CN108379665B - 一种双梯度的人工椎板及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明属于生物医用材料技术领域,具体涉及一种双梯度的人工椎板及其制备方法。所述人工椎板为横截面呈梯形、且具有轴向长度的基体,所述基体由上层、中间层和下层组成,所述上层、下层为致密的羟基磷灰石陶瓷层,所述中间层为多孔双相磷酸钙陶瓷层。本发明所述人工椎板呈致密/多孔/致密的梯形三明治结构,其与现有技术相比,具有更高的组织相容性和防粘连性,同时具有更优异的骨诱导性,且其结构简单,植入方便,适于大范围推广应用。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物医用材料技术领域,具体涉及一种双梯度的人工椎板及其制备方法。
背景技术
后路椎板切除术(包括全椎板、半椎板、部分椎板切除等)是脊柱外科最为基础的、常用的手术操作,其适用范围几乎涵盖了脊柱外科所有病种,特别是患有颈、胸、腰椎椎管狭窄症的患者。虽然椎板切除能够有效地解除脊髓、神经的压迫缓解患者症状,但是椎板切除(缺失)后失去了其原本对椎管的屏障保护作用,缺损区域会有大量瘢痕组织增生,并向椎管内长入,甚至再次压迫、粘连、牵拉脊髓及神经根,导致手术失败。因此,椎板切除术后如何预防硬膜外瘢痕粘连、压迫,一直是脊柱外科研究的重点。
早期预防硬膜外瘢痕的材料包括游离或带蒂脂肪、透明质酸、几丁糖、明胶海绵等多种材料,虽然在预防粘连方面有一定效果,但其存在生物力学强度较低和降解速度较快等缺点,使其难以完全阻隔硬膜外肌肉瘢痕的压迫,中晚期效果较差。
人工椎板的出现能够一定程度上解决上述问题。其可作为一种人工屏障,重建椎管,修复后柱,能阻止成纤维细胞等周围结缔组织向缺损处的生长,引导迁移速度较慢的成骨细胞向缺损区内迁移,形成新骨。目前人工椎板的材料大体包括不锈钢、钛或钛合金、生物活性陶瓷、活性玻璃等,但上述人工椎板组织相容性以及防粘连性不足,同时不具有骨诱导性或骨诱导性较差,导致新骨形成能力欠佳。
因此,亟需提供一种具有高度的组织相容性和防粘连性,同时具有良好的骨诱导性的人工椎板。
发明内容
本发明旨在提供一种双梯度的人工椎板及其制备方法,该人工椎板呈致密/多孔/致密的三层结构,其具有高度的组织相容性和防粘连性,同时具有良好的骨诱导性。
为了达到上述目的,本发明采用以下技术方案:一种双梯度的人工椎板,所述人工椎板为横截面呈梯形、且具有轴向长度的基体,所述基体由上层、中间层和下层组成,所述上层、下层为致密的羟基磷灰石陶瓷层,所述中间层为多孔双相磷酸钙陶瓷层。
进一步地,所述上层和下层为厚度1~2mm的致密结构层。
进一步地,所述中间层为多孔结构层,孔隙率为30~80%。
相应地,本发明还提供了一种制备上述人工椎板的方法,包括以下步骤:
A)采用湿化学法制备尺寸为20~100nm的羟基磷灰石粉体或浆料;
B)将上述制备得到的羟基磷灰石粉体或浆料与水、粘结剂、分散剂混合均匀,搅拌,混合得到料浆Ⅰ,其中,羟基磷灰石粉体、水、粘结剂和分散剂的重量比为1:(0.5~1):(0.01~0.1):(0.01~0.1);
C)采用湿化学法制备尺寸为20~100nm的双相磷酸钙粉体或浆料,加入粘结剂、分散剂和造孔剂,搅拌,混合均匀,得到料浆Ⅱ;其中,双相磷酸钙粉体或浆料、粘结剂、分散剂和造孔剂的重量比为1:(0.5~1):(0.01~0.1):(0.1~1.5);
D)将料浆Ⅰ先注入模具中,固化时间为5min~2h;将料浆Ⅱ再浇注入致密层浆料之上,固化时间为5min~2h;待料浆Ⅱ固化后,在此基础上浇注料浆Ⅰ,固化时间5min~2h,形成致密层/多孔层/致密层的多层结构,固化、干燥,将干燥后的多层结构直接作为生坯或将干燥后的多层结构经等静压成型后作为生坯,其中,等静压压力为50MPa~500MPa;
