CN108466706B - Open cell foam structure space debris trapping apparatus of aerogel equipment - Google Patents
Open cell foam structure space debris trapping apparatus of aerogel equipment Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an aerogel-assembled open-cell foam structure space debris capturing device which comprises a shell made of low-air-release materials and a foam metal structure fixed in the shell, wherein aerogels are assembled in pores of the foam metal structure and used for on-track capturing of micro space debris. The invention utilizes the millimeter-scale and micron-scale space debris catching device with the foam metal structure and the aerogel combination to be arranged on the windward side of the spacecraft, and can realize the on-orbit catching of the space debris, especially the micro space debris.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of space debris detection and capture, and particularly relates to an open-cell foam structure space debris capture device assembled by aerogel.
Background
In the space environment, "space debris" (also called space garbage) is waste left in space by human space activities, and is a main pollution source of the space environment. Since the first satellite was launched in 1957, the total number of space debris has exceeded 4 million, the total mass has reached several million kilograms, the average number of space debris observed by ground telescopes and radars has increased by about 200 per year, and the number of space debris greater than 10 centimeters has now exceeded 9200. Space debris is mainly distributed in low orbit regions below 2000 km, and they pose a serious threat to space vehicles in the near-earth space.
The size range of the space debris comprises micron-sized, millimeter-sized, centimeter-sized and even meter-sized space debris, wherein the space debris of centimeter-sized and above mainly comprises upper-level space debris, spacecraft at the end of a mission, objects abandoned during working, unexpected disintegration debris, aluminum oxide residues, sodium potassium particles and the like; the millimeter-scale space debris mainly comprises spacecraft surface spalling debris, spatters, aluminum oxide residues, sodium potassium particles, micro-fluid bodies, unexpected disintegration debris and the like; the micron-sized space debris mainly comprises spalling debris, sputtering materials, aluminum oxide dust, micro-fluid and the like.
Space debris larger than 10 cm can cause destructive damage to the spacecraft, and the orbit can be measured through a foundation telescope or a radar at present, so that the damage can be effectively prevented by adopting a pre-warning evasive strategy; centimeter-level space debris can also cause the spacecraft to be thoroughly damaged, at present, no feasible protective measures exist, and the only method is to try to reduce the risk of fatal damage to the astronauts and the spacecraft in the design and operation of the spacecraft; millimeter-scale space debris can cause the surface of the spacecraft to generate collision pits and even perforate the bulkhead, the collision positions are different, and the damage degree can be greatly different.
At present, in order to detect the position of the space debris, different space debris detecting devices need to be designed, wherein the space debris detector can be classified into a piezoelectric type detector, a semiconductor type detector, an ionization type detector and the like according to the difference of the impact sensing sensors.
The piezoelectric detector adopts high-performance piezoelectric materials as sensors, and mainly comprises a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sensor and a piezoelectric ceramic (PZT) sensor. The PVDF detector is a common detection means, and the detection principle of the PVDF detector is that the piezoelectric effect of the PVDF film is utilized, namely when space dust collides with the PVDF film at a high speed, an irreversible crater is generated under the action of an impact force, and simultaneously, charge signals are generated on two electrodes of the film. The measurement circuit analyzes the charge signal to obtain the information of the speed, the quality and the like of the dust particles, and is suitable for being used as a detection sensor for tiny space debris and micro-planets.
The semiconductor-type detector operates on the principle of oxidizing a very thin layer of silicon dioxide (SiO) on a high purity silicon (Si) wafer2) Then on silicon dioxide (SiO)2) The film is coated with an aluminum film, and the silicon, silicon dioxide and aluminum films form a flat capacitor, which is often called a MOS semiconductor sensor. The space dust detector is made of MOS sensors and is called a semiconductor type detector. When the detector is in operation, the capacitor is provided with a bias voltage by an external circuit. When the space dust collides with the sensor and penetrates through the aluminum film and the silicon dioxide film, the capacitor discharges to generate current, an electric signal is generated in an external circuit, and information of micro space debris or micro-stars can be obtained through analysis of the signal.
The most common impact ionization type detector is a plasma type detector, and the basic principle is that when tiny space fragments collide with a pure gold target center of the detector, huge kinetic energy generates plasma cloud; through the measurement of the plasma, the information of the mass, the speed, the composition and the like of the space debris can be obtained.
