CN108284597A - 平整塑料制品表面 - Google Patents

平整塑料制品表面 Download PDF

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CN108284597A
CN108284597A CN201810007152.2A CN201810007152A CN108284597A CN 108284597 A CN108284597 A CN 108284597A CN 201810007152 A CN201810007152 A CN 201810007152A CN 108284597 A CN108284597 A CN 108284597A
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布鲁诺·阿尔维斯
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33YADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y40/00Auxiliary operations or equipment, e.g. for material handling
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
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    • B05SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
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    • B05D5/00Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05DPROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
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    • C08J7/02Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances with solvents, e.g. swelling agents
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05DPROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D3/00Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D3/10Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by other chemical means
    • B05D3/107Post-treatment of applied coatings
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C71/00After-treatment of articles without altering their shape; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C71/0009After-treatment of articles without altering their shape; Apparatus therefor using liquids, e.g. solvents, swelling agents

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Abstract

在用于平整制品(4)表面的方法中,制品(4)至少部分地由塑料形成,制品(4)特别是机动车辆的部件,方法至少执行以下步骤:a)将制品(4)放置在真空密闭腔室(1)中,b)将腔室(1)中的压力减小为不超过50KPa、特别是不超过34KPa的部分真空,c)将丙酮加入腔室(1)中,这导致至少一些丙酮汽化;蒸汽凝结在制品(4)表面上,d)使凝结的蒸汽对制品(4)作用至少1分钟,e)打开腔室(1),使得腔室(1)内至少达到环境压力,f)从腔室(1)中取出制品(4)。

