CN108303524B - Method for testing performance of underwater 3D printing building mortar - Google Patents
Method for testing performance of underwater 3D printing building mortar Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for testing the performance of underwater 3D printing building mortar, which comprises the steps of carrying out 3D printing on the building mortar underwater to obtain a printing component, and then detecting the underwater anti-dispersion property, the underwater accumulation performance and the effective accumulation height of the printing component. Compared with the prior art, the method can meet the research requirements of the underwater 3D printing construction technology, and lays a foundation for accumulating experience and application of the underwater 3D printing construction technology.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of building materials, and particularly relates to a method for testing the performance of underwater 3D printing building mortar.
Background
The 3D printing technique is an additive manufacturing technique that builds objects from digital model files by layer-by-layer build-up of materials. Materials generally used for 3D printing are mainly plastics and powdered metals, and cement-based materials have good plasticity, high compressive strength and good durability, and can also be used as 3D printing materials, so 3D printing technology is beginning to try to be applied to the field of buildings. The 3D printing building technology is different from the traditional building construction technology, does not need template support, can quickly print various complex building components according to set model files, enables the building to be more flexible in modeling, reduces labor force and material loss, saves time and space, and reduces construction cost. Due to the high degree of automation and intelligence of the 3D printing building technology, the building can be constructed in some special environments instead of manpower, for example: under water, and when building is constructed in high-risk and high-pollution areas and the like, the 3D printing building technology has incomparable advantages compared with the traditional construction technology.
With the continuous expansion of human activity space, the production activity range of people is gradually expanded from the land to shallow sea or even deep sea. The development and utilization of ocean resources, the construction of artificial islands, underwater bridges and culverts, tunnels, offshore drilling platforms and underwater works can not break the continuous improvement and development of underwater construction technology. Traditionally, the underwater engineering is built long period, the degree of difficulty is big, construction cost is high, and common underwater engineering construction technique can be divided into two kinds: one is to form a construction environment without water or with little water by building a cofferdam and then draining water, and then constructing according to a land construction method; and the other method is to use a special construction machine with good sealing property to isolate the concrete from water and convey the concrete to a pouring position of underwater engineering. However, the two construction methods have the problems of large engineering quantity, long construction period, high construction cost, complex construction procedure, high construction technical requirement and the like. Even if underwater undispersed concrete with good dispersion resistance and high cost is used, the problem of building a pouring template underwater also exists, and a great part of work is limited by construction technology which needs to be completed by professional divers. By using the 3D printing building technology and combining with special underwater 3D printing building materials, a practical and feasible solution is provided for overcoming the problems existing in underwater building construction, and the application range of underwater buildings is expanded.
At present, the underwater 3D printing building technology is still in a research and exploration stage, and no relevant research report of the underwater 3D printing building mortar performance test evaluation method exists at home and abroad, and no relevant test standard can be used for reference. The underwater 3D printing building mortar is different from a common 3D printing building material, and not only needs to meet basic performance requirements such as pumpability, stackability and printability, but also needs to have multiple performances such as good underwater dispersion resistance, underwater stackability, proper strength and durability, no pollution to an environmental water area and the like due to underwater 3D printing forming. Therefore, a test evaluation method and a test device for the performance of the underwater 3D printing building mortar are urgently needed to meet the research requirements of the underwater 3D printing building technology and lay a foundation for accumulating experience and application of the underwater 3D printing building technology.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art and provide a method for testing the performance of underwater 3D printing building mortar.
The purpose of the invention can be realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for testing the performance of underwater 3D printing building mortar comprises the steps of carrying out 3D printing on the building mortar underwater to obtain a printing component, and then detecting the underwater anti-dispersion property, the underwater accumulation performance and the effective accumulation height of the printing component.
Detecting the underwater anti-dispersion property of the printing component comprises detecting the mass loss of the printing component before and after printing and detecting the change of the pH value of the environmental water.