However, all the above space debris detecting devices belong to indirect detection, and the composition, size, shape and the like of the actual space debris, especially the tiny debris are not clear. Therefore, the on-orbit collection of the space debris, particularly the tiny debris, is of great significance for studying the on-orbit distribution, the size and the like of the space debris.
Currently, aerogel is a highly dispersed solid material composed of ultrafine particles agglomerated with each other and using air as a dispersion medium, and is the solid material with the lowest density and the lowest thermal conductivity in the world. The aerogel has a three-dimensional nano porous network structure with high permeability, so that the aerogel presents very high specific surface area (600-1200 m)２G) and porosity (up to 90% or more), and other excellent characteristics, and thus have great application values in the fields of heat insulation, sound insulation, gas filters, adsorption media, catalysis, and the like.
Aerogels are of a wide variety, including SiO2Aerogel, TiO2Aerogel, MnO2Aerogels, and the like. Because pure aerogel often has the shortcoming such as low, the toughness is poor, the nanopore structure is fragile under the exogenic action, is developing flexible aerogel at present, like pure aerogel, fibre reinforced aerogel, polymer cross-linked aerogel and polymer composite aerogel to make aerogel have better elasticity and structure resilience. With flexible SiO２The preparation method of the aerogel mainly comprises 3 types of the derivation method for preparing pure flexible aerogel, fiber reinforcement, polymer crosslinking and the like (Lemna minor, Zhengdao, Shangjingzhai and the like. preparation and application of the flexible aerogel, 2016, Magnetitum (I): 101-.
A solid containing a certain number of pores is called a porous material, and is a material with a network structure formed by interconnected or closed pores, and the boundaries or surfaces of the pores are composed of pillars or flat plates. According to the porosity, the porous material can be divided into medium-low porosity material and high porosity material. The high-porosity material mainly comprises three types of honeycomb materials, open-cell foam materials and closed-cell foam materials. Open-cell foams can be used as lightweight filling materials or structural materials due to their high porosity and open-cell communication.
The foam metal is a kind of porous material, is a metal material with a porous structure, is formed by compounding a metal matrix and pores, and has high porosity and a larger pore range, wherein the pore diameter is millimeter or even larger, and the porosity can reach up to 99%. According to different matrixes, the aluminum foam, the iron foam, the nickel foam, the copper foam and the like can be classified. Depending on the pore morphology, there may be a classification into closed-cell metal foams and open-cell metal foams or open-cell metal foams. The preparation method of the through-hole foam metal comprises a seepage casting method, an investment casting method, a hollow sphere sintering method, a metal powder sintering method, a metal method and the like. The foam metal is generally light in weight due to the porous structure, and the porous structure can also better enhance the buffer time of the impact of the space debris, so that the foam metal can be used as a protective structure or a protective material of the space debris. In the invention, the method can be used for realizing the deceleration of the space debris to be captured.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an aerogel-assembled open-cell foam structure space debris catching device, which utilizes a foam metal structure and assembles aerogel in foam cells of the device to realize on-orbit catching of space millimeter-scale and micron-scale space debris, and keep the on-orbit appearance of micro debris as far as possible without damage so as to research the size, appearance and components of the space micro debris.
The aerogel assembled open-cell foam structure space debris catching device comprises a shell made of low-air-release materials and a foam metal structure fixed in the shell, wherein the aerogel is assembled in the pores of the foam metal structure and used for on-track catching of micro space debris.
Wherein, the micro space debris refers to space debris in millimeter or micron.
The foam metal structure is a three-dimensional open-cell foam structure and is formed by compounding a metal matrix and pores, specifically foam nickel, foam aluminum, foam iron or foam cobalt.
Furthermore, the preparation method of the foam metal structure adopts a seepage casting method, a investment casting method and an electrodeposition method for preparation, the aperture of the foam metal structure is 0.1mm to 1cm, the porosity is 50 percent to 99 percent, and the density is 0.1g/cm3To 1.5g/cm3。
Wherein the aerogel is prepared by a sol-gel method or a derivation method.
Further, when the aerosol is produced by the sol-gel method, at the sol stage, a metal foam structure is immersed in the sol, and then subjected to gelation and drying to produce an open-cell foam structure of the assembled aerogel. Further, the aerogel is SiO2Aerogel or nickel aerogel.
Further, when aerosol production is performed by the derivatization method, the main process is supplemented here. Further, the flexible aerogel is flexible SiO2An aerogel.
