CN108531516B - Comprehensive utilization method of water lettuce - Google Patents
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Abstract
A comprehensive utilization method of water lettuce comprises a preparation process of biological agents, a preparation process of biological fuels, a collection process of food-grade carbon dioxide and a preparation process of biological oil, and comprises the following specific steps: firstly, extracting bioactive substances in the stem and leaf of the water lettuce by using microwave-assisted hot water, and then carrying out reduced pressure concentration on the extracting solution to form a concentrated solution serving as a natural antioxidant or a biological bacteriostatic agent; synchronously saccharifying and co-fermenting the residue rich in hemicellulose and cellulose after extracting the bioactive substances to form biofuel ethanol, collecting carbon dioxide generated in the fermentation process as food-grade carbon dioxide, and obtaining bio-oil by adopting a high-temperature thermal cracking method, wherein the main component of the water lettuce residue fermented by the yeast is lignin; the invention forms a complete comprehensive application system of the water lettuce biomass and lays a foundation for the treatment and the comprehensive utilization of the water lettuce.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of treatment of invasive plants and development of biomass energy, in particular to a comprehensive utilization method of water lettuce.
Background
Water lettuce, also called water lettuce, hypnotic lotus, water lotus and the like, belongs to the family of Potentilla in the family of Potentilla, and is a wild water plant with preference for temperature fiber. The water lettuce has stronger vitality, the seed source of the water lettuce is propagated along with wave flow-by-flow and floats everywhere, the water lettuce reaches the situation that the water sources are flooded and damaged and the government invests a large amount of funds to clear up in rivers, lakes and moors in the south of China: the roots of the plant-type aquatic organism are developed and grow in pieces, and the aquatic organism is flourishing and tightly covered on the water surface, so that the transmittance of the water body is reduced, the content of water dissolved oxygen is reduced, algae in the water body are inhibited, the normal propagation and growth of aquatic organisms such as fishes and shrimps are influenced, the normal ecological balance of plants and animals in the water body is damaged, a water channel is blocked, the normal flood discharge and navigation are influenced, the aquatic organism naturally decays and smells after withering, the water quality is deteriorated, propagation places are provided for viruses and germs, diseases are propagated in four drifting ways, and the environmental and ecological balance is seriously influenced.
At present, the processing method of the water lettuce is mostly a crushing and squeezing method, squeezed water lettuce dregs are used as organic fertilizer raw materials, water lettuce juice is directly discharged as waste liquid without being processed, the water lettuce juice contains rich nutrient components such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the like, so that resources are wasted, secondary pollution is caused, and if the water lettuce juice is sent to a sewage treatment plant for treatment, the treatment cost is increased. Therefore, a comprehensive utilization method capable of making multiple use of the characteristics of the water lettuce, realizing the value of the water lettuce and avoiding environmental pollution is urgently needed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem, provides a comprehensive utilization method of the water lettuce, forms a complete comprehensive application system of the water lettuce biomass, and lays a foundation for the treatment and comprehensive utilization of the water lettuce.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the defects of the technical problems is as follows: a comprehensive utilization method of water lettuce comprises a preparation process of biological agents, a preparation process of biological fuels, a collection process of food-grade carbon dioxide and a preparation process of biological oil, and comprises the following specific steps:
(1) collecting fresh water lettuce stems and leaves, cleaning, weighing the raw materials according to the weight ratio of 1: 8-12 of the water lettuce stems and leaves to water, and uniformly mixing the raw materials in a glass container for later use;
(2) putting the glass container into a microwave heating device for extracting and separating bioactive substances from stems and leaves of the water lettuce, and simultaneously preprocessing lignocellulose in the stems and leaves of the water lettuce to remove acid insoluble ash in the lignocellulose, so as to facilitate subsequent enzymolysis and fermentation of the lignocellulose; wherein the microwave power is 280-300W, the heating temperature is 45-50 ℃, and the extraction time is 8-10 min;
(3) separating the extracting solution from the residue after extraction, putting the extracting solution into a vacuum evaporation tank for decompression concentration, and preparing the concentrated solution into a biological preparation, wherein the decompression concentration temperature is 20-30 ℃, and the pressure is-0.08-0.1 MPa;
(4) the water lettuce stem and leaf residues are rich in cellulose biomass, biofuel ethanol is prepared by adopting a yeast fermentation process, and carbon dioxide generated in the fermentation process is collected to prepare food-grade carbon dioxide; wherein in the fermentation process: the weight of cellulase added into each gram of residue is 38-42 IU, the inoculation amount of yeast is 3-3.5% of the total amount of the residue, the fermentation temperature is 35-38 ℃, the fermentation time is 68-72 h, and the ethanol yield is 10-10.5%;
(5) the residual main component of the water lettuce residue after yeast fermentation is lignin, and the biological oil is prepared by thermal cracking at high temperature and high pressure, wherein the temperature is 350-400 ℃, the pressure is 8-12 MPa, the conversion rate of the lignin is 70-75%, and the yield of the biological oil is 68-70%.