E)将上述生坯置于烧结炉的炉腔中,经200~800℃分解有机物,然后经1000~1200℃烧结,切割,获得具有双梯度的人工椎板。
进一步地,所述步骤A)和C)中所述湿化学方法选自液相沉淀法、水热法、溶胶-凝胶法、微乳液法、模板法和超声化学合成法中的一种。
进一步地,所述步骤B)和步骤C)中所述粘结剂选自聚乙烯醇和聚乙二醇中的一种或其组合;所述分散剂选自甲基纤维素、柠檬酸、柠檬酸铵、六偏磷酸钠和聚丙烯酸中的一种或几种。
进一步地,所述造孔剂选自硬脂酸、碳粉、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚苯乙烯和淀粉中的一种或几种,其粒径优选为0.1~1000μm。
进一步地,所述造孔剂为硬脂酸,其粒径优选为0.1~1000μm。
进一步地,所述步骤E)中所述有机物分解过程具体为:采用马弗炉烧结,以0.5~20℃/min的升温速率将温度升至150~250℃,保温10min~2h;接着以0.5~3℃/min的升温速率将温度升至500℃,保温10min~4h;再以0.5~20℃/min的升温速率将温度升至600~800℃,保温30min~4h。
进一步地,所述步骤E)中所述烧结过程具体为:采用马弗炉烧结或微波烧结炉烧结,在使用马弗炉烧结时,烧结温度为800~1200℃,升温速度为5~20℃/min,保温时间0~4h,降温速度为10~100℃/min;当使用微波烧结炉烧结时,烧结温度为800~1200℃,升温速度为40~200℃/min,保温时间0.5~30min,降温速度为50~400℃/min。
本发明人工椎板由三层结构组成,上下层为致密的羟基磷灰石层,其表面光滑,分别与肌肉韧带和脊髓神经接触,防止其向椎管内生长,防止瘢痕组织形成,具有良好的软组织相容性和防粘连能力。中间层为多孔结构层,孔壁粗糙多微孔,由羟基磷灰石/磷酸三钙双相陶瓷构成,具有良好的骨传导和骨诱导能力。将本发明人工椎板植入体内后,上下致密的羟基磷灰石层可以为人工椎板提供力学支撑。
本发明具有以下优点:
本发明提供的人工椎板呈致密/多孔/致密的梯形三明治结构,其与现有技术相比,具有更高的组织相容性和防粘连性,同时具有更优异的骨诱导性。其结构简单,植入方便,适于大范围推广应用。
附图说明
图1为本发明人工椎板横截面示意图。
其中,1羟基磷灰石陶瓷层;2双相磷酸钙陶瓷层;3孔。
具体实施方式
以下通过实施例形式的具体实施方式,对本发明的上述内容作进一步的详细说明。但不应将此理解为本发明上述主题的范围仅限于以下实施例。
实施例1、一种双梯度的人工椎板
实施例1所述人工椎板为横截面呈梯形、且具有轴向长度的基体,所述基体由上层、中间层和下层组成,所述上层、下层为羟基磷灰石陶瓷层1,所述中间层为双相磷酸钙陶瓷层2,上层和下层为厚度1mm的致密结构层,所述中间层为多孔结构层,孔隙率为75%。
制备方法:
A)原料制备:
纳米羟基磷灰石粉体或浆料的制备:将0.835mol/L硝酸钙水溶液和与0.5mol/L磷酸氢二铵水溶液等体积混合,钙磷比为1.67,以氨水调节溶液pH为11.0,搅拌反应12h,然后在60℃下陈化24h,去离子水洗涤后得到羟基磷灰石浆料或经过滤干燥后得到羟基磷灰石粉体,羟基磷灰石粉体的平均粒径为40nm;
双相磷酸钙粉体或浆料的制备:将0.767mol/L硝酸钙水溶液和与0.5mol/L磷酸氢二铵水溶液等体积混合,钙磷比为1.534,以氨水调节溶液pH为9.0,搅拌反应12h,然后在60℃下陈化24h,去离子水洗涤后得到双相磷酸钙浆料或经过滤干燥后得到双相磷酸钙粉体;
