CN108298881A - A kind of geological cement and its application for curing Radioactive chemical sludge - Google Patents
A kind of geological cement and its application for curing Radioactive chemical sludge Download PDFInfo
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- CN108298881A CN108298881A CN201810140114.4A CN201810140114A CN108298881A CN 108298881 A CN108298881 A CN 108298881A CN 201810140114 A CN201810140114 A CN 201810140114A CN 108298881 A CN108298881 A CN 108298881A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/006—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing mineral polymers, e.g. geopolymers of the Davidovits type
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F1/00—Shielding characterised by the composition of the materials
- G21F1/02—Selection of uniform shielding materials
- G21F1/04—Concretes; Other hydraulic hardening materials
- G21F1/042—Concretes combined with other materials dispersed in the carrier
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00017—Aspects relating to the protection of the environment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00767—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 for waste stabilisation purposes
- C04B2111/00784—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 for waste stabilisation purposes for disposal only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00862—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 for nuclear applications, e.g. ray-absorbing concrete
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/20—Resistance against chemical, physical or biological attack
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/34—Non-shrinking or non-cracking materials
- C04B2111/343—Crack resistant materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
- C04B2201/50—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the mechanical strength
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
- Y02P40/10—Production of cement, e.g. improving or optimising the production methods; Cement grinding
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of geological cement and its applications for curing Radioactive chemical sludge, it is therefore intended that when solution cures Radioactive chemical sludge using Portland cement, inclusion quantity 0.6（In terms of liquid gray scale）More than, firming body just will appear bleeding, cracking, nucleic and leach the problems such as high.The geological cement of the present invention is realized by the way that the exciting agent based on ultra-fine high-calcium fly ass, alukalin, containing sulfate radicals and carbonate to be uniformly mixed.When curing Radioactive chemical sludge using the method for the present invention, inclusion quantity can reach 0.85（In terms of liquid gray scale）, setting time is adjustable, and final setting time ＜ for 24 hours, and ensures that the presetting period appropriate carries out curing operation.After 28d is conserved, compressive strength of solidified body reaches 11MPa or more, and the 42d leaching rates of transuranic element are significantly lower than national standard, firming body all indicators are better than《Low, the middle level radioactive waste firming body performance requirement solidified cement body of country》The regulation of GB14569.1 2011.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to nuclear industry fields, especially Radioactive chemical sludge cement solidification technical field, specially a kind of
Geological cement for curing Radioactive chemical sludge and its application.
Background technology
Cool waste has many advantages, such as simple for process, of low cost in cement solidification method processing.But ordinary cement is solid
Change waste package capacity is low, and increase-volume is apparent（0.5~1.0）, and leaching rate is higher.
Radioactive chemical sludge is in alkalinity（PH value is 10 ~ 11）, wherein containing all kinds of salinities and nucleic, there is solid content
It is low（Only account for 2% ~ 4%）, water content height（96% or more moisture content）, the big feature of radiological hazard.Using Portland cement pair
When Radioactive chemical sludge is cured, inclusion quantity 0.6（In terms of liquid gray scale）More than, firming body just will appear bleeding, cracking, core
Element leaches the problems such as high, does not meet state related requirements.Therefore, the cement used at present is in curing chemistry mud, waste packet
Capacity is about 0.4 ~ 0.5（In terms of liquid gray scale）.
For this purpose, there is an urgent need to a kind of new methods or substance, to solve the above problems.
Invention content
The goal of the invention of the present invention is：Radioactive chemical sludge is cured for using Portland cement
When, inclusion quantity 0.6（In terms of liquid gray scale）More than, firming body just will appear bleeding, cracking, nucleic and leach the problems such as high, provide one
Geological cement and its application of the kind for curing Radioactive chemical sludge.The geological cement of the present invention is by by ultra-fine high calcium fine coal
Exciting agent based on ash, alukalin, containing sulfate radicals and carbonate, which is uniformly mixed, to be realized.Cured using the method for the present invention and is radiated
When property chemical slurry, inclusion quantity can reach 0.85（In terms of liquid gray scale）, setting time is adjustable, final setting time ＜ for 24 hours, and
Ensure that the presetting period appropriate carries out curing operation.After 28d is conserved, compressive strength of solidified body reaches 11MPa or more, transuranic element
42d leaching rates be significantly lower than national standard, firming body all indicators are better than《Country is low, middle level radioactive waste is solid
Change body performance requirement-solidified cement body》The regulation of GB14569.1-2011.
To achieve the goals above, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme that：
A kind of geological cement for curing Radioactive chemical sludge includes the component of following mass percent：
Exciting agent 10% ~ 25%,
Ultra-fine high-calcium fly ass 10% ~ 30%,
Alukalin 50% ~ 75%.