Preferably, the mixture of the stem and leaf of the water lettuce and the water is weighed and put into a crusher to be crushed into thick suspension mixture, and then microwave-assisted extraction and separation are carried out.
Preferably, in the step (2), the microwave heating device is a vacuum microwave heating device, and the vacuum degree is set to be 0.06-0.08 MPa.
Preferably, the biological preparation prepared in the step (3) is an oil antioxidant and a microbial bacteriostatic agent.
Preferably, in the step (4), the yeasts used are saccharomyces cerevisiae and pichia pastoris, and the saccharomyces cerevisiae: the mass ratio of the pichia pastoris is 1: 1-1.5.
Preferably, in the step (4), the collected carbon dioxide generated in the fermentation process is sterilized and compressed to obtain food-grade carbon dioxide.
Preferably, sodium formate serving as a catalyst is added in the thermal cracking process in the step (5), and the using amount of the sodium formate is 0.5-8% of the total amount of the reaction system.
Preferably, the bio-oil prepared in the step (5) comprises one or more of phenol, guaiacol and syringyl aromatic compounds, wherein the mass fraction of the guaiacol and the 2, 6-dimethoxyphenol is 45-50%.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the comprehensive utilization method of the invention comprises the steps of firstly extracting the bioactive substances in the stem leaves of the water lettuce by microwave-assisted hot water, then carrying out reduced pressure concentration on the extracting solution, and forming a concentrated solution as a natural antioxidant or a biological bacteriostatic agent; synchronously saccharifying and co-fermenting the residue rich in hemicellulose and cellulose after extracting the bioactive substances to form biofuel ethanol, collecting carbon dioxide generated in the fermentation process as food-grade carbon dioxide, and obtaining bio-oil by adopting a high-temperature thermal cracking method, wherein the main component of the water lettuce residue fermented by the yeast is lignin;
(2) in the comprehensive utilization process of the water lettuce, the microwave pretreatment plays a great role, firstly, acid insoluble ash in lignocellulose, mainly silicon dioxide, can be effectively removed, which is beneficial to subsequent enzymolysis and fermentation, because a considerable part of silicon in the acid insoluble components is deposited on the surface of a blade to form a 'cutin-double silicon layer' structure, the protection effect like lignin is achieved, the cutin-double silicon layer structure is also another physical barrier for degrading the lignocellulose, and under the microwave irradiation, the rapid and violent vibration and the inhomogeneous temperature of water molecules can provide a favorable environment for damaging a rigid structure; secondly, active substances in the water lettuce are extracted by a microwave-assisted hot water extraction method, and no external chemical reagent is added during extraction, so that the subsequent generation of an ethanol fermentation inhibitor is effectively prevented, meanwhile, the pretreatment of lignocellulose is completed, a foundation is laid for the subsequent ethanol fermentation, the subsequent synchronous saccharification and co-fermentation is not required to be carried out, and the effect of one stone and two birds is achieved;
in conclusion, compared with the existing utilization means, the method for comprehensively utilizing the water lettuce is more systematic, complete, environment-friendly and energy-saving, does not waste the effect of each process, completes the deep processing of the water lettuce, can obtain various different processed products, is used for multiple fields of biology, chemical industry, food and the like, forms a complete comprehensive application system of the water lettuce biomass, and lays a foundation for the treatment and comprehensive utilization of the water lettuce.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated with reference to specific examples.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
a comprehensive utilization method of water lettuce comprises a preparation process of biological agents, a preparation process of biological fuels, a collection process of food-grade carbon dioxide and a preparation process of biological oil, and comprises the following specific steps:
(1) collecting fresh water lettuce stems and leaves, cleaning, weighing the raw materials according to the weight ratio of 1: 8-12 of the water lettuce stems and leaves to water, and uniformly mixing the raw materials in a glass container for later use;
(2) putting the glass container into a microwave heating device for extracting and separating bioactive substances from stems and leaves of the water lettuce, and simultaneously preprocessing lignocellulose in the stems and leaves of the water lettuce to remove acid insoluble ash in the lignocellulose, mainly silicon dioxide, so as to facilitate subsequent enzymolysis and fermentation of the lignocellulose; wherein the microwave power is 280-300W, the heating temperature is 45-50 ℃, and the extraction time is 8-10 min; because a considerable part of silicon in the acid-insoluble component is deposited on the surface of the blade to form a 'cutin-double silicon layer' structure, the structure plays the same protection role as lignin, and the structure is another physical barrier for degradation of lignocellulose, and under microwave irradiation, rapid and violent vibration and uneven temperature of water molecules can provide a favorable environment for destroying a rigid structure;
(3) separating the extracting solution from the residue after extraction, putting the extracting solution into a vacuum evaporation tank for decompression concentration, and preparing the concentrated solution into a biological preparation, wherein the decompression concentration temperature is 20-30 ℃, and the pressure is-0.08-0.1 MPa;
(4) the water lettuce stem and leaf residues are rich in cellulose biomass, biofuel ethanol is prepared by adopting a yeast fermentation process, and carbon dioxide generated in the fermentation process is collected to prepare food-grade carbon dioxide; wherein in the fermentation process: the weight of cellulase added into each gram of residue is 38-42 IU, the inoculation amount of yeast is 3-3.5% of the total amount of the residue, the fermentation temperature is 35-38 ℃, the fermentation time is 68-72 h, and the ethanol yield is 10-10.5%; when the microwave-assisted method is adopted for extracting the bioactive substances, the pretreatment of lignocellulose is also completed, and no external chemical reagent is added, so that the generation of an ethanol fermentation inhibitor in the preparation process of the biofuel ethanol in the step can be effectively prevented, a foundation is laid for ethanol fermentation, the pretreatment is not needed in the synchronous saccharification and co-fermentation, the yield of the ethanol is also improved, and the effect of one stone and two birds is achieved;
(5) the residual main component of the water lettuce residue after yeast fermentation is lignin, and the biological oil is prepared by thermal cracking at high temperature and high pressure, wherein the temperature is 350-400 ℃, the pressure is 8-12 MPa, the conversion rate of the lignin is 70-75%, and the yield of the biological oil is 68-70%.
As a preferred scheme, the mixture of the stems and leaves of the water lettuce and the water is weighed and put into a crusher to be crushed into a thick suspension mixture, then microwave-assisted extraction and separation are carried out, the mixture is crushed to crush the raw materials into small particles, on one hand, the mixture is more uniformly mixed in the water, on the other hand, the radiation area of the raw materials and the microwave can be increased, and the extraction and separation efficiency is improved.
Preferably, in the step (2), the microwave heating device is a vacuum microwave heating device, and the vacuum degree is set to be 0.06-0.08 MPa.
Preferably, the biological preparation prepared in the step (3) is an oil antioxidant and a microbial bacteriostatic agent.
Preferably, in the step (4), the yeasts used are saccharomyces cerevisiae and pichia pastoris, and the saccharomyces cerevisiae: the mass ratio of the pichia pastoris is 1: 1-1.5.
Preferably, in the step (4), the collected carbon dioxide generated in the fermentation process is sterilized and compressed to obtain food-grade carbon dioxide.
Preferably, sodium formate serving as a catalyst is added in the thermal cracking process in the step (5), and the using amount of the sodium formate is 0.5-8% of the total amount of the reaction system.
