CN108159423A - 治疗和预防心血管疾病的组合物和方法 - Google Patents
治疗和预防心血管疾病的组合物和方法 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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Abstract
本申请提供了通过调节Hippo‑YAP信号传导途径预防和治疗心血管疾病和炎性疾病的新方法。还提供了鉴定能够调节所述Hippo‑YAP信号传导途径并且因此可用于预防和治疗心血管疾病和炎性疾病的化合物的方法。
Description
发明背景
本申请要求于2016年12月7日提交的美国临时专利申请第62/431,094号的优先权,将其内容出于所有目的整体并入本文。
发明背景
心血管疾病(CAD)是这样的术语,其通常被用于指影响心脏的结构或功能的医学病况,如冠状动脉疾病(动脉狭窄)、心脏病发作、心律失常或心律不齐、心力衰竭、心脏瓣膜疾病、先天性心脏病、心肌疾病(心肌症)、心包疾病、主动脉疾病和马凡综合征,以及其它血管疾病(vascular diseases/blood vessel diseases)。一种类型的CAD被称为动脉粥样硬化,其涉及由于动脉壁周围斑块的过度累积而引起的动脉硬化。当向重要器官(例如,心脏)提供氧气和营养物的动脉受影响时,所述疾病破坏身体周围的血液流动并且可造成严重的心血管并发症。冠状动脉疾病、中风和外周动脉疾病涉及动脉粥样硬化,其反过来可能由高血压、吸烟、糖尿病、缺乏锻炼、肥胖、高血胆固醇、饮食不良和过度饮酒等引起。CAD是全球和北美洲的主要死亡原因。
在正常的生理条件下,炎症过程迅速起作用以破坏和消除外来的和受损的细胞,以及将感染的或受损的组织与身体的其它部位分开。当炎症失控并且引起健康组织破坏时,出现炎性病症。炎性病症是涉及处以不适当方式的炎症的疾病和病况,例如,许多发生在免疫系统在不存在感染的情况下错误地引发炎症时,如类风湿性关节炎中的关节炎症。在其它实例中,炎性病症可因对组织损伤或创伤的应答而产生,但会以某种方式影响全身。炎性疾病包括多种特定疾病,如阿尔茨海默氏病、强直性脊柱炎关节炎(骨关节炎、类风湿性关节炎(RA)、银屑病性关节炎)、哮喘、动脉粥样硬化、克罗恩病、结肠炎、皮炎、憩室炎纤维肌痛、肝炎肠易激综合征(IBS)、系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)、肾炎帕金森氏病、溃疡性结肠炎,其中多种可以是疼痛的、使人虚弱的和威胁生命的。
由于CAD和炎性疾病的普遍性,尤其是考虑到它们的社会经济影响以及它们对人的预期寿命和生活质量的重大影响,迫切需要开发新的且更有效的方法和治疗剂以预防和治疗这些疾病。本申请满足了该需求和其它相关需求。
发明概述
本申请的发明人已经将Hippo-YAP信号传导途径,尤其是效应物YAP/TAZ鉴定为预防和治疗心血管疾病(CAD),如动脉粥样硬化,以及各种其它相关病症和病况,如炎性疾病的治疗靶标。更具体地,本申请的发明人显示抑制YAP的活性以及活化整联蛋白β3可以阻抑CAD、炎性疾病和各种其它相关病症的发展。
因此,在第一方面,本申请提供了治疗或预防对象中的心血管疾病或炎性疾病的方法。所述方法包括向所述对象施用包含有效量的YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂的组合物的步骤。在一些实施方案中,所述对象已经被诊断患有心血管疾病或炎性疾病。在一些实施方案中,所述对象处于心血管疾病或炎性疾病的风险中,但尚未被诊断患有心血管疾病或炎性疾病。在一些实施方案中,所述组合物为药物,例如,被配制成通过注射(例如,静脉内、肌肉内或皮下)或口服摄入施用的药物。在一些实施方案中,所述组合物为通过口服摄入施用的膳食补充剂,尤其是在向处于患有CAD或炎性疾病的风险但尚未被诊断患有CAD或炎性疾病的对象施用的情况下。
在第二方面,本申请提供了鉴定整联蛋白-YAP/TAZ信号传导途径的调节剂的方法。所述方法包括这些步骤:(a)将内皮细胞置于单向剪切应力下;(b)使所述细胞与候选化合物接触并测定YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平;(c)将在步骤(b)中获得的Ser127处的磷酸化水平与在单向剪切应力下但不与所述候选化合物接触的对照内皮细胞中YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平进行比较;和(d)当步骤(b)中获得的YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平大于所述对照内皮细胞中YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平时,将所述候选化合物确定为YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂,以及当步骤(b)中获得的YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平小于所述对照内皮细胞中YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平时,将所述候选化合物确定为YAP的活化剂或整联蛋白β3的抑制剂。