Description

平整塑料制品表面
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于平整通过例如增材制造工艺生产的制品、特别是用于机动车辆的制品的聚合物表面的方法,一种适用该方法的装置和一种根据该方法处理的制品。平整表面将原本过大的表面粗糙度降低到与通过注塑成型生产的制品类似的值。
背景技术
例如,机动车辆经常不再那么容易在市场上找到需要的配件。老爷车的配件就是典型的例子。早期生产的制品的注塑模具经常已经不存在。但是,制品的形状一般是已知的;特别是如果持有旧的、可能也不再可用的制品,则可以通过扫描或其他方法来确定制品的形状。一旦形状已知,就可以通过三维打印方法来生产制品。这些通常是逐层打印的。结果这种打印的制品表面太粗糙了;它的表面质量很差。尤其是不光滑。
术语“具有聚合物表面的制品”在这里意味着制品至少部分地由塑料构成,或者更确切地说,至少一部分表面由塑料构成。表现出过度粗糙的部分需要减少。该制品可以具有例如在其上施加塑料材料的金属芯。
DE 11 2014 002 879 T5公开了一种方法,其中首先通过将制品浸入液体溶剂(例如丙酮)中来将液体溶剂施加到表面上;这可以在室温下完成。通过抽吸提取(即通过施加真空)再除去溶剂。抽吸提取优选地在真空烘箱中以较高温度进行。用于此的真空范围为100到250Torr(托)。250Torr大致对应于正常大气压的1/3或大约33KPa。还描述了施加凝胶层。允许凝胶层凝固以平整至少一部分表面同时降低粗糙度。
US 2014/0264294 A1公开了通过3D方法生产的制品的表面处理。
丙酮C3H6O是丙酮或二甲基酮(最简单的酮)的通用名称。丙酮是无色液体,并且除其它外还用作非质子传递溶剂。丙酮以良好的溶剂著称。其特征性的结构特征是与两个甲基结合的羰基。沸点为56℃,20℃时的蒸汽压为233hPa。在较高浓度下,丙酮与空气形成爆炸性混合物。在正常气压下物质的燃点约为56℃。
JP 000H05239240 A1教导了一种表面处理方法。CN103192524A公开了一种使用水浴系统的方法和装置。
3D打印塑料制品(即本文主要涉及的制品)也可以通过例如喷砂或研磨来平整。但无论如何这些不能将收缩、咬边和其他问题点处理成为达到足够的质量标准。在处理过程中可能会丢失对制品重要的小细节。结果取决于进行处理的人员的技能。处理通常只能手动进行,而且这种处理费用昂贵。在处理过程中局部去除的材料往往过多或过少,使得整体质量不能令人满意。
除了沙子之外,还可以使用其他喷砂磨料,例如二氧化碳冰颗粒或其他颗粒(例如玻璃珠)。这里出现如上所述类似于喷砂的问题。
一种常用的方法是通过用丙酮处理来平整表面。这里区分为冷方法和热方法。已知丙酮溶解或至少部分地溶解大量塑料,例如ABS。在冷方法中,将打印的部件放入底部覆盖有少量的丙酮的容器中。容器闭合。丙酮逐渐进入气态并溶解掉印制品的表面约2μm。这种借助丙酮蒸汽的去除通常需要3小时。需要非常小心地注意才不会发生爆炸。
与冷方法相比,热方法承担的爆炸风险更大。在热方法中,传输热量由此主动地使丙酮变成气态。使用60℃和更高的温度。这个过程因此运行得相对较快,但是由于爆炸风险提高必须谨慎使用。
发明内容
本发明在此发挥作用。本发明的目的是从目前已知的平整方法出发,发展这些方法,并指定比现有技术更有利的方法、装置和相应生产的制品,其中该方法可以非常安全地进行而不需要任何热能输入,该装置结构简单并且成品光滑并且尺寸精确。
该目的通过一种用于平整至少部分地由塑料形成的制品(特别是机动车辆的部件)表面的方法来实现,该方法包括以下步骤:
a)将制品放置在真空密闭腔室中,
b)将腔室中的压力减小为不超过50KPa(特别是不超过34KPa)的部分真空,
c)将丙酮加入腔室中,这导致至少一些丙酮汽化;蒸汽凝结在制品表面上,
d)使凝结的蒸汽对制品作用至少1分钟,
e)打开腔室使得腔室至少达到环境压力,并且
f)从腔室中取出制品。
该目的还通过具有权利要求4的特征的装置和具有权利要求9的特征的制品来实现。
根据本发明,溶剂丙酮通过在部分真空下工作而进入气相。根据本发明的方法优选地在室温下进行,可以轻微增加到例如30℃的非临界温度范围。在该方法中,将例如3D打印部件的制品布置在密封为气密的腔室中。腔室内有一定量的丙酮。真空泵用于在密封腔室中产生部分真空,例如33KPa。在指定的33KPa的压力下丙酮开始沸腾,丙酮蒸汽充满腔室并且由此凝结在制品的表面上。在短暂的时间之后,特别是1到10分钟、优选地1到2分钟之后,通过浸润聚合物表面的气态丙酮使表面充分平整。此时可以在取出处理过的制品之前在腔室内重新建立大气压。
该过程优选地工作于大体封闭的系统中。仅当腔室内达到大气压时才打开腔室。然而在室温下,丙酮基本上是液体;腔室打开时仅有少量蒸汽逸出。
真空泵优选不直接连接到腔室内,而是真空泵的吸入侧连接到空气腔室,该吸入侧通过可移动隔膜、移动活塞或另一合适的分隔器而连接到腔室。这意味着真空泵总是只输送空气,而不输送丙酮蒸汽。