Preferably, the bio-oil prepared in the step (5) comprises one or more of phenol, guaiacol and syringyl aromatic compounds, wherein the mass fraction of the guaiacol and the 2, 6-dimethoxyphenol is 45-50%.
Example 1
A comprehensive utilization method of water lettuce comprises a preparation process of biological agents, a preparation process of biological fuels, a collection process of food-grade carbon dioxide and a preparation process of biological oil, and comprises the following specific steps:
(1) collecting fresh water lettuce stems and leaves, cleaning, weighing raw materials according to the weight ratio of the water lettuce stems and leaves to water of 1: 8, and uniformly mixing the raw materials in a glass container for later use;
(2) putting the glass container into a microwave heating device for extracting and separating bioactive substances from stems and leaves of the water lettuce, and simultaneously preprocessing lignocellulose in the stems and leaves of the water lettuce to remove acid insoluble ash in the lignocellulose, so as to facilitate subsequent enzymolysis and fermentation of the lignocellulose; wherein the microwave power is 280W, the heating temperature is 45 ℃, and the extraction time is 8 min;
(3) separating the extractive solution from the residue, vacuum concentrating the extractive solution in a vacuum evaporation tank at 20 deg.C under-0.08 MPa to obtain a biological preparation;
(4) the water lettuce stem and leaf residues are rich in cellulose biomass, biofuel ethanol is prepared by adopting a yeast fermentation process, and carbon dioxide generated in the fermentation process is collected to prepare food-grade carbon dioxide; wherein in the fermentation process: the weight of cellulase added into each gram of residue is 38IU, the inoculation amount of yeast is 3 percent of the total amount of the residue, the fermentation temperature is 35 ℃, the fermentation time is 68h, and the ethanol yield is 10 percent;
(5) the main component of the residue of the water lettuce after yeast fermentation is lignin, and the biological oil is prepared by thermal cracking at high temperature and high pressure, wherein the temperature is 350 ℃, the pressure is 8MPa, the conversion rate of the lignin is 70 percent, and the yield of the biological oil is 68 percent.
Preferably, the mixture of the stem and leaf of the water lettuce and the water is weighed and put into a crusher to be crushed into thick suspension mixture, and then microwave-assisted extraction and separation are carried out.
Preferably, in the step (2), the microwave heating device is a vacuum microwave heating device, and the vacuum degree is set to be 0.06 MPa.
Preferably, the biological preparation prepared in the step (3) is an oil antioxidant and a microbial bacteriostatic agent.
Preferably, in the step (4), the yeasts used are saccharomyces cerevisiae and pichia pastoris, and the saccharomyces cerevisiae: the mass ratio of the pichia pastoris is 1:1.
Preferably, in the step (4), the collected carbon dioxide generated in the fermentation process is sterilized and compressed to obtain food-grade carbon dioxide.
Preferably, sodium formate serving as a catalyst is added in the thermal cracking process in the step (5), and the using amount of the sodium formate is 0.5 percent of the total amount of the reaction system.
Preferably, the bio-oil prepared in the step (5) comprises one or more of phenol, guaiacol and syringyl aromatic compounds, wherein the mass fraction of the guaiacol and the 2, 6-dimethoxyphenol is 45%.
Example 2
A comprehensive utilization method of water lettuce comprises a preparation process of biological agents, a preparation process of biological fuels, a collection process of food-grade carbon dioxide and a preparation process of biological oil, and comprises the following specific steps:
(1) collecting fresh water lettuce stems and leaves, cleaning, weighing raw materials according to the weight ratio of the water lettuce stems and leaves to water of 1: 10, and uniformly mixing the raw materials in a glass container for later use;
(2) putting the glass container into a microwave heating device for extracting and separating bioactive substances from stems and leaves of the water lettuce, and simultaneously preprocessing lignocellulose in the stems and leaves of the water lettuce to remove acid insoluble ash in the lignocellulose, so as to facilitate subsequent enzymolysis and fermentation of the lignocellulose; wherein the microwave power is 290W, the heating temperature is 48 ℃, and the extraction time is 9 min;
(3) separating the extractive solution from the residue, vacuum concentrating the extractive solution in a vacuum evaporation tank at 25 deg.C under-0.09 MPa to obtain a biological preparation;
(4) the water lettuce stem and leaf residues are rich in cellulose biomass, biofuel ethanol is prepared by adopting a yeast fermentation process, and carbon dioxide generated in the fermentation process is collected to prepare food-grade carbon dioxide; wherein in the fermentation process: the weight of cellulase added into each gram of residue is 40IU, the inoculation amount of yeast is 3.2 percent of the total amount of the residue, the fermentation temperature is 37 ℃, the fermentation time is 70h, and the ethanol yield is 10.2 percent;
(5) the main component of the residue of the water lettuce after yeast fermentation is lignin, and the biological oil is prepared by thermal cracking at high temperature and high pressure, wherein the temperature is 380 ℃, the pressure is 10MPa, the conversion rate of the lignin is 72 percent, and the yield of the biological oil is 69 percent.