在第三方面,本申请提供了鉴定整联蛋白-YAP/TAZ信号传导途径的调节剂的另一方法。所述方法包括这些步骤:(a)将内皮细胞置于扰动流下;(b)使所述细胞与候选化合物接触并测定YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平;(c)将在步骤(b)中获得的YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平与在扰动流下但不与所述候选化合物接触的对照内皮细胞中YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平进行比较;和(d)当步骤(b)中获得的YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平大于所述对照内皮细胞中YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平时,将所述候选化合物确定为YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂,以及当步骤(b)中获得的YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平小于所述对照内皮细胞中YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平时,将所述候选化合物确定为YAP的活化剂或整联蛋白β3的抑制剂。
在第四方面,本申请提供了鉴定整联蛋白-YAP/TAZ信号传导途径的调节剂的另一方法。所述方法包括这些步骤:(a)将内皮细胞置于单向剪切应力下;(b)使所述细胞与候选化合物接触并测定整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平;(c)将步骤(b)中获得的整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平与在单向剪切应力下但不与所述候选化合物接触的对照内皮细胞中的整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平进行比较;和(d)当步骤(b)中获得的所述整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平大于所述对照内皮细胞中的所述整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平时,将所述候选化合物确定为YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂,以及当步骤(b)中获得的所述整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平小于所述对照内皮细胞中的所述整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平时,将所述候选化合物确定为YAP的活化剂或整联蛋白β3的抑制剂。
在第五方面,本公开提供了鉴定整联蛋白-YAP/TAZ信号传导途径的调节剂的另一方法。所述方法包括以下这些步骤:(a)将内皮细胞置于扰动流下;(b)使所述细胞与候选化合物接触并测定整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平;(c)将步骤(b)中获得的整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平与在扰动流下但不与所述候选化合物接触的对照内皮细胞中的整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平进行比较;和(d)当步骤(b)中获得的所述整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平大于所述对照内皮细胞中的所述整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平时,将所述候选化合物确定为YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂,以及当步骤(b)中获得的所述整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平小于所述对照内皮细胞中的所述整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平时,将所述候选化合物确定为YAP的活化剂或整联蛋白β3的抑制剂。
在上文和本文所述的筛选方法中的任一种的一些实施方案中,筛选试验中使用的内皮细胞为人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)或人主动脉内皮细胞(HAEC)。