在改进中也可以使用气闸,待处理的制品通过气闸进入腔室并再次取出。这种气闸优选地采用真空锁的形式。由此可以在腔室中恒定保持部分真空。
附图说明
从其余的权利要求和以下对示例性实施例的描述中可以得到进一步的优点和特征,这些示例性实施例不应解释为限制性含义,并且这些示例性实施例参照附图在下文中进行更详细地解释,其中:
图1示出了用于平整制品表面的装置的示意图,其中该表面至少部分地由塑料构成;并且
图2示出了以KPa计的丙酮的蒸汽压相对于温度的坐标图。
具体实施方式
图1示出了腔室1,可以密封腔室1以使腔室1气密,并且腔室1连接到管道连接件,在管道连接件中有用于打开和关闭从压缩空气连接部3进入腔室1内部的通路的自动阀2。通过压缩空气连接部3可以将压缩空气例如以大于1bar到3bar(特别是大约2bar)的压力引入腔室1中。腔室1中设有示例性地示为方向盘的制品4。为腔室1分配容器5,容器5的内部压力由压力显示器6指示。容器5内部有气态丙酮7和液态丙酮8。容器5通过供给管线连接到腔室1内部,供给管线中设有单向阀9。供给管线继续到歧管10,歧管10具有用于释放丙酮蒸汽的开口。
真空由真空泵11产生。真空泵11具有出口12并且在真空泵11的吸入侧连接到工作腔室,工作腔室包括两个分离的部分,即由隔膜15隔开的空气区域14和丙酮区域16。隔膜15设计为例如滚动隔膜。隔膜15在工作腔室内的位置是自由变化的并且遵循压力比。换句话说,工作腔室的内部容积可以取决于隔膜15的位置而在空气区域14和丙酮区域16之间自由分配。隔膜15的位置又根据两个区域14和16中的压力而变化。隔膜15也可以采取紧密密封的活塞或滑块的形式,活塞或滑块在沿气缸的纵向方向具有圆柱形内表面的工作腔室中滑动,并将两个区域14、16彼此气密地隔开。空气区域14通过一段管道连接到设有排气口13的外部,排气口13也可以用作空气入口。管道区域设有阀门。
丙酮区域16通过连接管道一直连接到腔室1内。还示出了压力计,压力计用于显示在丙酮区域16中的并且因此也是在腔室1中的当前压力。
腔室1连接到单向安全阀17,安全阀17在出口侧通向出口连接部18。
该方法如下进行:
首先将具有在3D打印工艺中产生的表面的待处理的制品4布置在腔室1中。这可以通过打开腔室1来完成,但是也可以使用气闸(未示出)达到此目的。制品4布置在腔室1内的合适位置,优选地布置在腔室1的中心。可以将多于一个制品4放入腔室1中。然后腔室1密封。排气口13关闭。自动阀2关闭。
下一步是启动真空泵11。真空泵11将空气抽出空气区域14。由此使隔膜15移位;在所示的图中向下移动。结果,腔室1和包括其连接件的丙酮区域16的总体积充分扩大,使得在该整个区域中以及因此在腔室1内的产生为大气压的约1/3的压力。单向阀9由于现在存在的压力差而打开。
为了实现整个体积的充分扩大从而获得所需的部分真空,形成空气区域14和丙酮区域16的工作腔室必须具有无论如何显著大于示意图所示的相对较大的体积。当腔室1和与其连接的空间的内部压力已经充分减小时,丙酮(特别存在于容器5中的丙酮)沸腾。丙酮凝结在制品4的表面和其他地方。优选地,该制品4的温度低于形成总体积的整个空间(特别是腔室1)的其他内壁部分的温度。这是因为蒸汽优选地凝结在制品4的冷却表面上。制品比整个空间的其他内壁部分冷5到30°,(特别是冷5到10°)已经足够。
在用丙酮蒸汽处理1至2分钟后,制品4的表面充分平整。真空泵11可以在此时关闭。现在已准备好取出制品4。排气阀13打开;空气区域14的体积再次减小并且隔膜15移动。在示图中隔膜15向上移动。另外,也可以打开自动阀2并且使压缩空气进入腔室1内。当过压打开安全阀17时,残留的丙酮蒸汽此时可以离开腔室1。可以通过适当的方式在出口连接处收集丙酮蒸汽并重新使用。腔室1此时基本不含丙酮蒸汽并且打开腔室1;可以取出完成的产品,即制品14。
图2示出了绘制的在0-125℃的温度范围内的以KPa计的丙酮蒸汽压。在56℃的温度下,蒸汽压的值为101.3KPa,即大气压。常压下的沸点是56℃。在大约室温(25℃)下,沸点发生在30KPa的压力下。根据本发明的方法优选地在低于50KPa(特别是低于40KPa)的压力范围内进行。压力可以但并非优选地低于10KPa:不需要达到这样的压力值。
在用于平整至少部分地由塑料形成的制品4(特别是机动车辆部件的)表面的方法中,至少进行以下步骤:
a)将制品放置在真空密闭腔室1中,
b)将腔室1中的压力减小到不超过50KPa(特别是不超过34KPa)的部分真空,
c)将丙酮加入腔室1中,这导致至少一些丙酮汽化;蒸汽凝结在制品4的表面上,
d)使凝结的蒸汽对制品4作用至少1分钟,
e)打开腔室1使得腔室1内至少达到环境压力,并且
f)从腔室1中取出制品4。
附图标记列表
1 腔室
2 自动阀
3 压缩空气连接部
4 制品
5 容器
6 压力显示器
7 气态丙酮
8 液态丙酮
9 单向阀
10 歧管
12 出口
13 排气口
14 空气区域
15 隔膜
16 丙酮区域
17 安全阀
18 出口连接件
14和16整体:工作腔室

