperature rise of the rotating pair, reduce life and work quality, and even cause burns on the surface of rotating parts in severe cases. Damage the parts and affect safety. In addition, for precision instruments, the friction torque will affect the accuracy of the device, such as the rolling bearing in the aviation gyroscope, the friction torque will affect the accuracy of the heading indication.
现有技术中，用于检测转动副摩擦力矩的手段绝大部分都是基于“平衡法”，其基本原理是，在从动件上沿转动切线方向安装测力传感器，测力传感器能阻止从动件转动，然后驱动主动件转动，由从动件和主动件间的摩擦力矩所产生的应力就会作用在从动件上，从动件由于受到测力传感器的阻挡，从动件会保持静止，测力传感器就能测量出从动件上的切向应力P，最后通过计算得到摩擦力矩；现有的基于平衡法的摩擦力矩测量仪器，精度都不是很高，尤其对于较小的摩檫力矩，测量的准确性和稳定性十分低。In the prior art, most of the methods used to detect the friction torque of the rotating pair are based on the "balance method". The driven part rotates, and then drives the active part to rotate, and the stress generated by the frictional moment between the driven part and the driven part will act on the driven part, and the driven part will keep the force due to the resistance of the load cell. At rest, the load cell can measure the tangential stress P on the follower, and finally obtain the friction torque through calculation; the existing friction torque measuring instruments based on the balance method are not very accurate, especially for small friction Sassafras moment, measurement accuracy and stability are very low.
发明内容Contents of the invention
针对背景技术中的问题，本发明提出了一种用于测量转动副摩擦力矩的装置，所述转动副包括外圈和内圈，所述内圈套接在外圈中，外圈和内圈能相对转动，其创新在于：所述装置包括支架、支撑套、内挡板、外挡板、卡盘、摆杆、摆锤、挡板螺钉、多个抵紧螺钉和角度传感器；所述支架位置固定，支架的侧面形成安装面，所述安装面上设置有一支撑柱，支撑柱的轴向与水平方向平行；所述支撑套套接在支撑柱上，支撑套的外径与所述内圈的内径匹配，支撑套的外端面上设置有螺纹孔；所述内挡板为环形结构体，内挡板的内径与支撑套的外径匹配，内挡板的外径小于内圈的外径，内挡板套接在支撑套上，内挡板的内端面与安装面接触；所述转动副通过内圈套接在支撑柱上，内圈的内端面与内挡板的外端面接触，内圈的外端面位于支撑柱外端面的外侧；所述外挡板的直径大于内圈的内径、小于内圈的外径，外挡板中部设置有连接孔，挡板螺钉穿过连接孔后与所述螺纹孔螺纹连接，外挡板的内端面与内圈的外端面接触，挡板螺钉将外挡板抵紧在内圈的外端面上；所述卡盘为环形结构体，卡盘内径大于外圈外径，卡盘上设置有多个径向螺纹孔，多个抵紧螺钉一一对应地设置在多个径向螺纹孔中，卡盘设置在转动副的外围，抵紧螺钉的内端与外圈的外周面接触，多个抵紧螺钉将外圈抵紧；所述摆杆的上端与卡盘连接，摆杆的下端与摆锤连接；所述角度传感器固定在卡盘上。Aiming at the problems in the background technology, the present invention proposes a device for measuring the frictional moment of the revolving pair, the revolving pair includes an outer ring and an inner ring, the inner ring is sleeved in the outer ring, and the outer ring and the inner ring can be relatively Rotation, its innovation is: the device includes a bracket, a support sleeve, an inner baffle, an outer baffle, a chuck, a swing rod, a pendulum, a baffle screw, a plurality of pressing screws and an angle sensor; the position of the bracket is fixed , the side of the bracket forms a mounting surface, and a supporting column is arranged on the mounting surface, the axial direction of the supporting column is parallel to the horizontal direction; the supporting sleeve is sleeved on the supporting column, and the outer diameter of the supporting sleeve and the inner diameter of the inner ring Matching, the outer end surface of the support sleeve is provided with a threaded hole; the inner baffle is a ring structure, the inner diameter of the inner baffle matches the outer diameter of the support sleeve, the outer diameter of the inner baffle is smaller than the outer diameter of the inner ring, the inner The baffle is sleeved on the support sleeve, and the inner end surface of the inner baffle is in contact with the installation surface; the rotating pair is sleeved on the support column through the inner ring, and the inner end surface of the inner ring is in contact with the outer end surface of the inner baffle, and the inner end of the inner ring The outer end surface is located outside the outer end surface of the support column; the diameter of the outer baffle is larger than the inner diameter of the inner ring and smaller than the outer diameter of the inner ring, and a connecting hole is arranged in the middle of the outer baffle, and the baffle screw is connected to the said outer baffle after passing through the connecting hole. The threaded holes are threaded, the inner end surface of the outer baffle is in contact with the outer end surface of the inner ring, and the baffle screws press the outer baffle against the outer end surface of the inner ring; the chuck is a ring structure, and the inner diameter of the chuck is larger than the outer end surface of the outer ring. The outer diameter of the circle, the chuck is provided with a plurality of radial threaded holes, and a plurality of pressing screws are arranged in a plurality of radial threaded holes correspondingly, the chuck is arranged on the periphery of the rotating pair, and the inner end of the pressing screw The outer ring is in contact with the outer peripheral surface of the outer ring, and the outer ring is pressed by a plurality of pressing screws; the upper end of the swing rod is connected with the chuck, and the lower end of the swing rod is connected with the pendulum; the angle sensor is fixed on the chuck.