在第六方面,本申请提供了用于治疗或预防对象中的心血管疾病或炎性疾病的试剂盒。所述试剂盒通常包含(1)含有有效量的YAP的活化剂或整联蛋白β3的抑制剂(如通过本申请的筛选方法鉴定的整联蛋白-YAP/TAZ信号传导途径的一种调节剂)的组合物;和任选地(2)有效治疗或预防心血管疾病或炎性疾病的另一药剂。该两种药剂可以保存在相同或不同容器中。在一些实施方案中,所述试剂盒还包含为使用者提供施用整联蛋白-YAP/TAZ信号传导途径的调节剂的信息的说明书。
在第七方面,本申请提供了用于治疗或预防对象中的心血管疾病或炎性疾病的药物组合物,其包含(i)YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂(如通过本申请的筛选方法鉴定的整联蛋白-YAP/TAZ信号传导途径的一种调节剂),和(ii)药学可接受的赋形剂或载体。
在第八方面,本申请提供了YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂(如通过本申请的筛选方法鉴定的整联蛋白-YAP/TAZ信号传导途径的一种调节剂)在制备治疗或预防对象中的心血管疾病或炎性疾病的药物中的用途。在一些实施方案中,所述对象已经被诊断患有心血管疾病或炎性疾病。在一些实施方案中,所述对象处于心血管疾病或炎性疾病的风险中,但尚未被诊断患有心血管疾病或炎性疾病。
在第九方面,本申请提供了用于治疗或预防对象中的心血管疾病或炎性疾病的组合物,其包含YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂(如通过本申请的筛选方法鉴定的整联蛋白-YAP/TAZ信号传导途径的一种调节剂)。在一些实施方案中,所述组合物为通过注射或口服摄入施用的药物。在一些实施方案中,所述组合物为通过口服摄入施用的膳食补充剂。
附图简述
图1:血液动力学调控EC中的YAP磷酸化、亚细胞定位、下游基因表达和报告基因活性。a,免疫印迹显示与没有内皮(-endo)的小鼠主动脉相比,具有内皮(+endo)的小鼠主动脉中的YAP的表达更高。b,USS促进YAP磷酸化,而扰动流抑制YAP磷酸化。c,USS促进HUVEC中的YAP细胞核输出。通过免疫染色使YAP可视化;用碘化丙啶(PI)复染细胞核。d,e,USS阻抑,而扰动流增加(d)8*GTIIC-luc报告基因活性,以及(e)YAP/TAZ靶基因CTGF和CYR61的表达(n=3;与静态(STA)相比,通过双尾不成对t-检验,*P<0.05)。f,免疫印迹显示与来自C57BL/6J小鼠的主动脉弓(AA,弯曲的)相比,胸主动脉(TA,笔直的)中的YAP磷酸化水平更高。g,小鼠主动脉中的YAP的en face染色显示与外部弯曲和胸主动脉相比,主动脉弓的内部弯曲中的YAP细胞核定位增加(n(TA)=6,n(AA内部)=3,n(AA外部)=3)。h,i,(i)在(h)具有手术狭窄的大鼠腹主动脉中的pYAP的免疫染色显示在夹紧区中增加的pYAP和在下游区域中减少的pYAP(n=3)。显示了三个独立实验的代表性图像。
图2:整联蛋白通过Gα13-介导的RhoA抑制来抑制YAP/TAZ活性。a,细胞质结构域缺失的整联蛋白(β3Δcyto)逆转HUVEC中的USS-诱导的YAP磷酸化。b,含有RGD的肽GRGDSP(100μg ml-1)诱导YAP磷酸化。c,Gα13或整联蛋白β3的敲低减弱MnCl2-诱导的(0.5mM,持续5min)YAP磷酸化。d,整联蛋白β3Pro32Pro33突变诱导YAP磷酸化。e,f,CA-RhoA阻抑(e)USS或(f)0.5mM MnCl2诱导的YAP磷酸化。g,h,Gα13敲低逆转(g)USS-诱导的YAP磷酸化和(h)MnCl2-诱导的GTP-RhoA阻抑。i,抑制Gα13的肽SRI过表达的Gα13逆转USS-诱导的YAP磷酸化。j,持续3个月的西方饮食(WD)或正常饮食(ND)的ApoE-/-小鼠的动脉粥样硬化主动脉中整联蛋白β3、Gα13、pYAP、YAP和TAZ的表达。k,l,(k)ApoE-/-小鼠(n=5)和(l)人(n=5)的动脉粥样硬化病变中的pYAP水平。通过免疫染色使pYAP(pYAP和vWF可视化;用DAPI(蓝色)复染细胞核。显示了至少三个独立实验的代表性图像。
图3:YAP/TAZ活化通过增加JNK活性诱导粘附分子表达。a,KEGG富集途径分析,以及(b)转染有CA-YAP/TAZ的HUVEC中mRNA谱的基因本体论(GO)富集分析,c,JNK抑制剂SP600125阻抑HUVEC中的CA-YAP/TAZ-诱导的炎性基因表达(n=3;通过双尾不成对t-检验,*P<0.05)。d,CA-YAP/TAZ促进单核细胞附着至HUVEC。e,f,YAP/TAZ敲低降低JNK靶基因(IL6和IL8)的表达,以及(f)PMA诱导的AP-1报告基因活性(n=3;通过双尾不成对t-检验,*P<0.05)。g,h,EC-特异性YAP过表达促进(g)动脉粥样硬化斑块形成,如通过油红O染色可视化的,以及(h)JNK活化,如通过pJNK的免疫染色检测到的(n=5,显示了代表性结果)。