The exciting agent includes three kinds or four kinds in the component of following mass percent：
Carbonate 35% ~ 70%,
Sulfate 15% ~ 40%,
Na2SiO35% ~ 25%,
Basic anhydride 10% ~ 40%；
The each component quality sum is 100%, and the basic anhydride are Na2O and K2It is one or more in O.
The carbonate is one kind in sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, and the sulfate is one kind in sodium sulphate, potassium sulfate.
The exciting agent includes the component of following mass percent：
Carbonate 35% ~ 70%,
Sulfate 15% ~ 40%,
Na2SiO35%~25%；
Or the exciting agent includes the component of following mass percent：
Carbonate 35% ~ 70%,
Sulfate 15% ~ 40%,
Na2SiO3 5% ~ 25%,
Basic anhydride 10% ~ 40%.
CaO content is 12wt% ~ 30wt%, Blain specific surface 700kg/m in the ultra-fine high-calcium fly ass3~2000kg/
m3。
The activity index of the alukalin（Test method is with reference to GB/T18736-2002）For 100 ~ 350, Bo Shi ratios
Surface area is 1500 kg/m3~3500 kg/m3。
Application of the aforementioned geological cement in Radioactive chemical sludge processing.
7 ~ 10min is mixed with Radioactive chemical sludge in the geological cement of the present invention in the reactor, after having stirred
It is transferred in mold and condenses, conserve, you can.
Condensation time ＜ is for 24 hours；Curing condition is as follows：Curing time 28d, 25 ± 5 DEG C of curing temperature, maintenance humidity >=90%.
In terms of Radioactive chemical sludge, the dosage of the geological cement added in 1L Radioactive chemical sludges is 1176 ~
1818g。
For foregoing problems, the present invention provides a kind of geological cement and its application for curing Radioactive chemical sludge.
The geological cement includes the component of following mass percent：Exciting agent based on containing sulfate radicals and carbonate is 10% ~ 25%, ultra-fine
High-calcium fly ass is 10% ~ 30%, and alukalin is 50% ~ 75%；By each component be uniformly mixed to get.Contain sulfate radical and carbon
Exciting agent based on acid group is carbonate（Sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate）35% ~ 70%, sulfate（Sodium sulphate or potassium sulfate）15%~
40%, Na2SiO35% ~ 20%, basic anhydride 10% ~ 40%；The each component quality sum is 100%, and above-mentioned basic anhydride are
Na2O and K2It is one or more in O.
In the present invention, geological cement materials are the productions that alkali compounds is formed with aluminum silicate raw material by chemical reaction
Object has and is similar to natural zeolite（Hydronephelite, sodalite, Cali's wave stone, analcime etc.）Composition, also comprising class Tuo Bomo come
Stone, low calcium hydrated calcium silicate, hibschite and ground polymers etc..Such material hydrated product is stable and solubility is low, anti-leaching ability
It is relatively strong.
Further, the present invention provides application of the aforementioned geological cement in Radioactive chemical sludge solidification.More specifically, its
Curing operation is as follows：Geological cement and Radioactive chemical sludge are stirred into 7 ~ 10min in agitated kettle, after stirring is completed, turned
Move in mold and condense, final setting time ＜ for 24 hours, curing time 28d, 25 ± 5 DEG C of curing temperature, maintenance humidity >=90%, you can.
In the present invention, Radioactive chemical sludge is 1L with geological cement amount ratio:（1176~1818）g.
The present invention provides a kind of novel geological cement according to the insufficient defect such as inclusion quantity existing for existing curing is low
Material and its curing, the geological cement can increase substantially the inclusion quantity of radwaste, effectively reduce the increasing of firming body
Hold ratio.The present invention is when curing, on the one hand, promotes hydrated product to generate using its alkaline speciality；On the other hand, due to ground
Matter cement superfine mineral admixture large specific surface area, and containing adsorbents such as a large amount of alukalins, can preferably cure and contain
The big Radioactive chemical sludge of water contains all kinds of ions therein, and hydrated product more can adsorb and be dissolved nucleic
Ion prevents it from largely leaching.By the geological cement of the present invention for curing Radwastes treatment, with it is of low cost,
Outstanding advantages of radiation resistance is good and firming body is superior steadily in the long term, this is that other curings are incomparable.Therefore, originally
Invention is with a wide range of applications in terms of Radwastes treatment.