Preferably, the mixture of the stem and leaf of the water lettuce and the water is weighed and put into a crusher to be crushed into thick suspension mixture, and then microwave-assisted extraction and separation are carried out.
Preferably, in the step (2), the microwave heating device is a vacuum microwave heating device, and the vacuum degree is set to be 0.07 MPa.
Preferably, the biological preparation prepared in the step (3) is an oil antioxidant and a microbial bacteriostatic agent.
Preferably, in the step (4), the yeasts used are saccharomyces cerevisiae and pichia pastoris, and the saccharomyces cerevisiae: the mass ratio of the pichia pastoris is 1: 1.2.
Preferably, in the step (4), the collected carbon dioxide generated in the fermentation process is sterilized and compressed to obtain food-grade carbon dioxide.
Preferably, sodium formate serving as a catalyst is added in the thermal cracking process in the step (5), and the using amount of the sodium formate is 4% of the total amount of the reaction system.
Preferably, the bio-oil prepared in the step (5) comprises one or more of phenol, guaiacol and syringyl aromatic compounds, wherein the mass fraction of the guaiacol and the 2, 6-dimethoxyphenol is 48%.
Example 3
A comprehensive utilization method of water lettuce comprises a preparation process of biological agents, a preparation process of biological fuels, a collection process of food-grade carbon dioxide and a preparation process of biological oil, and comprises the following specific steps:
(1) collecting fresh water lettuce stems and leaves, cleaning, weighing raw materials according to the weight ratio of the water lettuce stems and leaves to water of 1: 12, and uniformly mixing in a glass container for later use;
(2) putting the glass container into a microwave heating device for extracting and separating bioactive substances from stems and leaves of the water lettuce, and simultaneously preprocessing lignocellulose in the stems and leaves of the water lettuce to remove acid insoluble ash in the lignocellulose, so as to facilitate subsequent enzymolysis and fermentation of the lignocellulose; wherein the microwave power is 300W, the heating temperature is 50 deg.C, and the extraction time is 10 min;
(3) separating the extractive solution from the residue, vacuum concentrating the extractive solution in a vacuum evaporation tank at 30 deg.C under 0.1MPa to obtain biological preparation;
(4) the water lettuce stem and leaf residues are rich in cellulose biomass, biofuel ethanol is prepared by adopting a yeast fermentation process, and carbon dioxide generated in the fermentation process is collected to prepare food-grade carbon dioxide; wherein in the fermentation process: the weight of cellulase added into each gram of residue is 42IU, the inoculation amount of yeast is 3.5 percent of the total amount of the residue, the fermentation temperature is 38 ℃, the fermentation time is 72h, and the ethanol yield is 10.5 percent;
(5) the main component of the residue of the water lettuce after yeast fermentation is lignin, and the biological oil is prepared by thermal cracking at high temperature and high pressure, wherein the temperature is 400 ℃, the pressure is 12MPa, the conversion rate of the lignin is 75 percent, and the yield of the biological oil is 70 percent.
Preferably, the mixture of the stem and leaf of the water lettuce and the water is weighed and put into a crusher to be crushed into thick suspension mixture, and then microwave-assisted extraction and separation are carried out.
Preferably, in the step (2), the microwave heating device is a vacuum microwave heating device, and the vacuum degree is set to be 0.08 MPa.