图4:YAP/TAZ活性的阻抑阻碍动脉粥样化形成。a,b,AAV介导的CRISPR/Cas9系统特异性敲低ApoE-/-小鼠的内皮中的YAP水平。图解(a,左)显示ApoE-/-小鼠中的颈动脉部分结扎手术。通过(a,右)免疫染色(YAP、Vcam1、细胞核)(n=5,显示了代表性结果)和(b)主动脉中YAP的免疫印迹确认了YAP敲低。c,EC特异性YAP敲低降低了接受颈动脉部分结扎(箭头)手术的ApoE-/-小鼠中的斑块形成。d,口服施用MnCl2降低了动脉粥样硬化斑块形成,如通过油红O染色可视化的。e,抗动脉粥样硬化剂的YAP/TAZ报告基因活性试验显示,他汀类药物对YAP/TAZ活性产生最强的抑制作用(n=3;通过双尾不成对t-检验,*P<0.05)。f,辛伐他汀抑制YAP/TAZ靶基因的表达,而不能逆转CA-YAP/TAZ-诱导的促炎性基因的表达(n=3;通过双尾不成对t-检验,*P<0.05)。g,EC中血液动力学调控的YAP/TAZ信号传导的图解。
图5:USS和扰动流相反地调控YAP/TAZ活性。a,免疫印迹显示USS诱导人主动脉EC中的YAP磷酸化。b,USS-诱导的YAP细胞核输出的汇总数据。c,在暴露于USS 6h的HUVEC中,细胞核部分中的TAZ降低,细胞质部分中的TAZ增加。在细胞分级分离之后通过免疫印迹检测TAZ表达。d,扰动流阻抑人主动脉EC中的YAP磷酸化。e,免疫印迹显示扰动流增加HUVEC中的CTGF表达。将所有免疫印迹实验重复三次,并显示了代表性结果。f,g,YAP/TAZ敲低减弱扰动流诱导的(f)CTGF和(g)CYR61的基因表达(n=3;通过双尾不成对t-检验,*P<0.05)。h,小鼠主动脉中相对细胞核YAP水平的en face染色的汇总数据。
图6:USS通过整联蛋白-Gα13-RhoA途径抑制YAP/TAZ。a,MnCl2(0.5mM)促进YAP磷酸化,如通过免疫印迹所示。b,MnCl2降低HUVEC中的细胞核YAP/TAZ水平。c,抑制Gα13的肽mSRI逆转MnCl2-诱导的YAP/TAZ报告(8×GTIIC-luc)基因活性(n=3;通过双尾不成对t-检验,*P<0.05)。d,含有RGD的肽GRGDSP下调YAP/TAZ下游靶基因表达(n=3;通过双尾不成对t-检验,*P<0.05)。e,f,整联蛋白β3中的Pro32pro33突变抑制HUVEC中的YAP/TAZ反式激活,如通过阻抑的(e)YAP/TAZ靶基因的表达和(f)YAP/TAZ报告基因活性所验证的(n=3;通过双尾不成对t-检验,*P<0.05)。g,Gα13或整联蛋白β3的敲低逆转MnCl2-诱导的HUVEC中MnCl2-诱导的YAP/TAZ细胞核输出。h,Gα13的敲低逆转HUVEC中含有RGD的肽介导的CTGF和CYR61阻抑(n=3;通过双尾不成对t-检验,*P<0.05)。i,抑制Gα13的肽mSRI和mP6逆转HUVEC中MnCl2-诱导的(5min)pYAP,而非全部的YAP表达。将实验重复至少三次,并显示了代表性结果。
图7:YAP/TAZ活化增加JNK活性。a,mRNA测序结果的热图显示CA-YAP/TAZ促进促炎性基因的表达。b,CA-YAP/TAZ增加HUVEC中粘附分子的启动子活性。c,CA-YAP/TAZ过表达增加单核细胞附着至HUVEC的汇总数据。d,e,免疫印迹显示暴露于(d)USS或(e)扰动流不同持续时间的HUVEC中的JNK磷酸化。将实验重复三次,并显示了代表性结果。f,YAP/TAZ敲低阻抑HUVEC中基础的和PMA-诱导的JNK磷酸化。g,显性负性YAP(YAP S94A)的过表达抑制PMA-诱导的AP-1报告基因活性。h,CA-YAP/TAZ增加HUVEC中AP-1报告基因活性(n=4;通过双尾不成对t-检验,*P<0.05),并且PMA用作阳性对照,用于监测AP-1活性。
图8:YAP的EC特异性过表达加速斑块形成。a,Cre介导的EC特异性YAP过表达转基因小鼠的产生。b,En face染色显示Tie2Cre/+;YAP-COEtg/+;ApoE-/-的内皮细胞中增加的YAP表达(n=10)。c,EC特异性YAP过表达-增加的JNK磷酸化的汇总数据。d,EC特异性YAP过表达增加来自主动脉根的动脉粥样硬化斑块中的巨噬细胞含量。e,f,EC特异性YAP过表达不影响(e)胆固醇或(f)甘油三酯的血清水平。
图9:通过shRNA或MnCl2施用抑制TAZ活性延迟动脉粥样化形成并不依赖于脂质代谢,而通过AAV-介导的CA-YAP/TAZ过表达活化YAP/TAZ加速动脉粥样硬化斑块形成。a,免疫印迹显示腺病毒介导的TAZ shRNA阻抑TAZ表达水平。b,TAZ敲低延迟ApoE-/-小鼠中西方饮食诱导的斑块形成。c,TAZ的敲低阻抑的ApoE-/-小鼠中的斑块形成不是由于脂质谱的变化而引起的。d,免疫印迹显示注射有表达CA-YAP/TAZ的AAV的小鼠中增加的YAP表达。e,f,CA-YAP/TAZ-诱导的斑块形成的恶化的(e)油红O染色和(f)汇总数据。g.AAV介导的CA-YAP/TAZ过表达不影响ApoE-/-小鼠中的脂质谱。h,i,口服施用MnCl2不影响肝脏中的(h)脂质谱或(i)SOD活性。数据表示为平均值±s.e.m.,n=5-6;通过双尾不成对t-检验,*P<0.05。