The detection of mass loss employs the following steps:
(1) adding clean tap water into the container, and performing 3D printing under water to obtain a printing component;
(2) standing the printing component in water for 2 days, collecting printing dispersion in water, wiping the printing component, placing the printing component and the dispersion in a drying oven, controlling the drying temperature at 100-110 ℃ to dry to constant weight, taking out the dried component and the dispersion, and cooling to room temperature;
(3) taking the mass ratio of the dispersion to the printing member as the mass loss rate Ms of the printing member, wherein the mass loss rate is calculated according to the following formula:
ms: mass loss rate (%) of the printing member;
M1: mass (g) of dried dispersion;
M0: mass (g) of dried printing member.
The detection of the change of the pH value of the environmental water adopts the following steps:
(1) adding clean tap water into the container, and performing 3D printing under water to obtain a hollow printing component, wherein the height of the printing component is greater than the depth of water;
(2) standing the printing component in water for 5min, and testing the pH value of the aqueous solution in the hollow printing component by using a pH tester;
(3) and testing the pH value of the aqueous solution in the core printing component 10min, 20min and 30min after the printing is finished.
The following steps are adopted for detecting the underwater accumulation performance of the printing component:
(1) adding clean tap water into the container, and performing 3D printing under water to obtain two printing components with printing layer heights;
(2) standing the printing component in water for 10min, draining off water in the container, and measuring the width of the upper and lower layers of the printed matter every 100mm along the length direction of the printing component;
(3) measuring at least 5 sets of width data and calculating the arithmetic mean of the widths, calculating the print mortar shape stability, calculated according to the following formula:
d: shape stability (%) of the printing mortar;
d1: width (mm) of the upper printing layer;
d2: width (mm) of the lower print layer.
Detecting the effective stack height of the printing member employs the steps of:
(1) adding clean tap water into the container, extending the printing nozzle into the underwater printing platform, and when the first layer is printed, the height of the printing nozzle from the printing platform is h0mm, the height is raised to hmm after printing one layer,
(2) continuously printing the subsequent layers until the finally piled test piece collapses, recording the number n of the printing layers of the test piece when the test piece finally collapses,
(3) restarting printing, and stacking n-2 layers;
(4) after the n-2 layer printing was completed, the effective stack height of the printing member was measured, and the effective stack height was evaluated as follows: after the printing is finished and kept stand for 10min, after the water in the platform is drained, the lowest height h of the printing component is measured1To the maximum height h2Taking the arithmetic mean of the two as the actual printing height hSWill print height hSAnd the theoretical stacking height hLBy contrast, the theoretical packing height is calculated as follows: h isL＝h0+ h (n-3), if | hL-hS|/hL100% or less and 10% or less, the actual printing height hSEffectively, the test is repeatedly printed for three times, and the average value of the three test results is used as the effective stacking height of the mortar.
Compared with the prior art, the test result of the method for testing the performance of the underwater 3D printing building mortar can provide a theoretical basis for research on the underwater 3D printing building mortar material and evaluation on the performance, can also provide technical reference for development of the underwater 3D printing building equipment and improvement on an underwater 3D printing forming process, and fills the gap of the existing method for testing the performance of the underwater 3D printing building mortar.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the pH test;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a stacking capability testing platform.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to specific examples. The following examples will assist those skilled in the art in further understanding the invention, but are not intended to limit the invention in any way. It should be noted that variations and modifications can be made by persons skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. All falling within the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
The performance of the underwater 3D printing building mortar mainly relates to underwater dispersibility resistance, underwater stacking performance and shape stability.
Underwater anti-dispersion testing method
And measuring the dispersibility resistance of the underwater 3D printing building mortar by using the mass loss of the printing component before and after printing and the pH value change of the environmental water.