Claims (9)

1.一种用于平整制品(4)表面的方法,所述制品(4)至少部分地由塑料形成,所述制品(4)特别是机动车辆的部件,所述方法包括以下步骤:
a)将所述制品放置在真空密闭腔室(1)中,
b)将所述腔室(1)中的压力减小为不超过50KPa、特别是不超过34KPa的部分真空,
c)将丙酮加入所述腔室(1)中,这导致至少一些丙酮汽化;所述蒸汽凝结在所述制品(4)的所述表面上,
d)使所述凝结的蒸汽对所述制品(4)作用至少1分钟,
e)打开所述腔室(1),使得所述腔室(1)内至少达到环境压力,
f)从所述腔室(1)中取出所述制品(4)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中在步骤e)中,在所述腔室(1)中形成过压,特别是至少2bar的过压。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中在步骤b)中,通过从工作腔室的空气区域(14)抽吸出空气来减小压力,所述工作腔室还包括丙酮区域(16),所述工作腔室中的所述空气区域(14)和所述丙酮区域(16)之间布置有可活动分隔器,所述可活动分隔器特别是采用将所述空气区域(14)和所述丙酮区域(16)彼此分开的隔膜(15)的形式,并且由于所述分隔器的位移,所述丙酮区域(16)和与所述丙酮区域(16)连接的所述腔室(1)中的压力降低。
4.一种用于平整制品(4)表面的装置,所述制品(4)至少部分地由塑料形成,所述制品(4)特别是机动车辆的部件,所述装置包括:
-腔室(1),所述腔室(1)可以被密封以使之气密,并且所述腔室(1)容纳至少一个待处理的制品(4),
-容纳丙酮的容器(5),所述容器(5)通过布置有单向阀(9)的供给管线与所述腔室(1)连接,
-工作腔室,所述工作腔室包括空气区域(14)和连接到所述腔室(1)的丙酮区域(16),还包括密封地分隔所述空气区域(14)和所述丙酮区域(16)的可移动分隔器,所述分隔器特别是滚动隔膜(15),以及
-真空泵(11),所述真空泵(11)具有连接到所述空气区域(14)的吸入侧。
5.根据权利要求4所述的装置,其中所述腔室(1)连接到自动阀(2)所在的管道连接件。
6.根据权利要求4或5所述的装置,其中所述腔室(1)连接到安全阀(17),所述安全阀(17)在出口侧通向出口连接部(18),其中所述安全阀(17)优选地采取单向阀的形式。
7.根据权利要求4至6中任一项所述的装置,其中所述空气区域(14)通过一段管道连接到外部,并且将阀门(2)分配给所述一段管道。
8.根据权利要求4至7中任一项所述的装置,其中所述腔室(1)连接到安全阀(17),所述安全阀在所述出口侧通向出口连接部(18)。
9.一种具有平整表面的制品(4),所述制品(4)至少部分地由塑料形成,所述制品(4)特别是机动车辆的部件,其中所述制品(4)通过根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法制造。
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