In conclusion by adopting the above-described technical solution, the beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：
（1）The present invention provides a kind of for curing the geological cement of Radioactive chemical sludge, the containing of chemical slurry in firming body
Amount up to 0.85（In terms of liquid gray scale）, effectively reduce the increase-volume ratio of firming body；
（2）For the present invention when carrying out solidification radwaste, setting time is adjustable, final setting time<For 24 hours, it can guarantee appropriate first
The solidifying time carries out curing operation；
（3）After 28d is conserved, firming body prepared by the present invention all indicators are better than《Country is low, middle level radioactive waste is solid
Change body performance requirement-solidified cement body》Regulation；Wherein, compression strength is up to 17.2MPa；After 90d soak tests, intensity
Loss is in zone of reasonableness（About 10%）, surface no cracking；After freeze-thaw cycle test 10 times, compression strength does not change substantially, table
Face is without apparent crackle；The 42d element leaching rates of transuranic element are significantly lower than national standard.
Specific implementation mode
All features disclosed in this specification or disclosed all methods or in the process the step of, in addition to mutually exclusive
Feature and/or step other than, can combine in any way.
Any feature disclosed in this specification unless specifically stated can be equivalent or with similar purpose by other
Alternative features are replaced.That is, unless specifically stated, each feature is an example in a series of equivalent or similar characteristics
.
Cured chemical slurry is certain unit Radioactive chemical sludge in the embodiment of the present invention, and solid and salinity contain in mud
Amount 2% ~ 4%（In mass ratio）.
Embodiment 1
（1）Each component is weighed by following mass percent：40%Na2CO3、40%Na2SO4、5%Na2SiO3、15%Na2O is mixed
To composite exciting agent.
（2）The ultra-fine high-calcium fly ass of 25 parts by weight, 60 parts by weight of activated kaolin, 15 parts by weight composite exciting agents are taken, are mixed
It closes uniformly, geological cement is made.
（3）Take 425ml chemical slurries and 500mg geological cements（Chemical slurry volume is with geological cement mass ratio
0.85）, the chemical slurry weighed and geological cement are stirred into 7min in agitated kettle, after stirring, moved to by being sampled in pot
In the mold of 50 × 50mm of φ, 20h is condensed, taking-up firming body, which is put into curing box, conserves 28d, 25 ± 5 DEG C of curing temperature, relatively
Humidity 90% prepares chemical slurry solidified cement body.
After measured, the compression strength of solidified cement body manufactured in the present embodiment is 14.1MPa；Freeze-thaw cycle test 10 times
Afterwards, compression strength 13.8MPa, surface is without apparent crackle；Firming body is after 90d impregnates, compression strength 13.5MPa, surface without
Crackle；Nucleic U 42d element leaching rates are 2.20 × 10-6cm/d。
Embodiment 2
（1）Each component is weighed by following mass percent：55wt%Na2CO3、25wt%Na2SO4、20wt%Na2SiO3, it is mixed to get
Composite exciting agent.
（2）The ultra-fine high-calcium fly ass of 20 parts by weight, 60 parts by weight of activated kaolin, 20 parts by weight composite exciting agents are taken, are mixed
It closes uniformly, geological cement is made.
（3）Take 350ml chemical slurries and 500mg geological cements（Chemical slurry volume is with geological cement mass ratio
0.70）, the chemical slurry weighed and geological cement are stirred into 7min in agitated kettle, after stirring, moved to by being sampled in pot
In the mold of 50 × 50mm of φ, 20h is condensed, taking-up firming body, which is put into curing box, conserves 28d, 25 ± 5 DEG C of curing temperature, relatively
Humidity 90% prepares chemical slurry solidified cement body.
After measured, the compression strength of solidified cement body manufactured in the present embodiment is 13.4MPa；Freeze-thaw cycle test 10 times
Afterwards, compression strength 12.6MPa, surface is without apparent crackle；Firming body is after 90d impregnates, compression strength 12.0MPa, surface without
Crackle；Nucleic U 42d element leaching rates are 2.70 × 10-6cm/d。
Embodiment 3
（1）Each component is weighed by following mass percent：35%Na2CO3、20%Na2SO4、5%Na2SiO3、40%K2O is mixed to get
Composite exciting agent.
（2）The ultra-fine high-calcium fly ass of 20 parts by weight, 60 parts by weight of activated kaolin, 20 parts by weight composite exciting agents are taken, are mixed
It closes uniformly, geological cement is made.
（3）Take 300ml chemical slurries and 500mg geological cements（Chemical slurry volume is with geological cement mass ratio
0.60）, the chemical slurry weighed and geological cement are stirred into 7min in agitated kettle, after stirring, moved to by being sampled in pot
In the mold of 50 × 50mm of φ, 20h is condensed, taking-up firming body, which is put into curing box, conserves 28d, 25 ± 5 DEG C of curing temperature, relatively
Humidity 90% prepares chemical slurry solidified cement body.