(a) Loss of mass
Adding clean tap water into a hard transparent container with length of 400mm, width of 300mm, height of 300mm and wall thickness of 3mm to depth of 200mm, setting a printing member program, and printing underwater with length of 100mm and height of 20 layers (printing nozzle diameter dmm, first layer printing height h)0mm, thereafter the lifting height is hdmm), the whole printing process must ensure that the printing material is discharged and the excess material is cut off in time when the printing is finished, so that the printing material cannot be scattered in the container. After the printing member was allowed to stand in water for 2 days, the dispersion on the printing member was brushed into a printing container with a clean brush, and the remaining dispersion in water was filtered and collected with a glass dish. Wiping off water drops on the surface of the component by using a towel, putting the component and the filtered dispersion into an oven, and drying at the temperature of 105 +/-5 ℃ until the weight is constant. Taking out the dried component and the dispersion, cooling to room temperature, and separatingThe mass was weighed to the nearest 0.1g, and the mass ratio of the dispersion to the printing member was taken as the mass loss rate M of the printing membersThe mass loss rate is calculated according to the following formula:
in the formula, Ms-mass loss rate (%) of the printing member;
M1-mass (g) of dried dispersion;
M0-mass (g) of dried printing member.
(b) Change in pH
Adding clean tap water into a hard transparent cylindrical container with an inner diameter of 300mm, a height of 300mm and a wall thickness of 2mm to a depth of 200mm, setting a program of a printing component, printing a hollow cylinder with a length of 100mm and a width of 100mm under water, and printing a component with a height higher than two complete printing layers on the water surface (the diameter dmm of a printing nozzle, the printing height h of a first layer0mm, thereafter the lifting height is hdmm), cutting off the excess materials in time after printing. After the printing of the printing component is finished and the printing component is kept still for 5min, the pH value of the internal aqueous solution surrounded by the four walls of the printed prism component is tested by a pH tester to be accurate to 0.01, and then the pH values at 10min, 20min and 30min after the printing is finished are respectively tested, wherein the test schematic diagram is shown in figure 1. The resistance to dispersion was evaluated as the change in pH of the internal aqueous solution surrounded by the four walls of the printed prismatic element.
Example 2
The underwater stacking performance is an important index for evaluating the constructability of the underwater 3D printing building mortar, and can be represented by the underwater effective stacking height, and the higher the stacking height is, the better the stacking performance is. When testing the piling performance of the underwater 3D printing building mortar, the water-immersed part of a printing head and the like of the 3D printer needs to be subjected to necessary waterproof treatment, or a special underwater 3D printer is used.
The underwater 3D printing building mortar underwater accumulation performance testing device is shown in figure 2, and comprises a printer and a control device thereof, wherein the printer is suitable for underwater 3D printing building mortar, the open-top box type platform can provide a simulated underwater printing environment, the platform is made of transparent organic glass, the length of the platform is 1000mm, the width of the platform is 1000mm, the height of the platform is 640mm, the wall thickness of the platform is 3mm, one side face of the platform is provided with two water outlet/inlet ports, the diameter of the platform is 15mm, and the distance between the two water outlet/inlet ports is 600. The water outlet at the bottom can drain the water in the platform (in a closed state during printing), the water outlet at the upper side can keep the water level in the platform constant during printing, and scales (unit: mm) are marked beside the two water outlets/inlets, so that the water level change in the platform can be observed conveniently.