图10:蛋白质印迹数据的总结。a,内皮去除降低小鼠主动脉中的YAP水平。b,USS增加YAP磷酸化。c,扰动流降低YAP磷酸化。d,胸主动脉表达比主动脉弓高的pYAP水平。e,过表达功能缺失突变的整联蛋白β3(β3Δcyto)阻抑USS诱导的pYAP。f,含有RGD的肽GRGDSP诱导pYAP。g,Gα13或整联蛋白β3的敲低逆转MnCl2-诱导的pYAP。h,整联蛋白功能获得突变Pro32Pro33增加pYAP。i,组成型活化的RhoA(CA-RhoA)逆转USS-诱导的pYAP。数据:对于a,n=6,以及对于其它附图,n=3;通过双尾不成对t-检验,*P<0.05。
图11:蛋白质印迹数据的总结。a,CA-RhoA逆转MnCl2-诱导的pYAP。b,Gα13的敲低逆转USS-诱导的pYAP。c,Gα13抑制剂SRI逆转USS-诱导的pYAP。d-h,(d)pYAP、(e)YAP、(f)TAZ、(g)Gα13和(h)整联蛋白β3水平的免疫印迹检测。i,CRISPR-Cas9体内基因组编辑系统的YAP敲低。数据:对于a–c,n=3,对于d–i,n=5;双尾不成对t-检验,*P<0.05。
定义
在本申请中使用的术语“治疗(treat)”或“治疗(treating)”描述了导致相关病况的任何症状的消除、减轻、缓解、逆转或预防或延迟发作或复发的行为。换言之,“治疗”病况涵盖针对病况的治疗性和预防性干预。
本文使用的术语“有效量”是指在量上足以产生期望效果的给定物质的量。例如,YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂的有效量是所述抑制剂或活化剂达到其预期生物学活性,使得出于治疗性目的在已经给予抑制剂或活化剂的患者中心血管疾病或炎性疾病的症状被减轻、逆转、消除、预防或延迟发作的量。足以实现这一点的量被定义为“治疗有效剂量”。给药范围随着正施用的治疗剂的性质和其它因素,如施用途径和患者病况的严重程度而变化。
本文使用的术语“对象”或“需要治疗的对象”包括由于相关疾病或病况,例如心血管疾病或炎性疾病的风险,或实际患有这些疾病或病况而寻求医疗护理的个体。对象还包括寻求治疗方案处理的正在经历治疗的个体。需要治疗的对象或个体包括显示相关疾病的症状或处于患有疾病或其症状的风险中的对象或个体。例如,需要治疗的对象包括具有心血管疾病或炎性疾病的遗传倾向或家族史的个体、过去曾遭受相关症状的个体、已经暴露于引发物质或事件的个体,以及遭受病况的慢性或急性症状的个体。“需要治疗的对象”可能处于任何年龄段。
YAP或整联蛋白β3的“抑制剂”、“活化剂”和“调节剂”分别用于指使用针对YAP磷酸化或整联蛋白β3-Gα13蛋白结合/缔合的体外和体内试验鉴定的抑制、活化或调节分子,尤其是如在扰动流或单向剪切应力下于内皮细胞中观察到的。术语“调节剂”包括抑制剂和活化剂。抑制剂为例如部分或完全阻断靶蛋白,如YAP蛋白或整联蛋白β3的活性(分别显示为增加的YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化或整联蛋白β3与Gα13之间降低的缔合)的试剂。在一些情况下,抑制剂直接或间接结合蛋白,如中和抗体。本文使用的抑制剂与灭活剂和拮抗剂同义。活化剂为例如刺激、增加、促进、增强靶蛋白,如YAP蛋白或整联蛋白β3的活化,敏化或上调靶蛋白,如YAP蛋白或整联蛋白β3的活性(分别显示为降低的YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化或整联蛋白β3与Gα13之间增加的缔合)的试剂。调节剂包括靶蛋白配体或结合伴侣(包括天然存在的配体的修饰物和合成设计的配体)、抗体和抗体片段、拮抗剂、激动剂、小分子包括含有碳水化合物的分子、siRNA、RNA适配子等。
如本文所用,术语“单向剪切应力(USS)”和“扰动流”描述流体流动模式及其对周围表面的影响,例如,与细胞,尤其是血管内表面内衬的内皮细胞有关的循环系统中的血流模式。在该背景下,“单向剪切应力”是指当流体(例如,血液)沿流动路径(例如,血管,如动脉)朝一个方向流动时,流动路径的平行内表面(例如,内皮细胞表面)上的力。相比之下,“扰动流”是指没有一个确定方向的更复杂的流体流动模式,这是由于流动路径中存在的不规则性或某些几何形状,如血管的分支点或血管中的部分障碍物(例如,斑块累积),导致具有多个方向的流体流。这种更复杂的流动模式导致流动路径表面(例如,内皮细胞表面)上的力不同于由于单向剪切应力而产生的表面上的力。
发明详述
I.导言
本申请的发明人首次发现Hippo-YAP信号传导途径参与心血管疾病和炎性疾病的发病机理。因此,本申请涉及通过使用Hippo-YAP途径的抑制剂来预防或减轻动脉粥样硬化及其它心血管和代谢疾病。Hippo途径为新鉴定的信号传导途径,其在控制器官大小和发育中发挥作用。本申请的发明人的最近的研究提供了新的证据,其证明Hippo途径效应物YAP/TAZ在来自具有心血管和代谢功能障碍,如动脉粥样硬化的人和小鼠的内皮细胞中被活化。
心血管疾病(CAD)是一类心脏和血管疾病。较高水平的粘附分子表达与动脉粥样硬化的开始和发展密切相关。本申请的发明人已经发现大量的粘附分子由内皮细胞中的YAP/TAZ信号传导控制。在ApoE-/-小鼠中,内皮YAP的特异性过表达加速动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成。相比之下,经由病毒介导的shRNA或CRISPR/Cas9对的YAP/TAZ的抑制逆转实验诱导的动脉粥样硬化小鼠中的代谢病症。通过口服施用MnCl2阻抑YAP/TAZ的活性减轻动脉粥样硬化ApoE-/-小鼠中的斑块形成,表明Hippo途径的药理学干预对于动脉粥样硬化的退化是非常有效的。