前述装置中，支架、支撑套、内挡板、外挡板和挡板螺钉用于固定内圈，使内圈不会随外圈摆动；卡盘和抵紧螺钉用于将外圈、摆杆和摆锤固定在一起，使外圈、摆杆和摆锤能同步摆动；角度传感器用于检测摆长的摆动角度；In the aforementioned device, the bracket, support sleeve, inner baffle, outer baffle and baffle screw are used to fix the inner ring so that the inner ring will not swing with the outer ring; It is fixed with the pendulum so that the outer ring, the pendulum and the pendulum can swing synchronously; the angle sensor is used to detect the swing angle of the pendulum length;
本发明的原理是：基于能量守恒原理可知，在无能量损失的情况下，摆长外端的摆动高度是不变的，但由于内圈和外圈之间存在摩擦力矩，内圈和外圈相对运动时，摩擦力矩就会做功，进而导致能量损失，使得摆长外端的摆动高度变低，由于重心位置和摆长长度均可提前测量，测试过程中，仅需通过角度传感器检测出摆长轴向与竖直方向的夹角变化，即可计算出摆动高度变化量，再加上装置质量、重力加速度已知，我们就能计算出摩擦力矩的大小；前述装置结构简单，操作方便，数据处理也十分简便，特别适于在转动副生产过程中的实时检测；The principle of the present invention is: based on the principle of energy conservation, it can be known that in the case of no energy loss, the swing height of the outer end of the pendulum length is constant, but due to the friction torque between the inner ring and the outer ring, the inner ring and the outer ring are relatively When moving, the friction torque will do work, which will lead to energy loss, making the swing height of the outer end of the pendulum length lower. Since the position of the center of gravity and the length of the pendulum length can be measured in advance, during the test, only the long axis of the pendulum needs to be detected by the angle sensor The variation of the included angle between the direction and the vertical direction can be used to calculate the variation of the swing height, coupled with the known mass of the device and the acceleration of gravity, we can calculate the magnitude of the frictional moment; the aforementioned device is simple in structure, easy to operate, and data processing It is also very simple, especially suitable for real-time detection during the production process of the rotating pair;
对不同转动副进行检测时，由于转动副重量不同，会导致装置中摆动部分的重心位置发生变化，进而引起摆长变化，每次测量前都检测一次摆长显然不太科学，为了提高检测量的便利性，本发明还提出了如下的优选方案：所述摆杆为螺纹杆，摆锤与摆杆螺纹连接，摆杆中部设置有吊环，摆杆的轴向与外圈的径向重合。基于常识可知，常用的摆锤，其外形一般都不会是异形结构，这时，再使摆杆的轴向与外圈的径向重合，摆长方向就与摆杆的轴向同轴了，装置中摆动部分的重心必然在摆杆的轴向上，通过螺纹调节摆锤和摆杆的相对位置，就能对重心的位置进行调节，调节时，通过吊环将摆动部分吊起，调节摆锤和摆杆的相对位置，使重心位于吊环位置处(通过观察摆杆轴向是否与水平方向平行即可确定重心是否位于吊环位置处)，如此就能使摆长长度成为一个常量，每次对不同的转动副进行检测时，只需对重心位置稍作调整即可进行测量，大大提高检测的便利性。When testing different rotating pairs, due to the different weights of the rotating pairs, the position of the center of gravity of the swinging part of the device will change, which in turn will cause changes in the pendulum length. It is obviously unscientific to test the pendulum length before each measurement. In order to improve the detection capacity For convenience, the present invention also proposes the following preferred solution: the swing rod is a threaded rod, the pendulum is screwed to the swing rod, a suspension ring is arranged in the middle of the swing rod, and the axial direction of the swing rod coincides with the radial direction of the outer ring. Based on common sense, the shape of commonly used pendulums is generally not a special-shaped structure. At this time, the axial direction of the pendulum rod