CN108264950A - 一种燃烧时具有菠萝气味的机制炭 - Google Patents
一种燃烧时具有菠萝气味的机制炭 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108264950A CN108264950A CN201710000045.2A CN201710000045A CN108264950A CN 108264950 A CN108264950 A CN 108264950A CN 201710000045 A CN201710000045 A CN 201710000045A CN 108264950 A CN108264950 A CN 108264950A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- parts
- powder
- pineapple
- burning
- machine
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L5/00—Solid fuels
- C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
- C10L5/44—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on vegetable substances
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L9/00—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air
- A61L9/01—Deodorant compositions
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L9/00—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air
- A61L9/01—Deodorant compositions
- A61L9/013—Deodorant compositions containing animal or plant extracts, or vegetable material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L5/00—Solid fuels
- C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
- C10L5/44—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on vegetable substances
- C10L5/442—Wood or forestry waste
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L5/00—Solid fuels
- C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
- C10L5/44—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on vegetable substances
- C10L5/445—Agricultural waste, e.g. corn crops, grass clippings, nut shells or oil pressing residues
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
- C10L9/10—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by using additives
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2209/00—Aspects relating to disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air
- A61L2209/20—Method-related aspects
- A61L2209/21—Use of chemical compounds for treating air or the like
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2230/00—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole
- C10L2230/08—Inhibitors
- C10L2230/088—Inhibitors for inhibiting or avoiding odor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2230/00—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole
- C10L2230/10—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole for adding an odor to the fuel or combustion products
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Ecology (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Disinfection, Sterilisation Or Deodorisation Of Air (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种燃烧时具有菠萝气味的机制炭，包括以下重量份的原料：菠萝皮粉30‑40份、陈皮粉10‑20份、茉莉花粉10‑15份、稻壳粉15‑20份、花生壳粉15‑20份、锯末60‑80份、松脂粉5‑8份、硅藻土5‑8份，所述菠萝皮粉、陈皮粉、茉莉花粉、稻壳粉、花生壳粉、锯末、松脂粉的颗粒直径为2‑4mm。该木炭具有燃烧时具有菠萝的芳香味和桂花清香味，具有止咳、止痢、化痰的作用，还可以用于除去室内异味，还可驱蚊蝇。该木炭燃烧时，可以减少刺激性气体的产生，有益人体健康。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及机制炭的生产领域，具体的说，是涉及到一种燃烧时具有菠萝气味的机制炭。
