CN108492532B - Mountain landslide geological disaster early warning system and early warning method thereof - Google Patents
Mountain landslide geological disaster early warning system and early warning method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 abstract description 24
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B29/00—Checking or monitoring of signalling or alarm systems; Prevention or correction of operating errors, e.g. preventing unauthorised operation
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- G08B29/185—Signal analysis techniques for reducing or preventing false alarms or for enhancing the reliability of the system
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Abstract
The invention aims to provide a mountain landslide geological disaster early warning system and a mountain landslide geological disaster early warning method. The mountain landslide geological disaster early warning system comprises a plurality of monitoring units and early warning units, wherein the key point is that the monitoring units are respectively connected with the early warning units in a communication way; the monitoring units are distributed at intervals to form a monitoring network. The landslide early warning method adopts the method of arranging the monitoring units in a gridding way, can shield the influence of abnormal data of the single monitoring unit, creatively introduces the osmometer to monitor the water seepage condition in the rock soil, and simultaneously combines the inclination angle change and the water seepage condition to evaluate the possibility of landslide generation, thereby improving the early warning accuracy.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of geological disaster observation, in particular to a mountain landslide geological disaster early warning system and a mountain landslide geological disaster early warning method.
Background
Landslide can cause threat and damage to people's lives and properties, so that a geological disaster monitoring and early warning system is necessary to be established. The monitoring system realizes timely monitoring of mountain geological disasters, and provides scientific basis and technical support for governments and related departments to control geological disasters, protect life and property safety of people, and decision and implementation of disaster prevention and reduction.
The conventional landslide early warning system adopts a single sensor to perform related monitoring, for example, the invention patent with the patent application number of 2015124345. X is composed of a single sensor and related communication chips, but because false alarms are easy to form due to various reasons (such as false animal touch or flowing water influence, etc.), how to establish a reliable early warning system becomes urgent for disaster prevention departments.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a mountain landslide geological disaster early warning system and a mountain landslide geological disaster early warning method.
The mountain landslide geological disaster early warning system comprises a plurality of monitoring units and early warning units, wherein the key point is that the monitoring units are respectively connected with the early warning units in a communication way; the monitoring units are distributed at intervals to form a monitoring network. Specifically, the monitoring unit comprises an MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor, a main control module, a communication module and a power supply for supplying power to the MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor, the main control module and the communication module, wherein the main control module is respectively connected with the MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor and the communication module. The MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor is deeply buried in the rock soil of the observed area, and can automatically acquire the component of the gravity acceleration, and the static rock soil angle data of the detected area is obtained through calculation.
The early warning method of the early warning system for landslide geological disasters comprises the following steps: the monitoring unit periodically sends monitored data to the early warning unit, the early warning unit judges whether landslide is about to occur in a monitoring area according to the data of the monitoring unit and sends warning information when the landslide is about to occur, and the key is that the monitoring area is divided into a plurality of grids by adopting a gridding monitoring point deployment mode, two monitoring units are embedded in each grid, and the MEMS triaxial acceleration sensors of the two monitoring units have the same placement angle and are adjacent nodes; and only when the deviation of the data of two adjacent nodes of the same grid is within a preset range, the early warning unit considers the data of the grid to be valid and judges according to the data of the grid.
In the monitoring process, the possibility that a single monitoring unit is touched by an animal or other unexpected situations (such as earth collapse with a smaller area) are caused to cause abnormal monitoring data, the possibility that the monitoring data is abnormal at the same time with the adjacent node monitoring units in the same grid of the monitoring unit is smaller, when the difference of the monitoring data of two monitoring units in the same grid is found to be larger, the early warning unit judges that an abnormality occurs in one monitoring unit, but the abnormality cannot represent geological disasters such as landslide and the like, therefore, the data of the two monitoring units in the grid are set to be invalid data and not be collected until the data deviation of the two monitoring units in the next period is within a preset range, the situation of false alarm is reduced, and the reliability is improved.