coincides with the radial direction of the outer ring, and the pendulum length direction is coaxial with the axial direction of the pendulum rod. , the center of gravity of the swinging part in the device must be on the axial direction of the pendulum, and the position of the center of gravity can be adjusted by adjusting the relative position of the pendulum and the pendulum through the thread. The relative position of the hammer and the pendulum rod makes the center of gravity at the position of the suspension ring (you can determine whether the center of gravity is at the position of the suspension ring by observing whether the axis of the pendulum rod is parallel to the horizontal direction), so that the length of the pendulum becomes a constant. When testing different revolving pairs, the measurement can be carried out only by adjusting the position of the center of gravity slightly, which greatly improves the convenience of testing.
参见图3，具体应用时，用绳索将吊环吊起，然后观察摆杆轴向是否与水平方向平行，如不平行，则调节摆锤的位置，直至摆杆轴向与水平方向平行，如此，就能使重心始终处于吊环位置处，摆长长度也不会发生变化。See Figure 3. For specific applications, lift the ring with a rope, and then observe whether the axis of the pendulum is parallel to the horizontal direction. If not, adjust the position of the pendulum until the axis of the pendulum is parallel to the horizontal direction. In this way, Just can make the center of gravity be at the suspension ring position all the time, the pendulum length length also can not change.
实际应用时，若不便调节重心，还可通过如下方法直接求解摆长l：In practical applications, if it is inconvenient to adjust the center of gravity, the pendulum length l can also be directly solved by the following method:
由单摆系统的角动量定理可知，单摆运动模型的运动学方程可表达为下式：According to the angular momentum theorem of the simple pendulum system, the kinematic equation of the simple pendulum motion model can be expressed as the following formula:
采用分离变量法对上式进行求解，则可推导出任意角度下单摆的周期T的表达式：Solving the above formula by using the method of separation of variables, the expression of the period T of the simple pendulum at any angle can be deduced:
于是摆长l可由下式计算得到：Then the pendulum length l can be calculated by the following formula:
其中：α是初始角度，g为重力加速度；Where: α is the initial angle, g is the acceleration of gravity;
对于精密轴承而言，其摩擦力矩往往很小，刚摆动时，周期会保持一个相对比较正确的数值，因此摆长l也可通过理论计算确定。For precision bearings, the frictional moment is often very small, and the period will maintain a relatively correct value when it first swings, so the pendulum length l can also be determined by theoretical calculation.
其中单摆周期T我们可以通过角度传感器得出，角度传感器在传输数据中记录着左右最高点的角度，也记录了所用时间的多少。通过处理数据，我们可以分析出单摆周期T的值。Among them, the period T of the simple pendulum can be obtained through the angle sensor, which records the angle of the left and right highest points in the transmitted data, and also records the time spent. By processing the data, we can analyze the value of the period T of the simple pendulum.
优选地，所述内挡板和外挡板均采用弹性材料制作。弹性材料制作的内挡板和外挡板，可以有效地将内圈夹稳。Preferably, both the inner baffle and the outer baffle are made of elastic materials. The inner baffle and outer baffle made of elastic material can effectively clamp the inner ring firmly.