Wherein, after the open-cell foam structure after assembling the aerogel is processed into a certain plane shape, the periphery of the open-cell foam structure is fixed by using a low-outgassing material of aluminum alloy as a shell.
The invention utilizes the millimeter-scale and micron-scale space debris catching device with the foam metal structure and the aerogel combination to be arranged on the windward side of the spacecraft, and can realize the on-orbit catching of the space debris, especially the micro space debris.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a prior art metal foam structure;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the assembly of the open-cell foam structure and aerogel of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of an aerogel assembled open cell foam structure space debris trapping device of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the open-cell foam structure space debris catching device assembled by aerogel according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the attached drawings, which are only illustrative and not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way. The invention is further described with reference to the following figures.
The core of the invention is that firstly, a foam metal structure is prepared, and then aerogel is prepared by depositing in the foam metal content, so that the space debris catching device is prepared. After the tiny fragments hit the device, because foam metal has better cushioning effect, can realize the deceleration to tiny space fragment, and the aerogel then can realize the fixed to tiny fragments, simultaneously, also has certain deceleration effect to tiny fragments.
2Example 1 assembly of SiO Aerosol on an aluminum foam porous Metal structural substrate
First, a three-dimensional open-cell foam structure is prepared.
The three-dimensional open-cell foam structure can be foamed nickel, foamed aluminum, foamed iron, foamed cobalt and other materials. The preparation method can adopt an infiltration casting method, an investment casting method, an electrodeposition method and the like. The three-dimensional open-cell foam structure has a pore diameter of 0.1mm to 1cm, a porosity of 50% to 99%, and a density of 0.1g/cm3To 1.5g/cm3。
The present scheme will employ a percolation method to prepare open-cell foamed aluminum structures.
(1) Firstly, insulating salt serving as a filler to be adopted at 600 ℃ for 0.5h to remove crystal water;
(2) then putting the pretreated salt particles with different particle sizes into a die, and pre-compacting the particles under certain pressure;
(3) then placing the mould and the particles into a furnace for preheating, controlling the preheating temperature to be about 640 ℃ and waiting for pouring;
(4) melting aluminum liquid in a resistance crucible furnace, overheating to a preset temperature of 750 ℃, adding O.4% (mass fraction) of C2Cl6Degassing and refining;
(5) pouring the molten aluminum into a mold after skimming, allowing the molten aluminum to permeate into soluble particles under the gravity and the piston pressure of 0.03MPa, and cooling to obtain a complex of aluminum and salt particles;
(6) removing salt particles by hot water dissolution to obtain the foamed aluminum alloy. The porosity can reach 83%, the density is about 0.9g/cm3, and the pore diameter can reach 0.8 mm.
Second, the aerogel is assembled inside the open-cell foam structure. As shown in fig. 2.
The aerogel may be prepared by sol-gel or the like. In the sol stage, the open-cell foam structure is immersed in the sol, and then subjected to gelation and drying to prepare an open-cell foam structure of the assembled aerogel. Gel structure dielectric materials, metal materials, and the like, such as SiO2 aerogel, nickel aerogel, and the like. Wherein, the density of the SiO2 aerogel can reach 0.16mg/cm3, and the density of the nickel aerogel can reach 0.9mg/cm 3. To enhance the elasticity of the aerogel, a flexible aerogel can be assembled, such as by using a derivation method to prepare a pure flexible SiO2 aerogel.
In this scheme, SiO will be assembled in an open-cell foamed aluminum alloy2An aerogel.
(1) Mixing ethanol, water and ethyl orthosilicate according to a molar ratio of 6:4:1, adjusting the pH value of the solution to 5 by using hydrochloric acid, carrying out water bath at the temperature of 60 ℃ for about 90 minutes to fully hydrolyze the solution, and then further adjusting the pH value of the solution to 8 by using ammonia water;
(2) transferring the solution into a closed container, and simultaneously placing the foamed aluminum porous metal structure to be assembled into the solution to form alcohol gel at room temperature;
(3) placing the assembled foamed aluminum structure into ethanol, soaking for 24 hours at 60 ℃, soaking and aging for 48 hours by using ethyl orthosilicate ethanol solution with volume content of 80%, and then soaking for 24 hours at 50 ℃ by using absolute ethyl alcohol;
(4) then drying for 10 hours at 80 ℃ to prepare the assembled SiO2Foamed aluminum metal porous structure device of aerogel.