背景技术
人类使用木炭的历史已经很久远了，木炭被作为燃料被广泛使用，如取暖、烧烤、火锅燃料，木炭是将木材在缺氧的条件下燃烧或热解而成，但由于现在森林资源日益困乏，用木材制炭会使得制炭的成本提高 ；另外，大量砍伐树木会破坏自然生态环境；一般工艺制备的木炭，燃烧时间短，热值低，不符合节能环保的要求。国家现已禁止砍伐烧制原木炭。市场上存在一些机制炭，但燃烧过程中，会产生大量的刺激性气味的气体。
发明内容
针对现有技术的不足，本发明的目的是提供一种燃烧时具有菠萝气味的机制炭，该木炭具有燃烧时具有菠萝香味和桂花清香味，具有止咳、止痢、化痰的作用，还可以用于除去室内异味，还可驱蚊蝇。该木炭燃烧时，可以减少刺激性气体的产生，有益人体健康。
为实现上述目的，本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的：一种燃烧时具有菠萝气味的机制炭，包括以下重量份的原料：菠萝皮粉30-40份、陈皮粉10-20份、茉莉花粉10-15份、稻壳粉15-20份、花生壳粉15-20份、锯末60-80份、松脂粉5-8份、硅藻土5-8份，所述菠萝皮粉、陈皮粉、茉莉花粉、稻壳粉、花生壳粉、锯末、松脂粉的颗粒直径为2-4mm。
进一步说明，所述的燃烧时具有菠萝气味的机制炭的制作方法，包括以下步骤：（1）备料：先将各原料进行干燥至含水率在15%-20%；（2）制棒：将上述烘干后的加工粉料与硅藻土混配均匀，制作成中空圆柱薪棒，所述圆柱薪棒设有贯穿圆柱薪棒内外壁的多个小孔；（3）炭化：将薪棒放入容器中，在无氧条件下，温度为200-300℃条件下对薪棒进行燃烧炭化80-90小时，自然冷却，即得机制木炭。
本发明各原料功效如下：
菠萝皮又名波罗、番娄子、露兜子、地菠萝、草菠萝，为凤梨科植物凤梨的果皮。味涩、甘，性平，具有解毒、止咳、止痢的功能，主治咳嗽;痢疾。菠萝皮能护胃，菠萝皮(除去外面刺手的部分)除了富含食物纤维和维生素C之外，菠萝皮中的菠萝蛋白酶可以分解食物，清除消化道内的死亡组织，具有护胃抗癌的功效，此外菠萝皮中菠萝蛋白酶的含量是果肉的两倍。
桂花，淡黄白色，芳香，提取芳香油，制桂花浸膏，可用于食品、化妆品，可制糕点、糖果，并可酿酒。桂花味辛，可入药。以花、果实及根入药。秋季采花；春季采果；四季采根，分别晒干。花：辛，温。果：辛、甘，温。根：甘、微涩，平。功能主治：花：散寒破结，化痰止咳。用于牙痛，咳喘痰多，经闭腹痛。果：暖胃，平肝，散寒。用于虚寒胃痛。根：祛风湿，散寒。用于风湿筋骨疼痛，腰痛，肾虚牙痛。
与现有技术相比，本发明具有如下有益效果：以菠萝皮粉、陈皮粉、桂花粉、稻壳粉、花生壳粉、锯末、松脂粉、硅藻土为原料，该木炭燃烧时具有菠萝的芳香味和茉莉花清香味，具有止咳、止痢、化痰的作用，还可以用于除去室内异味，还可驱蚊蝇。稻壳粉、花生壳粉、锯末，延长燃烧时间，松脂粉可以助燃，硅藻土有助成型，将木炭设置成中空的圆柱体，设有贯穿圆柱体内外壁的通孔，可以使得木炭在使用时与氧气充分接触，减少一氧化碳的产生，减少刺激性气味，有益人体健康。
具体实施方式
以下结合具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细描述，但不限制本发明的保护范围和应用范围：
实施例1
一种燃烧时具有菠萝气味的机制炭，包括以下重量份的原料：菠萝皮粉30份、陈皮粉10份、茉莉花粉10份、稻壳粉15份、花生壳粉15份、锯末60份、松脂粉5份、硅藻土5份，所述菠萝皮粉、陈皮粉、茉莉花粉、稻壳粉、花生壳粉、锯末、松脂粉的颗粒直径为2mm。所述的燃烧时具有菠萝气味的机制炭的制作方法，包括以下步骤：（1）备料：先将各原料进行干燥至含水率在15%；（2）制棒：将上述烘干后的加工粉料与硅藻土混配均匀，制作成中空圆柱薪棒，所述圆柱薪棒设有贯穿圆柱薪棒内外壁的多个小孔；（3）炭化：将薪棒放入容器中，在无氧条件下，温度为200℃条件下对薪棒进行燃烧炭化80小时，自然冷却，即得机制木炭。
实施例2
一种燃烧时具有菠萝气味的机制炭，包括以下重量份的原料：菠萝皮粉40份、陈皮粉20份、茉莉花粉15份、稻壳粉20份、花生壳粉20份、锯末80份、松脂粉8份、硅藻土8份，所述菠萝皮粉、陈皮粉、茉莉花粉、稻壳粉、花生壳粉、锯末、松脂粉的颗粒直径为4mm。所述的燃烧时具有菠萝气味的机制炭的制作方法，包括以下步骤：（1）备料：先将各原料进行干燥至含水率在20%；（2）制棒：将上述烘干后的加工粉料与硅藻土混配均匀，制作成中空圆柱薪棒，所述圆柱薪棒设有贯穿圆柱薪棒内外壁的多个小孔；（3）炭化：将薪棒放入容器中，在无氧条件下，温度为300℃条件下对薪棒进行燃烧炭化90小时，自然冷却，即得机制木炭。
实施例3
一种燃烧时具有菠萝气味的机制炭，包括以下重量份的原料：菠萝皮粉35份、陈皮粉15份、茉莉花粉12份、稻壳粉18份、花生壳粉18份、锯末70份、松脂粉7份、硅藻土7份，所述菠萝皮粉、陈皮粉、茉莉花粉、稻壳粉、花生壳粉、锯末、松脂粉的颗粒直径为3mm。所述的燃烧时具有菠萝气味的机制炭的制作方法，包括以下步骤：（1）备料：先将各原料进行干燥至含水率在18%；（2）制棒：将上述烘干后的加工粉料与硅藻土混配均匀，制作成中空圆柱薪棒，所述圆柱薪棒设有贯穿圆柱薪棒内外壁的多个小孔；（3）炭化：将薪棒放入容器中，在无氧条件下，温度为250℃条件下对薪棒进行燃烧炭化85小时，自然冷却，即得机制木炭。
本发明的木炭燃烧时具有菠萝的芳香味和桂花清香味，具有止咳、止痢、化痰的作用，还可以用于除去室内异味，还可驱蚊蝇。该木炭燃烧时，可以减少刺激性气体的产生，有益人体健康。
以上是对本发明一种燃烧时具有菠萝气味的机制炭进行了阐述，用于帮助理解本发明，但本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制，任何未背离本发明原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化，均应为等效的置换方式，都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (2)
1.一种燃烧时具有菠萝气味的机制炭，其特征在于，包括以下重量份的原料：菠萝皮粉30-40份、陈皮粉10-20份、茉莉花粉10-15份、稻壳粉15-20份、花生壳粉15-20份、锯末60-80份、松脂粉5-8份、硅藻土5-8份，所述菠萝皮粉、陈皮粉、茉莉花粉、稻壳粉、花生壳粉、锯末、松脂粉的颗粒直径为2-4mm。