For underwater 3D printing building mortar with a certain proportion, before testing the underwater stacking performance of the underwater 3D printing building mortar, the underwater printing shape stability of the printing mortar is tested, and the shape stability represents the shape change of a lower-layer material under the extrusion of an upper-layer material and the water pressure and the stability of a printing layer in the process of printing and stacking layer by layer after the underwater 3D printing building mortar is pumped and extruded. The test method comprises the following steps: adding clean tap water into the platform to the depth of 600mm, then introducing water to moisten a printer stirring pump and a conveying pipeline, loading the stirred printing material into the stirring pump, starting a printer after the printing material is uniformly and continuously extruded from a printing nozzle through the conveying pipeline, and loading a programmed program for testing the shape stability of the underwater 3D printing building mortar. Print 600mm long, two bar-shaped components of printing the layer height, cut off the clout immediately after printing the completion. And after standing for 10min, draining water in the printing platform, measuring the widths of the upper layer and the lower layer which are printed at intervals of 100mm along the length direction of the printing component to be accurate to 0.1mm, respectively taking the arithmetic mean value of 5 groups of data obtained by measurement as the printing width values of the upper layer and the lower layer, observing whether cracks and broken materials appear on the surfaces of the upper layer and the lower layer, and if obvious cracks or broken materials appear, indicating that the printing mortar has poor shape stability and the printing width values are invalid. Under the conditions that the surfaces of the two printing layers are complete, the printing layers are continuous and have no cracks, the effective printing width is the arithmetic average of the average widths of the upper and lower printing layers, the shape stability of the printing mortar is calculated, and the shape stability of the printing mortar is calculated according to the following formula:
in the formula, D represents the shape stability (%) of the printing mortar;
d1-width (mm) of the upper printed layer;
d2width (mm) of the lower printed layer.
Example 3
The underwater effective stacking height of the printing mortar meeting the underwater stacking performance of the underwater 3D printing building mortar can be further tested, and the testing method comprises the following steps: adding clean tap water into a platform to a depth of 600mm, then introducing water into a printer stirring pump and a conveying pipeline for wetting, loading the stirred printing material into the stirring pump, starting the printer after the printing material is uniformly and continuously extruded from a printing nozzle through the conveying pipeline, and loading a programmed program for testing the underwater accumulation performance of the underwater 3D printing building mortar. The printer executes a printing command, the printing head extends into the underwater printing platform, and when the first layer is printed, the height between the printing nozzle and the printing platform is h0And mm, after printing lines with the length of 200mm, lifting hmm, printing a second layer until the finally accumulated test piece collapses, recording the number n of printing layers of the test piece when the finally accumulated test piece collapses, and restarting printing on the basis, wherein only n-2 layers are accumulated, and the test piece is required to be under water during the whole printing process.
After the n-2 layer printing is completed, the effective stack height of the printing member must be measured. The effective stacking height was evaluated as follows: after the printing is finished and kept stand for 10min, after the water in the platform is drained, the lowest height h of the printing component is measured1To the maximum height h2Taking the arithmetic mean of the two as the actual printing height hSI.e. hS＝(h1+h2) 2; and will print height hSAnd the theoretical stacking height hLBy contrast, the theoretical packing height is calculated as follows: h isL＝ h0+ h (n-3). If | hL-hS|/hL100% or less and 10% or less, the actual printing height hSOtherwise, the print height is invalid, i.e., the effective stack height is 0. The test was repeated three times with the average of the three test results being taken as the effective stacking height of the mortar to the nearest 1 mm.
Example 4
The technical scheme of the invention is further specifically described below by combining specific experimental data.
The underwater 3D printing building mortar proportion is shown in Table 1, the admixture mixing amount is the mass percent of cement, the fine aggregate is quartz sand, the bone cement ratio is 1.5, the silica fume mixing amount is 5%, and the mineral powder mixing amount is 20%.
TABLE 1 formulation of underwater 3D printing building mortar
(1) Underwater anti-dispersion property:
clean tap water is added into a hard transparent container with the length of 400mm, the width of 300mm, the height of 300mm and the wall thickness of 3mm until the depth is 200mm, a printing component program is set, after a printing material is stirred, the component with the length of 100mm and the height of 20 layers (the diameter of a printing nozzle used here is 12mm, the printing height of the first layer is 8mm, and the lifting height is 7.5mm) is printed underwater, and the printing material is required to be cut off in time when the printing discharging and printing are finished in the whole printing process, so that the printing material cannot be scattered in the container. After the printing member was left standing in water for 2d, the dispersion on the printing member was brushed into a printing container with a clean brush, and the remaining dispersion in water was filtered and collected with a glass dish. Wiping off water drops on the surface of the component by using a towel, putting the component and the filtered dispersion into an oven, and drying at 105 ℃ until the weight is constant. And taking out the dried component and the dispersion, cooling to room temperature, weighing the mass of the component and the dispersion respectively, and measuring the mass loss rate of the underwater 3D printing building mortar shown in the table 2.