Third, the open-cell foam structure and aerogel combination is processed into a space debris collection device.
The open-cell foam structure after assembling the aerogel is processed into a certain plane shape, such as 1m × 1m × 0.5m, and is fixed around with low-outgassing materials such as aluminum alloy as a shell.
2Example 2 Assembly of Flexible SiO Aerosol on Nickel foam porous Metal structural substrate
First, a three-dimensional open-cell foam structure is prepared.
The three-dimensional open-cell foam structure can be foamed nickel, foamed aluminum, foamed iron, foamed cobalt and other materials. The preparation method can adopt an infiltration casting method, an investment casting method, an electrodeposition method and the like. The three-dimensional open-cell foam structure has a pore size of 0.1mm to 1cm, a porosity of 50% to 99%, and a density of 0.1g/cm3 to 1.5g/cm 3. The scheme adopts polyurethane foam as a substrate. The process flow is as follows: oil removal, coarsening, sensitization, activation, dispergation, chemical plating, electroplating, drying and firing. Wherein, the chemical degreasing, the coarsening, the sensitization and the activation belong to the treatment before the chemical plating.
(1) Polyurethane foam is first placed in a neutral emulsifier degreasing solution at a temperature of 45 c for about 10 minutes, during which the solution is stirred and then rinsed clean with distilled water.
(2) The deoiled polyurethane foam was coarsened with 30g/L potassium permanganate and a technical-grade sulfuric acid coarsening liquid with d =1.84, the coarsening temperature was about 37 ℃, and the coarsening time was about 5 min.
(3) Sensitizing the foam material with sensitizing solution prepared by 30g/L stannous chloride and chemically pure hydrochloric acid with d =1.19 at 45 ℃ for 5min, and adding a small amount of tin particles to inhibit the hydrolysis of the stannous chloride and the oxidation of Sn2+ in the sensitizing process until a layer of milky substance is generated on the surface of the foam material.
(4) After sensitization, the foam material is put into an activation solution prepared by chemically pure palladium chloride and chemically pure hydrochloric acid with d =1.19 for activation for about 5min at 37 ℃ until small bubbles are generated on the surface of the foam material and metallic palladium as a black substance is generated in yellow activation solution.
(5) The activated foam material is washed with 10% hydrochloric acid solution for 1min to remove the gel layer covering the surface of Pd, so that Pd atoms are exposed on the surface for catalysis.
(6) The conditions of the electroless nickel plating are (g/L): nickel sulfate 80, sodium hypophosphite 24, sodium acetate 12, boric acid 8 and ammonium chloride 6. And (3) putting the pretreated foam base material into a chemical nickel plating solution, wherein bubbles are generated on the surface of the foam, the bubbles generated on the surface of the foam material are obviously reduced after 30min, taking out the foam material, generating a thin layer of metallic nickel on the surface, and cleaning the foam material for later use by using distilled water.
(7) Nickel electroplating is an electrochemical process in which the foam is impregnated with a nickel salt (e.g., NiSO)4) The solution is used as a cathode, the metal nickel plate is used as an anode, and after a direct current power supply is switched on, a metal nickel coating is deposited on the foam. Within 2-3 min from the beginning of the electrifying electroplating, the current can be adjusted to 5A/dm2, and then adjusted to 2A/dm2 for about 30min, and the electroplating is completed.
(8) And drying at 60-70 ℃.
(9) Keeping the temperature at 950 ℃ for 1 h under the hydrogen atmosphere to remove the matrix polyurethane foam plastic of the foam nickel.
Thus obtaining the open-cell foam nickel structure, the porosity can reach 97%, the density is 0.2g/cm3, and the pore diameter can reach 1 mm.
Second, the aerogel is assembled inside the open-cell foam structure. As shown in fig. 2.
As with the aluminum foam structure, in this embodiment, the SiO will be assembled in an open-cell nickel foam structure2An aerogel.