Preferably, the biological preparation prepared in the step (3) is an oil antioxidant and a microbial bacteriostatic agent.
Preferably, in the step (4), the yeasts used are saccharomyces cerevisiae and pichia pastoris, and the saccharomyces cerevisiae: the mass ratio of the pichia pastoris is 1: 1.5.
Preferably, in the step (4), the collected carbon dioxide generated in the fermentation process is sterilized and compressed to obtain food-grade carbon dioxide.
Preferably, sodium formate serving as a catalyst is added in the thermal cracking process in the step (5), and the using amount of the sodium formate is 8% of the total amount of the reaction system.
Preferably, the bio-oil prepared in step (5) comprises one or more of phenol, guaiacol and syringyl aromatic compounds, wherein the mass fraction of guaiacol and 2, 6-dimethoxyphenol is 50%.
Compared with the existing utilization means, the method for comprehensively utilizing the water lettuce is more systematic and complete, does not waste the action of each procedure, completes the deep processing of the water lettuce, can obtain various different processed products, is used for a plurality of fields such as biology, chemical industry, food and the like, forms a complete comprehensive application system of the water lettuce biomass, and lays a foundation for the treatment and comprehensive utilization of the water lettuce.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (4)
1. A comprehensive utilization method of water lettuce is characterized by comprising a biological preparation process, a biofuel preparation process, a food-grade carbon dioxide collection process and a biological oil preparation process, and comprises the following specific steps:
(1) collecting fresh water lettuce stems and leaves, cleaning, weighing raw materials according to the weight ratio of the water lettuce stems and leaves to water of 1: 8-12, putting the weighed mixture of the water lettuce stems and leaves and the water into a crusher to be crushed into a thick suspension mixture, and putting the thick suspension mixture into a glass container for later use;
(2) putting the glass container into a vacuum microwave heating device, setting the vacuum degree to be 0.06-0.08 MPa, extracting and separating bioactive substances from stem leaves of the water lettuce, simultaneously carrying out pretreatment on lignocellulose in the stem leaves of the water lettuce, removing acid insoluble ash in the lignocellulose, and facilitating subsequent enzymolysis and fermentation of the lignocellulose; wherein the microwave power is 280-300W, the heating temperature is 45-50 ℃, and the extraction time is 8-10 min;
(3) separating the extracting solution from the residues after extraction, putting the extracting solution into a vacuum evaporation tank for reduced pressure concentration, and preparing the concentrated solution into an oil antioxidant and a microbial bacteriostatic agent, wherein the temperature of the reduced pressure concentration is 20-30 ℃, and the pressure is-0.08-0.1 MPa;
(4) the water lettuce stem and leaf residues are rich in cellulose biomass, biofuel ethanol is prepared by adopting a yeast fermentation process, and carbon dioxide generated in the fermentation process is collected to prepare food-grade carbon dioxide; wherein in the fermentation process: the weight of cellulase added into each gram of residue is 38-42 IU, the inoculation amount of yeast is 3-3.5% of the total amount of the residue, the fermentation temperature is 35-38 ℃, the fermentation time is 68-72 h, and the ethanol yield is 10-10.5%;
(5) the main residual component of the water lettuce residue after yeast fermentation is lignin, and the catalyst sodium formate which accounts for 0.5-8% of the total amount of the reaction system is added under high temperature and high pressure to prepare the bio-oil through thermal cracking, wherein the temperature is 350-400 ℃, the pressure is 8-12 MPa, the conversion rate of the lignin is 70-75%, and the yield of the bio-oil is 68-70%.
2. The comprehensive utilization method of water lettuce according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the yeasts used are saccharomyces cerevisiae and pichia pastoris, and the saccharomyces cerevisiae: the mass ratio of the pichia pastoris is 1: 1-1.5.
3. The comprehensive utilization method of water lettuce according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the collected carbon dioxide generated in the fermentation process is sterilized and compressed to obtain food-grade carbon dioxide.
4. The comprehensive utilization method of water lettuce according to claim 1, wherein the bio-oil prepared in the step (5) comprises 45-50% by mass of guaiacol and 2, 6-dimethoxyphenol.
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