After measured, the compression strength of solidified cement body manufactured in the present embodiment is 12.3MPa；Freeze-thaw cycle test 10 times
Afterwards, compression strength 12.5MPa, surface is without apparent crackle；Firming body is after 90d impregnates, compression strength 11.3MPa, surface without
Crackle；Nucleic U 42d element leaching rates are 1.80 × 10-6cm/d。
Embodiment 4
（1）Each component is weighed by following mass percent：70%Na2CO3、15%Na2SO4、15%Na2SiO3, it is mixed to get compound sharp
Send out agent.
（2）The ultra-fine high-calcium fly ass of 15 parts by weight, 60 parts by weight of activated kaolin, 25 parts by weight composite exciting agents are taken, are mixed
It closes uniformly, geological cement is made.
（3）Take 275ml chemical slurries and 500mg geological cements（Chemical slurry volume is with geological cement mass ratio
0.55）, the chemical slurry weighed and geological cement are stirred into 7min in agitated kettle, after stirring, moved to by being sampled in pot
In the mold of 50 × 50mm of φ, 20h is condensed, taking-up firming body, which is put into curing box, conserves 28d, 25 ± 5 DEG C of curing temperature, relatively
Humidity 90% prepares chemical slurry solidified cement body.
After measured, the compression strength of solidified cement body manufactured in the present embodiment is 17.2MPa；Freeze-thaw cycle test 10 times
Afterwards, compression strength 16.9MPa, surface is without apparent crackle；Firming body is after 90d impregnates, compression strength 18.2MPa, surface without
Crackle；Nucleic U 42d element leaching rates are 1.30 × 10-6cm/d。
The invention is not limited in specific implementation modes above-mentioned.The present invention, which expands to, any in the present specification to be disclosed
New feature or any new combination, and disclose any new method or process the step of or any new combination.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of geological cement for curing Radioactive chemical sludge, which is characterized in that include the group of following mass percent
Point：
Exciting agent 10% ~ 25%,
Ultra-fine high-calcium fly ass 10% ~ 30%,
Alukalin 50% ~ 75%.
2. geological cement according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the exciting agent includes the group of following mass percent
Three kinds or four kinds in point：
Carbonate 35% ~ 70%,
Sulfate 15% ~ 40%,
Na2SiO35% ~ 25%,
Basic anhydride 10% ~ 40%；
The each component quality sum is 100%, and the basic anhydride are Na2O and K2It is one or more in O.
3. geological cement according to claim 2, which is characterized in that the carbonate is one in sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate
Kind, the sulfate is one kind in sodium sulphate, potassium sulfate.
4. according to claim 1 ~ 3 any one of them geological cement, which is characterized in that CaO in the ultra-fine high-calcium fly ass
Content is higher than 12wt%, and Blain specific surface is more than 700kg/m3。
5. geological cement according to claim 4, which is characterized in that CaO content is in the ultra-fine high-calcium fly ass
12wt% ~ 30wt%, Blain specific surface 700kg/m3~2000kg/m3。
6. geological cement according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the activity index of the alukalin is higher than 100,
Blain specific surface is more than 1500 kg/m3。
7. application of any one of the preceding claims 1-6 geological cements in Radioactive chemical sludge processing.
8. application according to claim 7, which is characterized in that the geological cement of the present invention exists with Radioactive chemical sludge
7 ~ 10min is mixed in reactor, is transferred in mold and condenses after having stirred, conserves, you can.
9. application according to claim 7, which is characterized in that condensation time ＜ is for 24 hours；Curing condition is as follows：Curing time
28d, 25 ± 5 DEG C of curing temperature, maintenance humidity >=90%.
10. according to claim 7 ~ 9 any one of them application, which is characterized in that in terms of Radioactive chemical sludge, 1L radioactivity
The dosage of the geological cement added in chemical slurry is 1176 ~ 1818g.
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Cited By (5)
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| CN111689708A (en) * | 2020-05-07 | 2020-09-22 | 中国工程物理研究院材料研究所 | High-calcium geological cement for nuclide solidification and application method |
| CN113511828A (en) * | 2021-07-27 | 2021-10-19 | 江苏润邦再生资源科技股份有限公司 | Exciting agent, preparation thereof and method for preparing cement clinker by exciting fly ash by using exciting agent |
| CN114804748A (en) * | 2022-04-24 | 2022-07-29 | 陕西正诚路桥工程研究院有限公司 | High-calcium fly ash/cement composite cementing material solidified clay and preparation method thereof |
| CN115159882A (en) * | 2022-08-01 | 2022-10-11 | 江西理工大学 | Preparation process of rare earth waste residue geopolymer |
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