Further, the monitoring unit further comprises a hard tubular shell with an opening at the top end, the MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor is fixed on the inner wall of the shell, and the shell wall of the shell is provided with a water permeable hole; an osmometer connected with the main control module is also arranged in the shell to monitor the water seepage condition. The shell can protect the MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor, and when rock soil or rock stratum is loosened, the shell can amplify the inclination angle change of the MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor, which is equivalent to improving the detection sensitivity of the MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor. More importantly, the monitoring unit can monitor the water seepage condition when detecting the inclination change, and as is well known, when the water content in the rock soil is increased, the possibility of landslide generation is also increased, so that the landslide can be more accurately pre-warned by monitoring the water seepage condition, and particularly, the area with more rainfall and the landslide cause mainly caused by rainfall is provided.
After the monitoring unit with the single osmometer is adopted, the following improvement is put forward in the early warning method of the early warning system of landslide geological disasters: the monitoring unit monitors the inclination angle variation by using an MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor, and simultaneously monitors the seepage amount and the seepage variation by using a single osmometer; the early warning unit judges whether landslide is about to occur according to the inclination angle variable quantity deltau, the water seepage variable quantity deltaV and the water seepage quantity V which are monitored at the two adjacent times, wherein a landslide danger coefficient w= (K delta u+J delta V)/T+MV is a preset coefficient, and T is the interval time of the two adjacent times; the greater the value of the landslide hazard coefficient w, the greater the likelihood of landslide occurrence.
The landslide risk coefficient w is related to the inclination angle variable quantity delta u, the water seepage variable quantity delta V and the current monitored water seepage quantity V which are monitored in two adjacent times, and the concrete analysis is as follows: the inclination angle change quantity delta u of two adjacent monitoring is equal to the difference of inclination angle values obtained by the two monitoring, and the larger the inclination angle change quantity delta u is, the larger the sliding of the rock soil is, and the larger the possibility of landslide generation is; the water seepage variable quantity delta V of two adjacent monitoring is equal to the difference of the water seepage quantity V obtained by the two monitoring, and the larger the water seepage variable quantity delta V is, the quicker the water seepage of the rock soil is, and the larger the possibility of landslide generation is; the larger the current water seepage quantity V is, the more serious the water seepage condition is, and the greater the possibility of landslide generation is; the landslide risk coefficient w can be obtained by adding three factors according to different weights, and specific weights (namely coefficients K, J, M) can be preset according to specific geology, climate and other factors so as to meet the characteristics of the monitored area, for example, if the monitored area is an area with more frequent precipitation, the landslide is most likely to be caused by too high water content of rock and soil, and then the coefficient J of the water seepage variable quantity DeltaV and the coefficient M of the current monitored water seepage quantity V can be properly improved; if the precipitation amount of the monitored area is small, landslide is most likely caused by formation collapse, the coefficient J of the water seepage change amount DeltaV and the coefficient M of the current monitored water seepage amount V can be properly reduced, and the coefficient K of the inclination angle change amount Deltau can be improved.
Further, the osmometer has a plurality of osmometers which are vertically arranged to monitor water seepage at different depths. After the monitoring unit with a plurality of osmometers is adopted, the following improvement is provided for the early warning method of the early warning system of landslide geological disasters: the monitoring unit monitors the inclination angle variation by using an MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor, and monitors the seepage amount and the seepage variation by using a plurality of osmometers; the early warning unit judges whether landslide is about to occur according to the inclination angle variable quantity deltau, the water seepage variable quantity deltaV and the water seepage quantity V which are monitored at two adjacent times, and landslide danger coefficient w= (K delta u+J delta V)/T+MV, deltaV= (A) 1 ΔV 1 + A 2 ΔV 2 +…+ A N ΔV N ）/N；V=（A 1 V 1 + A 1 V 2 +…+ A 1 V N ) N; therein K, J, M, A 1 、A 2 …A N The deeper the osmometer is buried, the larger the corresponding coefficient is; t is the interval time of two adjacent monitoring, N is the number of osmometers; the greater the value of the landslide hazard coefficient w, the greater the likelihood of landslide occurrence.