B)将上述步骤A)制备得到的羟基磷灰石粉体或浆料,加入水、聚乙烯醇、甲基纤维素混合均匀,搅拌,混合得到料浆Ⅰ,其中,羟基磷灰石粉体、水、聚乙烯醇和甲基纤维素的重量比为1:0.5:0.1:0.1;
C)取上述制备得到的双相磷酸钙粉体或浆料,加入聚乙烯醇、甲基纤维素和硬脂酸,混合均匀,得到料浆Ⅱ;其中,双相磷酸钙粉体、粘结剂、分散剂和造孔剂的重量比为1:0.5:0.1:1.0;
D)将料浆Ⅰ先注入模具中,固化时间为30min;将料浆Ⅱ再浇注入致密层浆料之上,固化时间为30min;待料浆Ⅱ固化后,在此基础上浇注料浆Ⅰ,固化时间30min,形成致密层/多孔层/致密层的多层结构,固化、干燥,将干燥后的多层结构直接作为生坯或将干燥后的多层结构等静压成型后作为生坯,其中,等静压压力为200MPa;
E)将上述生坯置于马弗炉烧结炉的炉腔中,以10℃/min的升温速率将温度升至250℃,保温30min;以1.5℃/min的升温速率将温度升至500℃,保温45min;再以10℃/min的升温速率将温度升至700℃,保温2h使有机物分解;继续使用马弗炉烧结,以升温速度为10℃/min升温至1000℃,保温时间1h,以降温速度为20℃/min将温度降至室温,切割,获得具有双梯度的人工椎板,孔隙率为75%。
实施例2、一种双梯度的人工椎板
实施例2与实施例1的区别在于,步骤B)和C)中所述粘结剂为聚乙二醇,分散剂为柠檬酸,造孔剂为聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯,所述步骤D)所述等静压压力为300MPa,所述步骤E)为:将上述生坯置于马弗炉烧结炉的炉腔中,采用马弗炉烧结,以0.5℃/min的升温速率将温度升至150℃,保温10min;接着以0.5℃/min的升温速率将温度升至500℃,保温10minh;再以0.5℃/min的升温速率将温度升至600℃,保温30min使有机物分解;继续使用马弗炉烧结,以升温速度为10℃/min升温至1000℃,保温时间1h,以降温速度为20℃/min将温度降至室温,切割,获得具有双梯度的人工椎板,孔隙率为68%。
实施例3、一种双梯度的人工椎板
实施例3与实施例1的区别在于,步骤B)和C)中所述粘结剂为聚乙二醇,分散剂为柠檬酸铵,造孔剂为聚苯乙烯,所述步骤D)所述等静压压力为500MPa,所述步骤E)为:将上述生坯置于马弗炉烧结炉的炉腔中,采用马弗炉烧结,以20℃/min的升温速率将温度升至250℃,保温2h;接着以3℃/min的升温速率将温度升至500℃,保温4h;再以20℃/min的升温速率将温度升至800℃,保温4h使有机物分解;继续采用马弗炉烧结,以升温速度为20℃/min升温至1200℃,保温时间4h,以降温速度为100℃/min将温度降至室温;切割,获得具有双梯度的人工椎板,孔隙率为74%。
实施例4、一种双梯度的人工椎板
实施例4与实施例1的区别在于,步骤B)中羟基磷灰石粉体、水、聚乙烯醇和甲基纤维素的重量比为1:1:0.06:0.06;步骤C)中混合浆料、聚乙烯醇、甲基纤维素和硬脂酸的重量比为1:1:0.05:1.5,其余参数及操作如实施例1所示孔隙率为40%。
实施例5、一种双梯度的人工椎板
实施例5与实施例1的区别在于,所述步骤E)为:以5℃/min的升温速率将温度升至250℃,保温30min;以10℃/min的升温速率将温度升至500℃,保温45min;再以15℃/min的升温速率将温度升至700℃,保温2h使有机物分解;继续使用微波炉烧结,烧结温度为1000℃,升温速度为50℃/min,保温时间10min,以降温速度为60℃/min将温度降至室温,切割,获得具有双梯度的人工椎板,孔隙率为72%。
试验例一、质量检测