2.根据权利要求1所述的燃烧时具有菠萝气味的机制炭的制作方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：（1）备料：先将各原料进行干燥至含水率在15%-20%；（2）制棒：将上述烘干后的加工粉料与硅藻土混配均匀，制作成中空圆柱薪棒，所述圆柱薪棒设有贯穿圆柱薪棒内外壁的多个小孔；（3）炭化：将薪棒放入容器中，在无氧条件下，温度为200-300℃条件下对薪棒进行燃烧炭化80-90小时，自然冷却，即得机制木炭。
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710000045.2A CN108264950A (zh) | 2017-01-01 | 2017-01-01 | 一种燃烧时具有菠萝气味的机制炭 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710000045.2A CN108264950A (zh) | 2017-01-01 | 2017-01-01 | 一种燃烧时具有菠萝气味的机制炭 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN108264950A true CN108264950A (zh) | 2018-07-10 |
Family
ID=62771455
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710000045.2A Pending CN108264950A (zh) | 2017-01-01 | 2017-01-01 | 一种燃烧时具有菠萝气味的机制炭 |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN108264950A (zh) |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105349212A (zh) * | 2015-11-02 | 2016-02-24 | 和县伊迈炭业有限责任公司 | 一种机制木炭的生产方法 |
| CN205295272U (zh) * | 2015-12-11 | 2016-06-08 | 江西晟鑫生物炭业有限公司 | 一种新型空心机制生物炭薪棒 |
-
2017
- 2017-01-01 CN CN201710000045.2A patent/CN108264950A/zh active Pending
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105349212A (zh) * | 2015-11-02 | 2016-02-24 | 和县伊迈炭业有限责任公司 | 一种机制木炭的生产方法 |
| CN205295272U (zh) * | 2015-12-11 | 2016-06-08 | 江西晟鑫生物炭业有限公司 | 一种新型空心机制生物炭薪棒 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN104498126B (zh) | 一种机制炭及其制备方法 | |
| CN103815537A (zh) | 一种外加植物纤维制备功能型再造烟叶的方法 | |
| CN105349212A (zh) | 一种机制木炭的生产方法 | |
| CN104068468A (zh) | 应用于电子烟具及传统水烟烟具的水烟果燃及其制备方法 | |
| CN103238929A (zh) | 一种含有植物梗丝的滤棒及制作方法 | |
| CN105660815A (zh) | 一种腊肉熏烤用熏料 | |
| CN106963222A (zh) | 含有葫芦成分的燃香及其制备方法 | |
| US11473027B2 (en) | Organic mixture for a fuel source | |
| CN108853168A (zh) | 一种具有菊花香的香及其制备方法 | |
| CN104186561A (zh) | 一种天然生物无毒散气型驱蚊蚊香及其制造方法 | |
| CN108264950A (zh) | 一种燃烧时具有菠萝气味的机制炭 | |
| CN108264912A (zh) | 一种利用榴莲壳制成的机制炭 | |
| CN101461429A (zh) | 一种箭茶的制作方法 | |
| KR101449993B1 (ko) | 배즙 부산물을 이용한 배 티백차의 제조방법 및 이에 의해 제조된 배즙 부산물을 이용한 배 티백차 | |
| KR101727075B1 (ko) | 조미 김의 제조방법 | |
| ES2287503T3 (es) | Combustible en forma de comprimidos con contenido de material vegetal y procedimiento para producir un combustible de este tipo. | |
| CN104473320A (zh) | 一种水烟具上的水烟果肉制备方法 | |
| JP4809951B1 (ja) | 温灸用の燃焼材及びこれを用いた台座灸 | |
| CN110616098B (zh) | 一种荔枝废弃物生产生物质颗粒燃料的方法 | |
| CN101125027A (zh) | 一种环保香烟替代品的制备方法及其产品 | |
| KR101066717B1 (ko) | 팽화된 대나무분말을 이용한 뜸연소재 및 제조방법. | |
| CN101623508A (zh) | 一种茶香及其制备方法 | |
| KR101793492B1 (ko) | 커피원액을 이용한 커피 성형 숯의 제조방법 | |
| CN108264951A (zh) | 一种含脐橙皮的机制炭 | |
| CN202407053U (zh) | 郁金烟草薄片制造的卷烟 |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication |
Application publication date: 20180710 |
|
| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication |