CN108566721B - Linear accelerator and synchrotron - Google Patents
Linear accelerator and synchrotron Download PDFInfo
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- CN108566721B CN108566721B CN201810705624.1A CN201810705624A CN108566721B CN 108566721 B CN108566721 B CN 108566721B CN 201810705624 A CN201810705624 A CN 201810705624A CN 108566721 B CN108566721 B CN 108566721B
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H7/00—Details of devices of the types covered by groups H05H9/00, H05H11/00, H05H13/00
- H05H7/22—Details of linear accelerators, e.g. drift tubes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H13/00—Magnetic resonance accelerators; Cyclotrons
- H05H13/04—Synchrotrons
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H7/00—Details of devices of the types covered by groups H05H9/00, H05H11/00, H05H13/00
- H05H7/08—Arrangements for injecting particles into orbits
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H9/00—Linear accelerators
Abstract
A linac comprising: an acceleration chamber; the magnet cavity shell is positioned in the accelerating cavity and is connected with the inner wall of the accelerating cavity; the particle beam focusing device comprises a core tube and at least three quadrupole magnets, wherein the core tube is positioned inside the magnet cavity shell and used for allowing a particle beam to pass through, the at least three quadrupole magnets are positioned inside the magnet cavity shell and connected in series and used for focusing the particle beam, each quadrupole magnet comprises a central through hole, and the core tube passes through the central through holes. A synchrotron, characterized in that it uses the linear accelerator as an injector.
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates to the field of particle accelerators, and in particular to a linear accelerator and a synchrotron.
Background
The accelerator is a device for increasing kinetic energy of charged particles, and can be used for atomic nucleus experiments, radiomedicine, radiochemistry, manufacturing of radioactive isotopes, nondestructive flaw detection, and the like. Currently, the main stream heavy ion proton accelerators are divided into three categories, namely linear accelerators, cyclotrons and synchrotrons. The linear accelerator and the cyclotron are suitable for medium-low energy protons and heavy ions, and can be used in the fields of medium-low energy material irradiation, ion implantation and the like; synchrotrons are suitable for higher energy protons and heavy ions, and are commonly used in the field of cancer radiotherapy or medium-high energy material irradiation. Cyclotrons have low beam transport efficiency due to their own structural limitations. The linear accelerator has simple injection and extraction structure, the transmission efficiency is close to 100%, and the linear accelerator can accelerate the beam with very strong current intensity. Synchrotron due to its principle it is necessary to have an injector, the linear accelerator can be used as the injector of the synchrotron, with energy to accelerate the beam from a few keV/u to a few MeV/u.
In conventional linacs, the focusing magnet is typically placed outside the high frequency accelerating cavity, and the single magnet is packaged even inside the accelerating cavity. The focusing magnet is arranged outside the accelerating cavity, so that the compactness of the whole linear accelerator is not facilitated, the longitudinal matching difficulty of particle beams is increased, a part of accelerating performance is generally sacrificed to realize the longitudinal matching of the beams, the accelerator with the same energy is lengthened, the space occupied by the accelerator is larger, and in addition, the newly added accelerating cavity is required to be provided with a high-frequency power source and a level control system, so that the construction cost of the whole accelerator is larger. While placement of a single encapsulated focusing magnet inside the acceleration chamber does not facilitate lateral spatial matching of the particle beam in the linac. If the focusing magnets are individually packaged in the cavity, a great number of focusing magnets need to be placed in the high-frequency accelerating cavity to meet the requirement of transverse matching of the particle beam. The inserted magnet causes a rapid increase in the capacitive load of the high-frequency accelerating chamber, and in this case, in order to achieve the same accelerating electric field, the power fed into the high-frequency accelerating chamber is increased by tens to tens times, which causes a rapid increase in the construction cost of the accelerator, and in addition, the problem of heat generation caused by the high power causes an increase in the difficulty of operation of the accelerator.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, it is necessary to provide a new accelerator structure capable of accelerating the beam inside the high-frequency acceleration chamber while achieving lateral focusing.
As one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a linear accelerator comprising:
an acceleration chamber;
the magnet cavity shell is positioned in the accelerating cavity and is connected with the inner wall of the accelerating cavity;
a core tube located inside the magnet cavity shell for passing the particle beam, and
at least three quadrupole magnets connected in series inside the magnet cavity housing for focusing the particle beam, each of the at least three quadrupole magnets comprising a central through hole through which the core tube passes.
In some embodiments, the at least three quadrupole magnets comprise three quadrupole magnets, and polarities between adjacent ones of the magnets are opposite.
In some embodiments, an adjusting device and a positioning device are also arranged in the magnet cavity shell, and are used for adjusting or locking the positions of the three magnets.
In some embodiments, each magnet is configured with a magnet coil that is arranged in an outside-in configuration.
In some embodiments, the magnet cavity shell has a double-layer structure, and a water channel for circulating cooling water is configured between two layers of the double-layer structure.
In some embodiments, the linear accelerator further comprises a support cavity housing, one end of the support cavity housing is connected with the magnet cavity housing, and the other end of the support cavity housing is connected with the inner wall of the acceleration cavity.
In some embodiments, the support chamber housing includes a waterway and a circuit inside the support chamber housing, the waterway in the support chamber housing being in communication with the waterway in the magnet chamber housing and the magnet coil, the circuit being in communication with the magnet coil of the magnet.
In some embodiments, the support chamber housing includes a conical portion connected to the magnet chamber housing and a cylindrical portion connected to an inner wall of the acceleration chamber.
In some embodiments, the support chamber housing is connected to the interior wall of the acceleration chamber by a mounting flange that includes a high frequency seal and a vacuum seal.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a synchrotron, characterized in that it uses the linear accelerator described above as an injector.
Based on the technical scheme, the invention has at least one of the following beneficial effects:
the linear accelerator and the synchrotron provided by the invention can make the linear accelerator more compact and economical in structure, and can realize transverse focusing while accelerating the beam in the high-frequency accelerating cavity, so that the quality of the medium-low energy particle beam led out by the linear accelerator device can be obviously improved and enhanced, and the performance of the synchrotron taking the linear accelerator as an injector can be further enhanced.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a partial schematic structure of a linac according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a structural diagram of an interdigital drift tube linac according to an actual example of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. It will be apparent that the described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be made by a person skilled in the art without creative efforts, based on the described embodiments of the present invention fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Unless defined otherwise, technical or scientific terms used herein should be given the ordinary meaning as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
Fig. 1 is a schematic view showing a partial structure of a linac according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in fig. 1, the linac includes: an acceleration chamber 14; the magnet cavity shell 2 is positioned inside the acceleration cavity 14 and is connected with the inner wall of the acceleration cavity 14; a core tube 5 inside the magnet housing 2 through which the particle beam passes, and three serially connected quadrupole magnets 1 inside the magnet housing 2 for focusing the particle beam. The three quadrupole magnets 1 each comprise a central through hole through which the core tube 5 passes. The cross section of the acceleration chamber 14 may take the shape of a square, square rounded corners, a circle or an ellipse. The magnet bore housing 2 may take any suitable shape that is easily attachable to the accelerating bore assembly, for example, cylindrical or square, etc. Although one magnet housing 2 is shown in fig. 1 as being disposed inside the acceleration chamber 14, embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto, and a plurality of magnet housings 2 may be disposed inside the acceleration chamber 14 as desired, each magnet housing 2 enclosing three magnets.
Through the structure, compared with the traditional linear accelerator, the linear accelerator is more compact and economical in structure, and meanwhile, the high-frequency performance and the beam transverse focusing capability of the linear accelerator cavity are simultaneously considered, so that the quality of the medium-low energy particle beam led out by the linear accelerator device can be obviously improved and improved.
According to some embodiments, the linac is a drift tube linac. The drift tube linac accelerates charged particles in the beam advancing direction with a high frequency electric field generated between the drift tube electrodes.
According to some embodiments, among the three quadrupole magnets, the polarities between adjacent magnets are opposite. The quadrupole magnets comprise four symmetrically distributed magnetic pole heads, N pairs of adjacent quadrupole magnets correspond to S poles, and S poles correspond to N poles. In this application, three serially connected quadrupole magnets 1 collectively enclosed inside a magnet cavity case 2 are simply referred to as a three-in-one quadrupole magnet. At least three quadrupole magnets are required to produce the same phase shift in the horizontal and vertical directions for ion beam currents that are spatially uniform in phase distribution in the horizontal and vertical directions. A single quadrupole magnet will change the symmetrical beam (horizontal to vertical phase space coincidence) into an asymmetrical beam, i.e. one direction is focused and the other is defocused, resulting in a beam current that is one size behind the quadrupole magnet. Two consecutive quadrupole magnets of opposite polarity also fail to achieve symmetric beam matching. Therefore, the three-in-one quadrupole magnet focusing structure not only has excellent performance in principle, but also is more economical in cost.
Existing single encapsulated quadrupole magnets can only produce focusing in one lateral direction (e.g., horizontal) for a particle beam passing through the interior of the quadrupole magnets, and can produce defocusing in the other direction (e.g., vertical) that is detrimental to beam transport. This results in the need to install a quadrupole magnet on each drift tube inside the acceleration chamber to ensure that the beam is not diverged and lost during transport acceleration. The disadvantages of this approach include: 1. a very large number of magnets must be installed inside the acceleration chamber, and in addition, each magnet must be powered by a separate dc power supply, which greatly increases the construction cost of the accelerator; 2. each drift tube can greatly increase the high-frequency power loss of the accelerating cavity due to the fact that the quadrupole magnets are arranged inside the drift tube, so that the running cost of the accelerator is greatly increased, and meanwhile the cooling difficulty of the accelerating cavity is also increased. Furthermore, a series of single-encapsulated quadrupoles magnets are adopted to enable the particle beam to be always in asymmetric spatial distribution in the accelerating gap of the drift tube, and the coupling phenomenon can be generated in an axisymmetric accelerating electric field, so that the equivalent emittance of the beam is increased.
The single quadrupole magnet generates different phase shifts on the beam horizontal and vertical directions, and the adjacent quadrupole magnets with opposite polarities can generate the same phase shift on the beam horizontal and vertical directions. Therefore, the high-frequency accelerating cavity built-in three-in-one quadrupole magnet structure can focus particle beams simultaneously in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction, so that the beams are always in axisymmetric distribution in an accelerating gap, and the coupling phenomenon can be avoided in an axisymmetric accelerating electric field. In addition, by adopting the focusing structure in the embodiment of the invention, the phase shift of the beam in the horizontal and vertical directions can be sufficiently large, so that the situation that too many focusing structures are placed in an accelerating cavity can be avoided, and the power loss of the high-frequency accelerating cavity is reduced.
According to some embodiments, an adjusting device and a positioning device are further configured in the magnet cavity shell 2, and are used for adjusting or locking the positions of the three magnets. For example, as shown in fig. 1, a longitudinal adjustment mechanism 6, a lateral adjustment mechanism 7, and a magnet spacing adjustment mechanism 8 may be included.
Specifically, the longitudinal adjustment mechanism 6 and the transverse adjustment mechanism 7 are used for longitudinal positioning support and transverse positioning support between the magnets 1 and the magnet cavity housing 2, and the magnet spacing adjustment mechanism 8 is used for controlling coaxiality and spacing between the magnets 1. For example, if the inner diameter of the magnet cavity 2 is consistent with the outer diameter of the magnet 1, the magnet 1 and the transverse adjusting mechanism 7 of the magnet cavity 2 can be realized by nesting fit of the circumferential contour of the magnet 1 and the circumferential contour of the magnet cavity 2; if the inner diameter of the magnet cavity shell 2 is larger than the outer diameter of the magnet 1, the transverse adjusting mechanism 7 can be realized by matching a V-shaped groove on the inner layer of the magnet cavity shell 2 with an A-shaped boss (with a flattened tip) processed on the iron yoke of the magnet 1. The longitudinal adjusting mechanism 6 of the end magnet 1 and the magnet cavity shell 2 can be realized through a hollow cylindrical structure of the inner layer of the magnet cavity shell 2 and a cylindrical structure processed on the end magnet 1. The magnets 1 are coaxially inserted into the cylindrical holes of the magnets 1 through four cylindrical rods with threads at two ends, the cylindrical sleeve with a specific length is used for controlling the distance between the magnets 1, and finally, the two ends of the cylindrical rods are fixed by nuts. The processing precision of the magnet yoke structure requires 0.02mm, and the adjusting device and the positioning device are measured and corrected in the assembly process, so that the assembly precision (comprising the positions and the intervals of all the magnets) of the magnet is finally required to reach 0.05mm.