After the plurality of vertically arranged osmometers are adopted, the water seepage conditions of different depths of the rock and soil can be monitored, the water seepage variation delta V and the calculation method of the current monitored water seepage quantity V are also changed, different weights are mainly adopted for calculating the osmometers with different depths, the deeper the osmometers are embedded, the larger the corresponding coefficient is, so that the influence of the water content on the surface of the rock and soil can be properly reduced, the influence of the water content in the depth of the rock and soil can be seen, the triggering condition of landslide is more met, and the accuracy of landslide early warning is improved.
In the above early warning control method, when the value of the landslide hazard coefficient w exceeds a predetermined value, the early warning unit sends out landslide early warning information. Of course, different pre-warnings can be adopted according to the specific value of the landslide hazard coefficient w.
The landslide early warning method adopts the method of arranging the monitoring units in a gridding way, can shield the influence of abnormal data of the single monitoring unit, creatively introduces the osmometer to monitor the water seepage condition in the rock soil, and simultaneously combines the inclination angle change and the water seepage condition to evaluate the possibility of landslide generation, thereby improving the early warning accuracy.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the arrangement of a monitoring unit and an early warning unit according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the monitoring unit of embodiment 1.
Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of the monitoring unit of embodiment 1.
Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of the monitoring unit of embodiment 2.
Fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of the monitoring unit of embodiment 3.
The drawings are marked: 1. a MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor; 2. a main control module; 3. a communication module; 4. a solar cell panel; 5. a bracket; 6. a battery; 7. a housing; 8. osmometer.
Detailed Description
The following describes the shape, structure, mutual position and connection relation between parts, action and working principle of each part, etc. of each component according to the specific embodiment of the present invention by describing the embodiment examples in detail.
Example 1:
the mountain landslide geological disaster early warning system comprises a plurality of monitoring units and early warning units, wherein the key point is that the monitoring units are connected with the early warning units in a communication mode; the monitoring units are distributed at intervals to form a monitoring network. As shown in fig. 2, specifically, the monitoring unit includes a MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor 1, a main control module 2, a communication module 3, and a power supply for supplying power to the MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor 1, the main control module 2, and the communication module 3, where the main control module 2 is connected to the MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor 1 and the communication module 3 respectively. The MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor 1 is deeply buried in the rock soil of the observed area, the MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor 1 can automatically acquire the component of the gravity acceleration, and the static rock soil angle data of the detected area is obtained through calculation. In the embodiment, the three-axis acceleration sensor ADXL363 and ADXL345 are adopted as the MEMS three-axis acceleration sensor 1, and are ultra-low power consumption 3-axis accelerometers produced by ADI company, and the MEMS three-axis acceleration sensor has high sensitivity, small size and low power consumption and is very suitable for landslide monitoring; the power supply adopts a mode of combining the solar panel 4 and the battery 6, so that the power supply can be charged by itself, and the service life is prolonged. The measurement of tilt angle using a triaxial acceleration sensor is prior art and will not be described in detail here.
The early warning method of the early warning system for landslide geological disasters comprises the following steps: the monitoring unit periodically sends monitored data to the early warning unit, the early warning unit judges whether landslide is about to occur in a monitoring area according to the data of the monitoring unit and sends warning information when the landslide is about to occur, and the key is that the monitoring area is divided into a plurality of grids by adopting a gridding monitoring point deployment mode, two monitoring units are embedded in each grid, and the MEMS triaxial acceleration sensors 1 of the two monitoring units have the same placement angle and are adjacent nodes; and only when the deviation of the data of two adjacent nodes of the same grid is within a preset range, the early warning unit considers the data of the grid to be valid and judges according to the data of the grid. As shown in fig. 1, in this embodiment, the monitoring area is divided into 16 grids, and two monitoring units are disposed in each grid. As shown in fig. 3, the specific structure of the monitoring unit is as follows: the solar cell panel 4 is fixed in the top of support 5, and communication module 3 is located the middle part of support 5, and MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor 1, main control module 2 and battery 6 all are located the bottom of support 5, in actual use, EMS triaxial acceleration sensor, main control module 2 and battery 6 all bury underground.