取实施例1~5制备得到的人工椎板,对上述人工椎板的密度、孔径及力学性能进行检测,结果如下表1所示。
表1检测结果
试验二、后路椎板切除术后瘢痕粘连实验
3.1实验动物及分组:
实验动物及分组选用新西兰白兔16只,体重2~2.5kg,雌雄不限。分为2组,每组8只,A组:椎板切除后不用任何置物覆盖;B组:使用实施例1人工椎板覆盖椎板缺损区域。术后所有动物均按照实验动物处理原则在同一饲养条件下分笼饲养,每天肌注青霉素8万单位5天预防感染。术后4周和8周处死实验动物各4只。
3.2手术操作:
统一以腰5椎板为手术椎板,定位好后备皮、标记手术区域,碘伏消毒,铺无菌洞巾,动物麻醉生效后,以腰5棘突为中心、做一长为约2cm切口后,逐层显露腰5棘突、关节突及椎板,以尖嘴咬骨钳及1.5mm椎板咬骨钳咬除腰5双侧椎板及黄韧带,显露硬脊膜,仔细操作避免损伤马尾神经等,分别予术区旷置(A组)或植入实验组人工椎板(B组),逐层缝合竖脊肌、筋膜及皮肤。
3.3术后防粘连评估:
观察切口愈合情况及实验动物有无瘫痪,观察各组间是否存在感染,与本实验无关的医师观察每组缺损处瘢痕生成情况及瘢痕与硬膜囊的粘连程度,按Rydell评分标准分为4级:
0级:硬膜外瘢痕组织与硬膜不相连;1级:硬膜外瘢痕组织与硬膜接近,但易分离;2级:硬膜外瘢痕组织与硬膜接近,且难分离;3级:硬膜外瘢痕组织与硬膜粘连,无法分离。
3.4结果如表2所示。
表2评分结果
组别 | 评估结果 |
A组 | 3 |
B组 | 0 |
由表2可知,在术区植入本发明实施例1人工椎板后,硬膜外瘢痕组织与硬膜不相连。
上述实施例仅例示性说明本发明的原理及其功效,而非用于限制本发明。任何熟悉此技术的人士皆可在不违背本发明的精神及范畴下,对上述实施例进行修饰或改变。因此,举凡所属技术领域中具有通常知识者在未脱离本发明所揭示的精神与技术思想下所完成的一切等效修饰或改变,仍应由本发明的权利要求所涵盖。
Claims (10)
1.一种双梯度的人工椎板,其特征在于,所述人工椎板为横截面呈梯形、且具有轴向长度的基体,所述基体由上层、中间层和下层组成,所述上层、下层为致密的羟基磷灰石陶瓷层,其分别与肌肉韧带和脊髓神经接触,用于防粘连;所述中间层为多孔双相磷酸钙陶瓷层,其和椎体接触,用于骨传导和骨诱导;其中,制备人工推板的方法包括如下步骤:
A)采用湿化学法制备尺寸为20~100nm的羟基磷灰石粉体或浆料;
B)将上述制备得到的羟基磷灰石粉体或浆料与水、粘结剂、分散剂混合均匀,搅拌,混合得到料浆Ⅰ,其中,羟基磷灰石粉体、水、粘结剂和分散剂的重量比为1:(0.5~1):(0.01~0.1):(0.01~0.1);
C)采用湿化学法制备尺寸为20~100nm的双相磷酸钙粉体或浆料,加入粘结剂、分散剂和造孔剂,搅拌,混合均匀,得到料浆Ⅱ;其中,双相磷酸钙粉体或浆料、粘结剂、分散剂和造孔剂的重量比为1:(0.5~1):(0.01~0.1):(0.1~1.5);
D)将料浆Ⅰ先注入模具中,固化时间为5min~2h;将料浆Ⅱ再浇注入致密层浆料之上,固化时间为5min~2h;待料浆Ⅱ固化后,在此基础上浇注料浆Ⅰ,固化时间5min~2h,形成致密层/多孔层/致密层的多层结构,固化、干燥,将干燥后的多层结构直接作为生坯或将干燥后的多层结构经等静压成型后作为生坯,其中,等静压压力为50MPa~500MPa;
E)将上述生坯置于烧结炉的炉腔中,经200~800℃分解有机物,然后经1000~1200℃烧结,切割,获得具有双梯度的人工椎板。
2.如权利要求1所述的人工椎板,其特征在于,所述上层和下层为厚度1~2mm的致密结构层。
3.如权利要求1所述的人工椎板,其特征在于,所述中间层为多孔结构层,孔隙率为30~80%。