基于这一发现,已经建立了抗-CAD药物筛选平台,并且本申请的发明人已经构建了半自动化、高通量筛选平台的腺病毒介导的报告基因系统。几种抗动脉粥样硬化剂的最初试验鉴定了这些药物中的一些发挥抗-动脉粥样硬化作用。例如,他汀类药物表现出最强的YAP/TAZ抑制作用。由于他汀类药物是针对心血管疾病的一线疗法,这些结果表明这种新的药物筛选平台可以导致鉴定用于治疗患者中的CAD以及其它疾病和病况,如炎性疾病,例如,动脉粥样硬化、高血压、代谢疾病、如肥胖、糖尿病、肥胖/糖尿病诱导的血管功能障碍的有效化合物。
靶向Hippo途径的本申请提供了针对心血管疾病以及其它相关疾病和病症的新策略。目前,降低胆固醇的治疗最常用于治疗具有血脂异常和动脉粥样硬化的患者。然而,药物治疗期间,患者会遭受一些副作用。此外,相当数量的具有正常胆固醇水平(<200mg/dL)的人会患冠状动脉疾病。相比之下,大量的具有升高的胆固醇(225-300mg/dL)的个体不患有冠状动脉疾病。因此,有必要鉴定替代药物靶标。
将腺病毒介导的报告系统和永生化人主动脉内皮细胞(HAEC)用于药物筛选。本申请的发明人已经发现内皮细胞中增加的YAP/TAZ活性与动脉粥样硬化的发展和斑块形成密切相关。内皮细胞表达确定其对不同药物治疗的独特应答的特异性受体。因此,有必要使用内皮细胞来研究前导药物的YAP/TAZ抑制作用。由于来自不同供体的原代内皮细胞含有不同的遗传背景,这可能在不同批次的实验之间引起显著差异,所以使用永生化人主动脉内皮细胞。然而,内皮细胞难以转化,这可能延迟研究进展并增加成本。为了克服这一问题,本申请的发明人已经制备了腺病毒的表达YAP/TAZ的荧光素酶报告子和海肾内参。整个筛选过程可以在两天内完成。
II.Hippo-YAP信号传导途径的调节剂的鉴定
通过说明YAP/TAZ信号传导与动脉粥样化形成和炎症的相关性,本申请提供了用于治疗患有心血管疾病或炎性疾病的患者,或者用于降低后来患有此类疾病的风险的手段:通过抑制YAP/TAZ活性和/或增加整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合和生物学活性。如本文所用,相关疾病的治疗涵盖减轻、逆转、减少或消除所述疾病的一种或多种症状,以及预防或延迟一种或多种相关症状的发作。
在密切相关的方面,本申请提供了用于鉴定Hippo-YAP信号传导途径的调节剂,例如,YAP的抑制剂和整联蛋白β3的活化剂的方法,因为这些化合物可用于调节YAP信号传导,并且因此可用于治疗心血管疾病、炎性疾病以及其它相关病况和病症,或者用于降低患有此类疾病的风险。这些调节剂可以为具有任何化学性质的小分子或大分子。
通常,在体外试验,例如,基于细胞的试验系统中首先测试候选化合物对Hippo-YAP信号传导途径中的各种分子的任何潜在的有利的或不利的影响。内皮细胞由于其天然表达Hippo-YAP途径中的分子以及其对刺激,如单向剪切应力(USS)或扰动流的自然应答而通常被用于此类试验系统中。实际上,可以使用任何哺乳动物内皮细胞,其中人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)或人主动脉内皮细胞(HAEC)为两个实例。通常,首先将内皮细胞在载玻片(例如,玻璃或塑料载玻片)上培养,然后,将载玻片置于流动室中并经历适当的流动模式(如扰动流或单向剪切应力),保持适当的持续时间(例如,至少5、10或15分钟,或10分钟至20、30或60分钟,或1-2小时,或2-3小时、或3-6小时)。在不同的流动模式下进行基于细胞的试验的仪器经由商业供应商,如IBIDI获得。
扰动流导致YAP/TAZ的活化,如(1)降低的整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合,和(2)Ser127处降低的YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化所示;然而单向剪切应力导致YAP/TAZ的抑制,如(1)增加的整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合,和(2)Ser127处增加的YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化所示。这些变化可以作为测试化合物作为YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂的潜能的指标:如果与不存在测试化合物时YAP磷酸化水平相比,该测试化合物的存在导致增加的YAP磷酸化,则该化合物为YAP的潜在抑制剂。类似地,如果与不存在测试化合物时整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平相比,该测试化合物的存在导致增加的整联蛋白β3与Gα13的缔合,则候选化合物可能为整联蛋白β3的活化剂。