本领域技术人员在实施本发明时，可按如下的方法进行操作：Those skilled in the art can operate as follows when implementing the present invention:
1)转动副安装好后，将摆锤举升至初始位置，然后让摆锤自然下落，摆锤自然下落后，再一次到达的上行最高点记为监测位置；前述过程中，通过角度传感器对外圈的转动角度进行监测，得到θ1和θ2；θ1为初始位置处，摆长方向与竖直方向的夹角；θ2为监测位置处，摆长方向与竖直方向的夹角；所述初始位置低于内圈的轴心高度；1) After the revolving pair is installed, lift the pendulum to the initial position, then let the pendulum fall naturally. After the pendulum falls naturally, the highest point it reaches again is recorded as the monitoring position; θ 1 and θ 2 are obtained; θ 1 is the angle between the pendulum length direction and the vertical direction at the initial position; θ 2 is the angle between the pendulum length direction and the vertical direction at the monitoring position; The initial position is lower than the height of the axis of the inner ring;
2)根据下式计算出转动副的摩擦力矩M：2) Calculate the frictional moment M of the rotating pair according to the following formula:
其中，m为摆动部件的质量；g为重力加速度；L为摆长。Among them, m is the mass of the swinging part; g is the acceleration due to gravity; L is the pendulum length.
参见图1，图中标记C所示位置即为初始位置，标记D所示位置即为监测位置，标记O所示位置即为摆动轴心；测量时，先将摆锤举升至初始位置，此时，摆长与竖直方向的夹角即为θ1；然后让摆锤自然下落，摆锤先向下摆动至最低点，经过最低点后，摆锤又开始上升并再一次达到上行最高点，此过程中，由于摩擦力矩造成的能量损失，摆锤无法上升到与初始位置相同的高度，仅能达到高度较低的监测位置处(图中的Δh即为能量损失造成的上摆高度损失)，此时，摆长与竖直方向的夹角即为θ2；根据能量守恒原理，摩擦力矩做功应等于损失的能量，则有：See Figure 1, the position indicated by mark C in the figure is the initial position, the position indicated by mark D is the monitoring position, and the position indicated by mark O is the swing axis; when measuring, first lift the pendulum to the initial position, At this time, the angle between the pendulum length and the vertical direction is θ 1 ; then let the pendulum fall naturally, the pendulum first swings down to the lowest point, and after passing the lowest point, the pendulum starts to rise again and reaches the highest point again During this process, due to the energy loss caused by the frictional torque, the pendulum cannot rise to the same height as the initial position, but can only reach the monitoring position with a lower height (Δh in the figure is the upper pendulum height caused by energy loss loss), at this time, the angle between the pendulum length and the vertical direction is θ 2 ; according to the principle of energy conservation, the work done by the friction torque should be equal to the lost energy, then:
M(θ1+θ2)＝mgL(cosθ1-cosθ2)M(θ 1 +θ 2 )=mgL(cosθ 1 -cosθ 2 )
将上式变形后，即得前述的摩擦力矩计算公式。After the above formula is deformed, the aforementioned friction torque calculation formula can be obtained.
本发明的有益技术效果是：提出了一种用于测量转动副摩擦力矩的装置，该技术基于能量守恒原理，测量精度较高，误差较小，装置的结构简单，操作方便，特别适合现场检测。The beneficial technical effects of the present invention are: a device for measuring the frictional torque of the rotating pair is proposed, the technology is based on the principle of energy conservation, the measurement accuracy is high, the error is small, the structure of the device is simple, the operation is convenient, and it is especially suitable for on-site detection .