According to some embodiments, the three magnets 1 are each provided with a magnet coil 4, and the magnet coils 4 can be arranged in an outer square and inner round structure, so that the magnet coils can be cooled by cooling water while being electrified.
As shown in fig. 1, the magnet housing 2 may have a double-layer structure, and a water path 3 for circulating cooling water is disposed between two layers of the double-layer structure, so as to take away heat generated by the high-frequency electromagnetic field on the outer surface of the magnet housing 2. And, it is unnecessary to occupy an additional space in the magnet housing 2.
According to some embodiments, the linear accelerator further comprises a supporting cavity shell, one end of which is communicated with the magnet cavity shell 2, and the other end of which is connected with the inner wall of the accelerating cavity 14. Preferably, as shown in fig. 1, the support chamber housing includes a conical portion 9 and a cylindrical portion 10, the conical portion 9 being connected with the magnet chamber housing 2, and the cylindrical portion 10 being connected with the inner wall of the acceleration chamber 14. An external waterway 12 and an external water/circuit 13 are introduced from the supporting chamber housing, the external waterway 12 communicates with the waterway 3 in the magnet chamber housing 2, and the external water/circuit 13 communicates with the magnet coil 4. Preferably, the support chamber housing is connected to the inner wall of the acceleration chamber 14 by a mounting flange 11, the mounting flange 11 including a high frequency sealing structure and a vacuum sealing structure.
In the embodiment of the invention, each quadrupole magnet 1 needs to be electrified and cooled water, and the waterways and the circuits need to be led out of the magnet cavity shell 2 to the outside of the accelerating cavity 14, so that a channel is needed. The magnet coil 4 is made of oxygen-free copper with a hollow structure, and deionized water can be introduced to cool the magnet coil 4 while the power is on. In order to make the most of the space inside the housing of the magnet bore housing 2 possible, the yoke of the quadrupole magnet 1 generally occupies the space of the housing in the transverse direction, so that the housing also serves as a transverse positioning of the magnet. The outgoing line of the magnet coil 4 can only be led out from the gap between the adjacent magnets 1. The cylindrical diameter of the housing support structure thus covers the extent of the gap between two adjacent magnets. However, the housing support structure diameter is too large to be good for the high frequency performance of the drift tube linac, so that the conical portion 9 is first used to convert the large diameter into a smaller diameter and then the cylindrical portion 10 of smaller diameter is extended to the outer shell of the accelerating cavity 14, which is sealingly connected to the outer shell of the accelerating cavity 14 by the mounting flange 11.
With the above arrangement, the power consumption of the high frequency acceleration cavity of the drift tube linac will be low, since it will not significantly increase the capacitance between the drift tubes. Thus, the power consumption of the drift tube linear accelerator can be controlled within 100 kW; after the water cooling structure is designed, the accelerator can work in a continuous wave mode. Compared with other types of drift-tube linear accelerators with power consumption above 1MW, the drift-tube linear accelerator can only work in a pulse mode with low duty ratio, and the average particle beam intensity of the drift-tube linear accelerator is much higher.
In addition, the high-gradient (high magnetic field strength) three-in-one quadrupole magnet in the high-frequency accelerating cavity can realize the matching from symmetrical beam to symmetrical beam at the inlet and the outlet. The particle beam whose envelopes in the horizontal and vertical directions are always identical may be referred to as a symmetrical beam, and the electric field induced by the symmetrical beam during acceleration transmission in an axisymmetric high-frequency electromagnetic field is always symmetrical, and the transmission behavior of the beam maintains this symmetry. If the invention is not adopted to transversely focus the beam in the drift tube linear accelerator, the beam can only form an asymmetric envelope in an accelerating gap, namely the horizontal and vertical envelopes are greatly different, and an axisymmetric electric field applied to the beam influenza can generate nonlinear acting force on the asymmetrically distributed Shu Liuchan, so that the quality of the beam is poor.
As shown in fig. 2, fig. 2 is a diagram of a partially cut-away structure of an Interdigital (IH) type drift tube linac according to an actual example of the present invention. In the acceleration chamber 14, charged particles are accelerated in the beam advancing direction by a high-frequency electric field generated between electrodes of the drift tube 15, and focal length is performed in the magnet chamber housing 2.