In the monitoring process, the possibility that a single monitoring unit is touched by an animal or other unexpected situations (such as earth collapse with a smaller area) are caused to cause abnormal monitoring data, the possibility that the monitoring data is abnormal at the same time with the adjacent node monitoring units in the same grid of the monitoring unit is smaller, when the difference of the monitoring data of two monitoring units in the same grid is found to be larger, the early warning unit judges that an abnormality occurs in one monitoring unit, but the abnormality cannot represent geological disasters such as landslide and the like, therefore, the data of the two monitoring units in the grid are set to be invalid data and not be collected until the data deviation of the two monitoring units in the next period is within a preset range, the situation of false alarm is reduced, and the reliability is improved.
In the foregoing early warning control method, the early warning unit calculates the value of the landslide risk coefficient w by counting the data of each monitoring unit, in this embodiment, the landslide risk coefficient w=k (the inclination angle variation Δu of all the effective monitoring units), where K is a predetermined coefficient, and may be specifically set to 1 or other values according to the actual situation. And when the landslide hazard coefficient w exceeds a preset value, the early warning unit sends landslide early warning information. Of course, different pre-warnings can be adopted according to the specific value of the landslide hazard coefficient w.
For example, say: if the landslide hazard coefficient w is smaller than 0.1, the landslide hazard coefficient w is considered to belong to normal noise, and no early warning is generated; if the landslide hazard coefficient w is between 0.1 and 0.5, the landslide enters a uniform micro deformation stage and has the sign of landslide, but the probability of landslide occurrence in one year is not large, and the early warning unit sends out attention level early warning; if the landslide hazard coefficient w is between 0.5 and 0.8, warning level early warning is sent out to indicate that the landslide deformation enters an acceleration stage, obvious deformation exists, the probability that the landslide is likely to occur within months or years is high, and dense observation and vigilance improvement are required; if the landslide hazard coefficient w is between 0.8 and 1.2, triggering warning level early warning: the method shows that landslide deformation enters the middle and later stages of the acceleration stage, landslide precursor characteristics appear, the probability of large-scale landslide occurrence in a few days or a few weeks is high, intensive observation is required to be enhanced, emergency countermeasures are taken, and high-density monitoring is kept for 24 hours. If the landslide hazard coefficient w is higher than 1.2, triggering a forecast-level early warning: the landslide deformation enters the temporary sliding stage, the landslide precursor features are obvious, the probability of large-scale landslide occurrence in a plurality of hours or days is very high, and the emergency plan needs to be considered to be executed.
Of course, when calculating the landslide risk coefficient w, the accuracy of the early warning can be further improved according to the monitoring data of the adjacent grids, for example, after calculating the landslide risk coefficient w, a plurality of monitoring units with relatively large inclination angle data change are screened out, if the distances of the monitoring units are smaller than a preset distance (for example, the grids where the monitoring units are located are all located in a circle with the diameter of 200 meters), the landslide risk coefficient w is appropriately multiplied by a correction coefficient larger than 1, and then corresponding early warning is performed according to the corrected landslide risk coefficient w.
Example 2:
unlike embodiment 1, in this embodiment, the monitoring unit further includes a hard tubular housing 7 with an open top end, the top end of the hard tubular housing 7 is connected to the bracket 5, the MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor 1, the main control module 2, and the battery 6 are all fixed on the inner wall of the housing 7, and the wall (including the side wall and the bottom wall) of the housing 7 is provided with a water permeable hole; an osmometer 8 connected with the main control module 2 is also arranged in the shell 7 to monitor the water seepage condition. The shell 7 can protect the MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor 1, and when the rock soil or the rock stratum is loosened, the inclination angle change of the shell 7 can be amplified, which is equivalent to improving the detection sensitivity of the MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor 1. More importantly, the monitoring unit can monitor the water seepage condition when monitoring the change of the inclination angle, and as is well known, when the water content in the rock soil is increased, the possibility of landslide generation is also increased, so that the landslide can be more accurately pre-warned by monitoring the water seepage condition, and particularly, the area with more rainfall and mainly caused by the rainfall on the landslide is provided.