附图说明Description of drawings
图1、装置中转动部分的结构示意图；Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the structure of the rotating part in the device;
图2、本发明的剖面结构示意图；Fig. 2, the sectional structure schematic diagram of the present invention;
图3、重心调节操作的原理示意图；Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the principle of center of gravity adjustment operation;
图中各个标记所对应的名称分别为：支架1、支撑柱1-1、支撑套2、内挡板3、外挡板4、卡盘5、摆杆6、摆锤7、挡板螺钉8、抵紧螺钉9、角度传感器10、吊环11、内圈A、外圈B。The names corresponding to each mark in the figure are: bracket 1, support column 1-1, support sleeve 2, inner baffle 3, outer baffle 4, chuck 5, swing rod 6, pendulum 7, baffle screw 8 , Clamping screw 9, angle sensor 10, suspension ring 11, inner ring A, outer ring B.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
一种用于测量转动副摩擦力矩的装置，所述转动副包括外圈和内圈，所述内圈套接在外圈中，外圈和内圈能相对转动，其创新在于：所述装置包括支架1、支撑套2、内挡板3、外挡板4、卡盘5、摆杆6、摆锤7、挡板螺钉8、多个抵紧螺钉9和角度传感器10；所述支架1位置固定，支架1的侧面形成安装面，所述安装面上设置有一支撑柱1-1，支撑柱1-1的轴向与水平方向平行；所述支撑套2套接在支撑柱1-1上，支撑套2的外径与所述内圈的内径匹配，支撑套2的外端面上设置有螺纹孔；所述内挡板3为环形结构体，内挡板3的内径与支撑套2的外径匹配，内挡板3的外径小于内圈的外径，内挡板3套接在支撑套2上，内挡板3的内端面与安装面接触；所述转动副通过内圈套接在支撑柱1-1上，内圈的内端面与内挡板3的外端面接触，内圈的外端面位于支撑柱1-1外端面的外侧；所述外挡板4的直径大于内圈的内径、小于内圈的外径，外挡板4中部设置有连接孔，挡板螺钉8穿过连接孔后与所述螺纹孔螺纹连接，外挡板4的内端面与内圈的外端面接触，挡板螺钉8将外挡板4抵紧在内圈的外端面上；所述卡盘5为环形结构体，卡盘5内径大于外圈外径，卡盘5上设置有多个径向螺纹孔，多个抵紧螺钉9一一对应地设置在多个径向螺纹孔中，卡盘5设置在转动副的外围，抵紧螺钉9的内端与外圈的外周面接触，多个抵紧螺钉9将外圈抵紧；所述摆杆6的上端与卡盘5连接，摆杆6的下端与摆锤7连接；所述角度传感器10固定在卡盘5上。A device for measuring the frictional moment of a rotary pair, the rotary pair includes an outer ring and an inner ring, the inner ring is sleeved in the outer ring, and the outer ring and the inner ring can rotate relatively, the innovation of which is that the device includes a bracket 1. Support sleeve 2, inner baffle 3, outer baffle 4, chuck 5, swing rod 6, pendulum 7, baffle screw 8, multiple pressing screws 9 and angle sensor 10; the position of the bracket 1 is fixed , the side of the bracket 1 forms a mounting surface, the mounting surface is provided with a support column 1-1, the axial direction of the support column 1-1 is parallel to the horizontal direction; the support sleeve 2 is sleeved on the support column 1-1, The outer diameter of the support sleeve 2 matches the inner diameter of the inner ring, and the outer end surface of the support sleeve 2 is provided with threaded holes; diameter matching, the outer diameter of the inner baffle 3 is smaller than the outer diameter of the inner ring, the inner baffle 3 is sleeved on the support sleeve 2, and the inner end surface of the inner baffle 3 is in contact with the mounting surface; On the support column 1-1, the inner end surface of the inner ring is in contact with the outer end surface of the inner baffle plate 3, and the outer end surface of the inner ring is located outside the outer end surface of the support column 1-1; the diameter of the outer baffle plate 4 is larger than that of the inner ring The inner diameter is smaller than the outer diameter of the inner ring. There is a connection hole in the middle of the outer baffle 4. The baffle screw 8 passes through the connection hole and is threadedly connected with the threaded hole. The inner end surface of the outer baffle 4 contacts the outer end surface of the inner ring. , the baffle screw 8 presses the outer baffle 4 against the outer end surface of the inner ring; the chuck 5 is an annular structure, the inner diameter of the chuck 5 is larger than the outer diameter of the outer ring, and the chuck 5 is provided with a plurality of radial Threaded holes, a plurality of pressing screws 9 are arranged in a plurality of radial threaded holes correspondingly, the chuck 5 is arranged on the periphery of the rotating pair, the inner ends of the pressing screws 9 are in contact with the outer peripheral surface of the outer ring, and a plurality of The tightening screw 9 tightens the outer ring; the upper end of the swing rod 6 is connected to the chuck 5 , and the lower end of the swing rod 6 is connected to the pendulum 7 ; the angle sensor 10 is fixed on the chuck 5 .
进一步地，所述摆杆6为螺纹杆，摆锤7与摆杆6螺纹连接，摆杆6中部设置有吊环11，摆杆6的轴向与外圈的径向重合。Further, the pendulum 6 is a threaded rod, the pendulum 7 is threadedly connected with the pendulum 6, the middle part of the pendulum 6 is provided with a suspension ring 11, and the axial direction of the pendulum 6 coincides with the radial direction of the outer ring.
进一步地，所述内挡板3和外挡板4均采用弹性材料制作。Further, the inner baffle 3 and the outer baffle 4 are both made of elastic materials.
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