Therefore, when the above structure is applied to an IH (internal H-type structure) or CH (cross-bar H-type structure) type drift tube linac, not only the length of the drift tube linac is significantly reduced, but also the dynamics scheme of the drift tube linac is further excellent because the longitudinal emittance increase of the beam can be minimized by the above arrangement.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a synchrotron employing the linear accelerator described above as an injector. The linear accelerator provided by the invention is used as an injector of the synchronous accelerator, so that the current intensity and the current quality of the beam injected by the synchronous accelerator can be greatly increased.
The linear accelerator and the synchrotron provided by the embodiment of the invention can make the linear accelerator more compact and economical in structure, and can obviously improve and enhance the quality of medium-low energy particle beams led out by the linear accelerator device, and further can also enhance the performance of the synchrotron taking the linear accelerator as an injector; the invention can be applied to the fields of basic nuclear physics application research, medical accelerator devices, aerospace and industrial irradiation, and provides a stronger means for nuclear physics and atomic molecular physics experimental research.
The foregoing description of the embodiments has been provided for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention, and is not meant to limit the invention thereto, but to limit the invention thereto, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and equivalents thereof may be made without departing from the spirit and principles of the invention.
Claims (5)
1. A linac comprising:
an acceleration chamber;
the magnet cavity shell is positioned in the accelerating cavity and is connected with the inner wall of the accelerating cavity; the magnet cavity shell is of a double-layer structure, and a waterway for circulating cooling water is arranged between two layers of the double-layer structure;
the support cavity shell is connected with the magnet cavity shell at one end, and the acceleration cavity is connected with the inner wall of the acceleration cavity at the other end; the supporting cavity shell comprises a waterway and a circuit;
a core tube located inside the magnet cavity shell for passing the particle beam, and
three serially connected quadrupole magnets inside the magnet cavity housing for focusing the particle beam, each of the three quadrupole magnets including a central through hole through which the core tube passes; wherein the polarities of the adjacent quadrupole magnets are opposite; each quadrupole magnet is provided with a magnet coil, a water channel in the supporting cavity shell is communicated with the water channel in the magnet cavity shell and the magnet coils, and the circuit is communicated with the magnet coils of the quadrupole magnets;
the adjusting device and the positioning device comprise a longitudinal adjusting mechanism, a transverse adjusting mechanism and a magnet spacing adjusting mechanism, wherein the longitudinal adjusting mechanism and the transverse adjusting mechanism are used for longitudinal positioning support and transverse positioning support between three quadrupole magnets and the magnet cavity shell, and the magnet spacing adjusting mechanism is used for controlling coaxiality and spacing between the three quadrupole magnets.
2. The linear accelerator of claim 1, wherein the magnet coils are arranged in an outside-in configuration.
3. The linear accelerator of claim 1, wherein the support chamber housing comprises a conical portion connected to the magnet chamber housing and a cylindrical portion connected to an inner wall of the acceleration chamber.
4. The linear accelerator of claim 1, wherein the support chamber housing is connected to an inner wall of the acceleration chamber by a mounting flange, the mounting flange comprising a high frequency seal and a vacuum seal.
5. A synchrotron, characterized in that it uses a linac according to any of claims 1-4 as an injector.
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| CN201810705624.1A CN108566721B (en) | 2018-06-29 | 2018-06-29 | Linear accelerator and synchrotron |
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| CN201810705624.1A CN108566721B (en) | 2018-06-29 | 2018-06-29 | Linear accelerator and synchrotron |
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| CN108566721B true CN108566721B (en) | 2024-01-05 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US11483919B2 (en) | 2019-03-27 | 2022-10-25 | Huazhong University Of Science And Technology | System of electron irradiation |
| JP6968329B2 (en) * | 2019-03-27 | 2021-11-17 | ▲華▼中科技大学Huazhong University Of Science And Technology | Electron irradiation system |
| CN110177421B (en) * | 2019-03-27 | 2020-12-04 | 华中科技大学 | Electron beam focusing device |
| CN110337173B (en) * | 2019-03-27 | 2020-11-06 | 华中科技大学 | Electron beam focusing device |
| CN112704818B (en) * | 2020-12-15 | 2022-02-11 | 中国科学院近代物理研究所 | Popular type light ion tumor treatment device |
| CN113747651B (en) * | 2021-09-06 | 2022-08-30 | 清华大学 | Interdigital drift tube linear accelerator and linear accelerator system |
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