TABLE 2 Mass loss rate of underwater 3D printing building mortar
Testing the pH value change before and after underwater printing by using the mortar with the same proportion: adding clean tap water into a hard transparent cylindrical container with the inner diameter of 300mm, the height of 300mm and the wall thickness of 2mm until the depth is 200mm, setting a program of a printing component, printing a hollow cylinder with the length of 100mm and the width of 100mm under water, printing a component with the height higher than two complete printing layers on the water surface (the diameter of a printing nozzle used here is 12mm, the printing height of a first layer is 8mm, and the lifting height is 7.5mm), and cutting off the excess material in time after printing. After the printing of the printing member was completed and left to stand for 5min, the pH of the internal aqueous solution surrounded by the four walls of the printed prism member was measured with a pH meter, and the test results are shown in table 3.
TABLE 3 pH of underwater 3D printing building mortar
(2) Underwater stacking performance:
adding clean tap water into a platform to a depth of 600mm, then introducing water to a printer stirring pump and a conveying pipeline for wetting, loading the stirred printing material into the stirring pump, starting the printer after the printing material is uniformly and continuously extruded from a printing nozzle through the conveying pipeline, and loading a programmed program for testing the shape stability of the underwater 3D printing building mortar. Two strip-shaped members (the diameter of the printing nozzle used here is 12.0mm) 600mm long and two printing layers high were printed, and the excess material was cut off immediately after printing was completed. After standing for 10min, draining water in the printing platform, measuring the widths of the upper layer and the lower layer which are printed at intervals of 100mm along the length direction of the printing component, wherein the shape stability of the underwater 3D printing building mortar measured in the test is shown in a table 4, and the surface of the printing layer of the underwater 3D printing building mortar with 3 proportions is complete and continuous without cracks and material breakage.
TABLE 4 shape stability of underwater 3D printing building mortar
The underwater printing stacking performance of the mortar with the same proportion is tested, and the test method is as follows: in the test platform for simulating underwater printing, water is added to 600mm, so that the water surface in the box is flush with the water outlet on the upper side, and the water surface height of the platform is ensured to be unchanged in the printing process. And after a pipeline and a stirring pump of the printer are wetted by water, newly-mixed underwater 3D printing building mortar is added, after the printing mortar can be uniformly and continuously extruded from the printing head, a printing program command for testing the underwater accumulation performance is started, and the printer is moved to the specified position of an underwater printing platform. The method comprises the steps of moving a printer to a printing platform designated position after the printer enters underwater, executing a printing program command, starting to print a first layer, enabling a printing nozzle to be 8.0mm away from the printing platform (the diameter of the printing nozzle used here is 12.0mm), lifting by 7.5mm after printing a line with the length of 200mm, printing a second layer, lifting by 7.5mm after continuously printing the line with the length of 200mm, printing a third layer until a finally accumulated test piece collapses, recording the number n of printing layers of the test piece during final collapse, restarting to print on the basis, accumulating n-2 layers, enabling the test piece to be underwater during the whole printing process, draining water in the platform after printing is finished and standing for 10min, measuring the lowest height h of the printing component, and executing the printing program command, wherein the printing nozzle is 8.0mm away from the printing platform, printing the second layer1To the maximum height h2And calculating the theoretical stacking height hLAnd the stacking performance of the underwater 3D printing building mortar measured by the test is shown in a table 5.