(1) Mixing ethanol, water and ethyl orthosilicate according to a molar ratio of 6:4:1, adjusting the pH value of the solution to 5 by using hydrochloric acid, carrying out water bath at the temperature of 60 ℃ for about 90 minutes to fully hydrolyze the solution, and then further adjusting the pH value of the solution to 8 by using ammonia water;
(2) transferring the solution into a closed container, simultaneously placing a foam nickel porous metal structure to be assembled into the solution, and forming alcogel at room temperature;
(3) placing the assembled foam nickel structure into ethanol, soaking for 24h at 60 ℃, soaking and aging for 48h by using ethyl orthosilicate ethanol solution with volume content of 80%, and then soaking for 24h at 50 ℃ by using absolute ethanol;
(4) then drying for 10 hours at 80 ℃ to prepare the assembled SiO2Foamed aluminum metal porous structure device of aerogel.
Third, the open-cell foam structure and aerogel combination is processed into a space debris collection device.
The open-cell foam structure after assembling the aerogel is processed into a certain plane shape, such as 1m × 1m × 0.5m, and is fixed around with low-outgassing materials such as aluminum alloy as a shell.
And (4) capturing and installing the prepared aerogel assembled open-cell foam structure space debris on the windward side of the spacecraft.
Although particular embodiments of the invention have been described and illustrated in detail, it should be understood that various equivalent changes and modifications can be made to the above-described embodiments according to the inventive concept, and that it is intended to cover such modifications as would come within the spirit of the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (9)
1. The aerogel assembled open-cell foam structure space debris catching device comprises a shell made of low-air-release materials and a foam metal structure fixed in the shell, wherein the aerogel is assembled in the pores of the foam metal structure and used for on-track catching of micro space debris.
2. The capturing device of claim 1, wherein the minute space debris is space debris of millimeter or micrometer scale.
3. The capturing device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the foamed metal structure is a three-dimensional open-cell foam structure, which is formed by compounding a metal matrix and pores, specifically nickel foam, aluminum foam, iron foam or cobalt foam.
4. The capturing device according to claim 3, wherein the foamed metal structure is prepared by a method of infiltration casting, investment casting, electrodeposition, with a pore size of 0.1mm to 1cm and a porosity50 to 99 percent and the density is 0.1g/cm3To 1.5g/cm3。
5. The capture device of claim 1, wherein the aerogel is prepared by a sol-gel process or a derivative process.
6. The capturing apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein in the aerosol production by the sol-gel method, the metal foam structure is immersed in the sol at the sol stage, and then the gel and the drying are performed to produce the open-cell foam structure of the assembled aerogel.
7. The capturing apparatus of claim 5, wherein the aerogel is SiO2Aerogel or nickel aerogel.
8. The capturing apparatus of claim 5, wherein the aerogel is flexible SiO2An aerogel.
9. The trap of claim 5, wherein the open-cell foam structure after the aerogel is assembled is processed into a planar shape and fixed with a low outgassing material of aluminum alloy as a case around the structure.
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| WO2007101799A2 (en) * | 2006-03-03 | 2007-09-13 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Composite metal-aerogel material |
| CN102949981A (en) * | 2011-08-17 | 2013-03-06 | 香港城市大学 | Porous substrate and one-dimensional nano-material composite material and its preparation method, and surface-modified composite material and its preparation method |
| CN104233316A (en) * | 2014-09-09 | 2014-12-24 | 郑州轻工业学院 | Metal porous material filled with silicon oxide and preparation method and use of metal porous material |
| CN105280175A (en) * | 2015-11-20 | 2016-01-27 | 南京大学 | Method for preparing foam metal/aerosil composite sound absorbing material based on epoxy resin reinforce |
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| CN102030337A (en) * | 2010-12-20 | 2011-04-27 | 同济大学 | Method for preparing silicon dioxide (SiO2) aerogel with continuous density gradient |
| CN103738970B (en) * | 2013-12-25 | 2015-06-24 | 上海纳米技术及应用国家工程研究中心有限公司 | High transmittance nano-porous aerogel material and preparation method thereof |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| WO2007101799A2 (en) * | 2006-03-03 | 2007-09-13 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Composite metal-aerogel material |
| CN102949981A (en) * | 2011-08-17 | 2013-03-06 | 香港城市大学 | Porous substrate and one-dimensional nano-material composite material and its preparation method, and surface-modified composite material and its preparation method |
| CN104233316A (en) * | 2014-09-09 | 2014-12-24 | 郑州轻工业学院 | Metal porous material filled with silicon oxide and preparation method and use of metal porous material |
| CN105280175A (en) * | 2015-11-20 | 2016-01-27 | 南京大学 | Method for preparing foam metal/aerosil composite sound absorbing material based on epoxy resin reinforce |
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