4.一种制备如权利要求1~3任一所述人工椎板的方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
A)采用湿化学法制备尺寸为20~100nm的羟基磷灰石粉体或浆料;
B)将上述制备得到的羟基磷灰石粉体或浆料与水、粘结剂、分散剂混合均匀,搅拌,混合得到料浆Ⅰ,其中,羟基磷灰石粉体、水、粘结剂和分散剂的重量比为1:(0.5~1):(0.01~0.1):(0.01~0.1);
C)采用湿化学法制备尺寸为20~100nm的双相磷酸钙粉体或浆料,加入粘结剂、分散剂和造孔剂,搅拌,混合均匀,得到料浆Ⅱ;其中,双相磷酸钙粉体或浆料、粘结剂、分散剂和造孔剂的重量比为1:(0.5~1):(0.01~0.1):(0.1~1.5);
D)将料浆Ⅰ先注入模具中,固化时间为5min~2h;将料浆Ⅱ再浇注入致密层浆料之上,固化时间为5min~2h;待料浆Ⅱ固化后,在此基础上浇注料浆Ⅰ,固化时间5min~2h,形成致密层/多孔层/致密层的多层结构,固化、干燥,将干燥后的多层结构直接作为生坯或将干燥后的多层结构经等静压成型后作为生坯,其中,等静压压力为50MPa~500MPa;
E)将上述生坯置于烧结炉的炉腔中,经200~800℃分解有机物,然后经1000~1200℃烧结,切割,获得具有双梯度的人工椎板。
5.如权利要求4所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤A)和C)中所述湿化学方法选自液相沉淀法、水热法、溶胶-凝胶法、微乳液法、模板法和超声化学合成法中的一种。
6.如权利要求4所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤B)和步骤C)中所述粘结剂选自聚乙烯醇和聚乙二醇中的一种或其组合;所述分散剂选自甲基纤维素、柠檬酸、柠檬酸铵、六偏磷酸钠和聚丙烯酸中的一种或几种。
7.如权利要求4所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述造孔剂选自硬脂酸、碳粉、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚苯乙烯和淀粉中的一种或几种,其粒径优选为0.1~1000μm。
8.如权利要求7所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述造孔剂为硬脂酸,其粒径优选为0.1~1000μm。
9.如权利要求4所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤E)中所述有机物分解过程具体为:采用马弗炉烧结,以0.5~20℃/min的升温速率将温度升至150~250℃,保温10min~2h;接着以0.5~3℃/min的升温速率将温度升至500℃,保温10min~4h;再以0.5~20℃/min的升温速率将温度升至600~800℃,保温30min~4h。
10.如权利要求4所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤E)中所述烧结过程具体为:采用马弗炉烧结或微波烧结炉烧结,在使用马弗炉烧结时,烧结温度为800~1200℃,升温速度为5~20℃/min,保温时间0~4h,降温速度为10~100℃/min;当使用微波烧结炉烧结时,烧结温度为800~1200℃,升温速度为40~200℃/min,保温时间0.5~30min,降温速度为50~400℃/min。
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