TABLE 5 Underwater 3D printing building mortar stacking performance
The foregoing description of specific embodiments of the present invention has been presented. It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, and that various changes and modifications may be made by one skilled in the art within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the spirit of the invention.
Claims (2)
1. A testing method for underwater 3D printing building mortar performance is characterized by comprising the following steps: firstly, carrying out underwater 3D printing by adopting underwater 3D printing building mortar to obtain a printing component, and then detecting the underwater anti-dispersion property, the underwater stacking property and the effective stacking height of the printing component;
(1) the underwater anti-dispersion detection method comprises the following steps:
detecting the mass loss of the printing component before and after printing and the change of the pH value of the environmental water surrounded by the printing component;
1) the method for detecting the quality loss of the printing component before and after printing comprises the following steps:
a1, adding clean tap water into a container, and performing underwater 3D printing by using underwater 3D printing building mortar to obtain a printing component;
a2, standing the printing component in water for 2 days, collecting the printing dispersion in the water, wiping the printing component dry, placing the printing component and the printing dispersion in an oven, drying to constant weight, taking out the dried printing component and the dried printing dispersion, and cooling to room temperature;
a3, taking the mass ratio of printing dispersion to printing member as the mass loss rate M of the printing membersAnd calculated according to the following formula:
in the formula, Ms: mass loss rate of the printing member in units of%; m1: printing the mass of the dispersion after drying, wherein the unit is g; m0: the mass of the dried printing component is g;
2) the method for detecting the pH value change of the environmental water surrounded by the printing component comprises the following steps:
b1, adding clean tap water into the container, and performing underwater 3D printing by adopting underwater 3D printing building mortar to obtain a hollow printing component, wherein the height of the hollow printing component is greater than the depth of water;
b2, standing the hollow printing member in water for 5min, and testing the pH value of the aqueous solution in the hollow printing member by using a pH tester;
b3, respectively testing the pH value of the aqueous solution in the central printing component 10min, 20min and 30min after printing;
(2) the method for detecting the underwater accumulation comprises the following steps:
c1, adding clean tap water into the container, and performing underwater 3D printing by using underwater 3D printing building mortar to obtain two printing components with high printing layer heights;
c2, standing the printing component in water for 10min, draining the water in the container, and measuring the width of the upper layer and the lower layer of the printing component every 100mm along the length direction of the printing component;
c3, measuring at least 5 groups of width data and calculating the arithmetic mean value of the widths, and then calculating the shape stability of the underwater 3D printing building mortar according to the following formula;
in the formula, D: the shape stability of the printing mortar, unit is%; d1: the width of the upper printing layer is in mm; d2: the width of the lower printing layer is in mm;
(3) the method for detecting the effective stacking height comprises the following steps:
d1, adding clean tap water into the container, extending the printing nozzle into the underwater printing platform, and when the first layer is printed, the height of the printing nozzle from the underwater printing platform is h0mm, printing a layer, and then lifting the height to h mm;
d2, continuously printing the subsequent layers until the finally piled test piece collapses, and recording the number n of printing layers of the test piece when the test piece finally collapses;
d3, restarting printing and stacking n-2 layers;
d4, measuring the effective stacking height of the printing member after completing the n-2 layer printing, and evaluating the effective stacking height as follows: after printing is finished and standing for 10min, draining water in the underwater printing platform, and measuring the minimum height h of the printing component1To the maximum height h2Taking the arithmetic mean of the two as the actual printing height hSWill actually print height hSAnd the theoretical stacking height hLBy contrast, the theoretical packing height is calculated as follows: h isL＝h0+ h (n-3), if | hL-hS|/hL100% or less and 10% or less, the actual printing height hSEffectively, the test was run in triplicate with the average of the three test results as the effective stack height of the printing member.
2. The method for testing the performance of the underwater 3D printing building mortar according to claim 1, wherein in the step A2, the drying temperature of the oven is controlled to be 100-110 ℃.
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