After adopting the monitoring unit with the single osmometer 8, the early warning method of the early warning system for landslide geological disasters provides the following improvements: the monitoring unit monitors the inclination angle variation by using the MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor 1, and simultaneously monitors the seepage amount and the seepage variation by using the single osmometer 8; the early warning unit judges whether landslide is about to occur according to the inclination angle variable quantity deltau, the water seepage variable quantity deltaV and the water seepage quantity V which are monitored at the two adjacent times, wherein a landslide danger coefficient w= (K delta u+J delta V)/T+MV is K, J, M, the coefficient is preset (both are positive numbers), and T is the interval time of the two adjacent times; the greater the value of the landslide hazard coefficient w, the greater the likelihood of landslide occurrence. And when the landslide hazard coefficient w exceeds a preset value, the early warning unit sends landslide early warning information.
The landslide risk coefficient w is related to the inclination angle variable quantity delta u, the water seepage variable quantity delta V and the current monitored water seepage quantity V which are monitored in two adjacent times, and the concrete analysis is as follows: the inclination angle change quantity delta u of two adjacent monitoring is equal to the difference of inclination angle values obtained by the two monitoring, and the larger the inclination angle change quantity delta u is, the larger the sliding of the rock soil is, and the larger the possibility of landslide generation is; the water seepage variable quantity delta V of two adjacent monitoring is equal to the difference of the water seepage quantity V obtained by the two monitoring, and the larger the water seepage variable quantity delta V is, the quicker the water seepage of the rock soil is, and the larger the possibility of landslide generation is; the larger the current water seepage quantity V is, the more serious the water seepage condition is, and the greater the possibility of landslide generation is; the landslide risk coefficient w can be obtained by adding three factors according to different weights, and specific weights (namely coefficients K, J, M) can be preset according to specific geology, climate and other factors so as to meet the characteristics of the monitored area, for example, if the monitored area is an area with more frequent precipitation, the landslide is most likely to be caused by too high water content of rock and soil, and then the coefficient J of the water seepage variable quantity DeltaV and the coefficient M of the current monitored water seepage quantity V can be properly improved; if the precipitation amount of the monitored area is small, landslide is most likely caused by formation collapse, the coefficient J of the water seepage change amount DeltaV and the coefficient M of the current monitored water seepage amount V can be properly reduced, and the coefficient K of the inclination angle change amount Deltau can be improved.
Example 3:
unlike example 2, in this example, the osmometer 8 had three osmometers arranged vertically to monitor water penetration at different depths. After adopting the monitoring unit with a plurality of osmometers 8, the early warning method of the early warning system for landslide geological disasters provides the following improvements: the monitoring unit monitors the inclination angle variation by using the MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor 1, and simultaneously monitors the seepage amount and the seepage variation by using a plurality of osmometers 8; the early warning unit judges whether landslide is about to occur according to the inclination angle variable quantity deltau, the water seepage variable quantity deltaV and the water seepage quantity V which are monitored at two adjacent times, and landslide danger coefficient w= (K delta u+J delta V)/T+MV, deltaV= (A) 1 ΔV 1 + A 2 ΔV 2 + A 2 ΔV N ）/N；V=（A 1 V 1 + A 1 V 2 +A 3 V N ) N; therein K, J, M, A 1 、A 2 、A 3 For the preset coefficient (positive number), the deeper the osmometer 8 is buried, the larger the corresponding coefficient (i.e., A 1 ＜A 2 ＜A 3 ) The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the T is the interval time of two adjacent monitoring, N is the number of osmometers 8; the greater the value of the landslide hazard coefficient w, the greater the likelihood of landslide occurrence. And when the landslide hazard coefficient w exceeds a preset value, the early warning unit sends landslide early warning information.
After the plurality of osmometers 8 which are vertically arranged are adopted, the water seepage conditions of different depths of the rock and soil can be monitored, the water seepage variation delta V and the calculation method of the current monitored water seepage quantity V are also changed, different weights are mainly adopted for calculating the osmometers 8 with different depths, the deeper the osmometers 8 are buried, the larger the corresponding coefficient is, so that the influence of the water content on the surface of the rock and soil can be properly reduced, the influence of the water content in the depth of the rock and soil can be seen, the triggering condition of landslide is more met, and the accuracy of landslide early warning is improved.
Claims (5)
1. The early warning system for landslide geological disasters comprises a plurality of monitoring units and early warning units, and is characterized in that the monitoring units are respectively connected with the early warning units in a communication manner; the monitoring units are distributed at intervals to form a monitoring network; the monitoring unit comprises an MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor, a main control module, a communication module and a power supply for supplying power to the MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor, the main control module and the communication module, wherein the main control module is respectively connected with the MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor and the communication module;
the monitoring unit monitors the inclination angle variation by using an MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor, monitors the water seepage quantity and the water seepage variation by using an osmometer, and periodically transmits the monitored data to the early warning unit, and the early warning unit judges whether landslide is about to occur in the monitoring area according to the data of the monitoring unit and sends warning information when judging that the landslide is about to occur; wherein,,
the method comprises the steps of dividing a monitoring area into a plurality of grids by adopting a gridding monitoring point deployment mode, embedding two monitoring units in each grid, wherein the MEMS triaxial acceleration sensors of the two monitoring units are identical in placement angle and are adjacent nodes, and only when the deviation of the data of the two adjacent nodes of the same grid is within a preset range, the early warning unit considers that the data of the grid is valid and judges according to the data of the grid.
2. The mountain landslide geological disaster early warning system of claim 1, wherein the monitoring unit further comprises a hard tubular shell with an open top, the MEMS triaxial acceleration sensor is fixed on the inner wall of the shell, and the wall of the shell is provided with a water permeable hole; an osmometer connected with the main control module is also arranged in the shell to monitor the water seepage condition.
3. The mountain landslide geological disaster warning system of claim 2 wherein said osmometer has a plurality of said osmometers arranged vertically to monitor water seepage at different depths.
4. The method for pre-warning the mountain landslide geological disaster pre-warning system according to claim 1, wherein the monitoring unit monitors the water seepage amount and the water seepage variation amount by using a single osmometer; the early warning unit judges whether landslide is about to occur according to the inclination angle variable quantity deltau, the water seepage variable quantity deltaV and the water seepage quantity V which are monitored at the two adjacent times, wherein a landslide danger coefficient w= (K delta u+J delta V)/T+MV is a preset coefficient, and T is the interval time of the two adjacent times; the greater the value of the landslide hazard coefficient w, the greater the likelihood of landslide occurrence.
5. The method for pre-warning of mountain landslide geological disaster pre-warning system according to claim 1, wherein the monitoring unit monitors the water seepage amount and the water seepage variation amount by using a plurality of osmometers; the early warning unit judges whether landslide is about to occur according to the inclination angle variable quantity deltau, the water seepage variable quantity deltaV and the water seepage quantity V which are monitored at two adjacent times, and landslide danger coefficient w= (K delta u+J delta V)/T+MV, deltaV= (A) 1 ΔV 1 + A 2 ΔV 2 +…+ A N ΔV N ）/N；V=（A 1 V 1 + A 2 V 2 +…+ A N V N ) N; therein K, J, M, A 1 、A 2 …A N The deeper the osmometer is buried, the larger the corresponding coefficient is; t is the interval time of two adjacent monitoring, N is the number of osmometers; the greater the value of the landslide hazard coefficient w, the greater the likelihood of landslide occurrence.
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| CN109461287B (en) * | 2018-12-14 | 2021-05-28 | 中国公路工程咨询集团有限公司 | Geological disaster monitoring and early warning device |
| CN112071025A (en) * | 2020-08-06 | 2020-12-11 | 中国公路工程咨询集团有限公司 | Highway geological disaster monitoring and early warning system |
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