一旦进行基于细胞的筛选,并且提供哪些化合物可能为Hippo-YAP信号传导途径的调节剂的指示,可以对这些化合物进行另外的测试(例如,体内或基于动物的测试)以进一步确认其调节YAP信号传导的能力。一旦确认,抑制剂/活化剂则可以用于多种治疗和预防应用中。
如上文所述,整联蛋白-YAP信号传导途径的调节剂(如YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂)可以具有不同的化学和结构特征。例如,抑制剂可以为非功能性YAP蛋白突变体(例如,显性负性突变体)、干扰YAP蛋白活性的针对YAP蛋白的抗体(例如,中和抗体)、或仅阻碍YAP蛋白与其辅因子或其它结合伴侣之间的相互作用的任何小分子或大分子。基本上,任何化合物均可以作为YAP蛋白活性的潜在抑制剂进行测试。最优选的通常为可以溶解在水溶液或有机(尤其是基于DMSO的)溶液中的化合物。可以通过筛选含有大量可能有效的化合物的组合文库来鉴定抑制剂。可以在本文所述的一个或多个试验中筛选此类组合化学文库以鉴定显示出期望特征活性的那些文库成员(特定的化学种类或亚类)。因此鉴定的化合物可以作为常规的“先导化合物”,或者可以将其自身用作潜在的或实际的治疗剂。类似地,整联蛋白β3的活化剂可以为大分子如组成型活化的突变的整联蛋白,或者可以为增强整联蛋白β3与Gα13之间相互作用的小分子。可以通过在本文所述或相关研究领域已知的一个或多个试验中筛选组合化学文库来鉴定活化剂。
组合化学文库的制备和筛选为本领域技术人员众所周知的。此类组合化学文库包括但不限于肽文库(参见,例如,美国专利5,010,175,Furka,Int.J.Pept.Prot.Res.37:487-493(1991)和Houghton等人,Nature354:84-88(1991))和碳水化合物文库(参见,例如,Liang等人,Science,274:1520-1522(1996)和美国专利5,593,853)。也可以使用产生化学多样性文库的其它化学物质。此类化学物质包括但不限于:类肽类(PCT公开号WO 91/19735),被编码的肽(PCT公开WO 93/20242),随机生物寡聚物(PCT公开号WO 92/00091),苯二氮卓类(benzodiazepines)(美国专利第5,288,514号),多样体类(diversomers),如乙内酰脲、苯二氮卓类和二肽(Hobbs等人,Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA 90:6909-6913(1993))、插烯化(vinylogous)多肽(Hagihara等人,J.Amer.Chem.Soc.114:6568(1992)),具有β-D-葡萄糖支架的非肽性肽模拟物(Hirschmann等人,J.Amer.Chem.Soc.114:9217-9218(1992)),小化合物文库的类似有机合成(Chen等人,J.Amer.Chem.Soc.116:2661(1994)),寡聚氨基甲酸酯(oligocarbamates)(Cho等人,Science 261:1303(1993)),和/或肽基磷酸酯(Campbell等人,J.Org.Chem.59:658(1994)),核酸文库(参见,Ausubel,Berger和Sambrook,全部同上),肽核酸文库(参见,例如,美国专利5,539,083),抗体文库(参见,例如,Vaughn等人,Nature Biotechnology,14(3):309-314(1996)和PCT/US96/10287),小有机分子文库(参见,例如,苯二氮卓类,Baum C&EN,1月18日,第33页(1993);类异戊二烯,美国专利5,569,588;噻唑烷酮和间噻唑酮(metathiazanones),美国专利5,549,974;吡咯烷,美国专利5,525,735和5,519,134;吗啉代化合物,美国专利5,506,337;和苯二氮卓类,美国专利5,288,514)。
III.药物组合物
1.制剂
本申请的整联蛋白-Gα13-YAP途径的调节剂可用于制备药物组合物或药物。可以将药物组合物或药物施用于对象以治疗相关疾病或降低以后患有此类疾病,例如,心血管疾病或炎性疾病的风险。
用于本申请的化合物,例如,YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂,可用于制备药物组合物或药物,其包含有效量的化合物联合或混合适合应用的赋形剂或载体。
用于抑制YAP/活化整联蛋白β3的示例性药物组合物包含(i)YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂,和(ii)药学可接受的赋形剂或载体。术语药学可接受的和生理学可接受的在本文中同义使用。抑制剂或活化剂可以以治疗有效剂量提供用于本文所述的治疗方法中。
YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂可以经由脂质体施用,所述脂质体用来使调节剂靶向特定组织,以及增加组合物的半衰期。脂质体包括乳剂、泡沫、胶束、不溶性单层、液晶、磷脂分散体、薄片层等。在这些制剂中,待递送的抑制剂或活化剂单独地、或联合能结合靶细胞(例如,内皮细胞)中普遍存在的受体的分子或其它治疗组合物一起作为脂质体的一部分而并入。因此,可以将填充有本申请的期望抑制剂/活化剂的脂质体引导至治疗部位,在那里,脂质体于是递送选定的抑制剂/活化剂组合物。用于本申请的脂质体由标准的形成囊泡的脂质形成,其通常包括中性和带负电的磷脂和固醇,如胆固醇。通常通过考虑例如,脂质体大小、酸不稳定性和血流中脂质体的稳定性来指导脂质的选择。多种方法可用于制备脂质体,如,在例如,Szoka等人(1980)Ann.Rev.Biophys.Bioeng.9:467,美国专利第4,235,871号、第4,501,728号和第4,837,028号中所述。
可以通过标准技术,使用一种或多种生理学可接受的载体或赋形剂来配制用于本申请的药物组合物或药物。合适的药物载体在本文和E.W.Martin的"Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences"中描述。可以将本申请的抑制剂或活化剂及其生理学可接受的盐和溶剂化物配制用于通过任何合适的途径的施用,包括经由吸入施用、局部施用、经鼻施用、口服施用、肠胃外施用或直肠施用。
用于局部施用的典型制剂包括乳膏剂、软膏剂、喷雾剂、洗剂和贴剂。然而,可以将药物组合物配制用于任何类型的施用,例如,利用注射器或其它装置的皮内、皮下、静脉内、肌肉内、鼻内、脑内、气管内、动脉内、腹膜内、膀胱内、胸膜内、冠状动脉内或瘤内注射。也考虑了通过吸入(例如,气溶胶)施用、或者口服施用、直肠施用或阴道施用的制剂。
2.施用途径
用于局部应用,例如,于皮肤和眼睛的合适制剂优选为本领域众所周知的水溶液、软膏剂、乳膏剂或凝胶。这些制剂可以含有增溶剂、稳定剂、张力增强剂、缓冲液和防腐剂。
用于经皮应用的合适制剂包括有效量的本申请的抑制剂或活化剂以及载体。优选的载体包括可吸收的药理学可接受的溶剂,以辅助透过宿主的皮肤。例如,经皮装置为绷带的形式,其包括背衬构件、容纳化合物并任选地容纳载体的贮器、任选地用于将化合物以受控的和预定的速率在延长的时间段内递送至宿主皮肤的速率控制屏障以及将装置固定于皮肤的装置。也可以使用基质经皮制剂。
对于口服施用,药物组合物或药物可以采取,例如,通过常规手段用药学可接受的赋形剂制备的片剂或胶囊的形式。优选片剂和明胶胶囊,其包含活性成分(即,YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂),以及(a)稀释剂或填充剂,例如乳糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、甘露醇、山梨醇、纤维素(例如乙基纤维素、微晶纤维素)、甘氨酸、果胶、聚丙烯酸酯和/或磷酸氢钙、硫酸钙;(b)润滑剂,例如二氧化硅、滑石、硬脂酸、硬脂酸的镁盐或钙盐、金属硬脂酸盐、胶体二氧化硅、氢化植物油、玉米淀粉、苯甲酸钠、乙酸钠和/或聚乙二醇;对于片剂还包含(c)粘合剂,例如硅酸镁铝、淀粉糊、明胶、黄蓍胶、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和/或羟丙基甲基纤维素;如果需要还包含(d)崩解剂,例如淀粉(例如马铃薯淀粉或淀粉钠)、乙醇酸盐、琼脂、藻酸或其钠盐、或泡腾混合物;(e)润湿剂,例如月桂基硫酸钠;和/或(f)吸收剂、着色剂、调味剂和甜味剂。
可以按照本领域已知的方法将片剂包薄膜衣或肠溶衣。用于口服施用的液体制剂可以采取,例如溶液、糖浆或悬液的形式,或它们可以以干燥产品呈现,用于在使用前用水或其它合适的媒介物复原。可以通过常规手段用药学可接受的添加剂来制备此类液体制剂,所述添加剂,例如,悬浮剂,例如山梨醇糖浆、纤维素衍生物或氢化食用脂肪;乳化剂,例如卵磷脂或阿拉伯胶;非水性媒介物,例如杏仁油、油性酯、乙醇或分馏植物油;以及防腐剂,例如,对羟苯甲酸甲酯或对羟苯甲酸丙酯或山梨酸。所述制剂还可以视情况含有缓冲盐、调味剂、着色剂和/或甜味剂。如果需要,可以适当地配制用于口服施用的制剂,以产生活性组合物的控释。
本申请的抑制剂或活化剂可以配制用于通过注射,例如通过弹丸注射或连续输注的肠胃外施用。可以以单位剂量形式提供注射用制剂,例如,提供在安瓿或多剂量容器中,并添加防腐剂。可注射组合物优选为水性等渗溶液或悬液,并且优选用脂肪乳剂或悬液制备栓剂。组合物可以是经过灭菌的和/或含有佐剂,例如防腐剂、稳定剂、润湿剂或乳化剂、溶解促进剂、用于调控渗透压的盐和/或缓冲液。或者,活性成分可以是粉末形式,用于在使用前用合适的媒介物(例如,无菌无热原的水)复原。此外,它们还可以含有其它有治疗价值的物质。分别按照常规混合、制粒或包被方法制备组合物,并且其含有约0.1-75%、优选约1-50%的活性成分。
对于吸入施用,可以以气溶胶喷雾呈现形式、利用合适的推进剂从加压包或雾化器方便地递送活性成分,例如,YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂,所述推进剂例如二氯二氟甲烷、三氯氟甲烷、二氯四氟乙烷、二氧化碳或其它合适的气体。对于加压气溶胶,可以通过提供阀来递送计量数从而确定剂量单位。例如,用于吸入器或吹入器的明胶胶囊和明胶盒可以配制为含有化合物和合适的粉末基料(例如,乳糖或淀粉)的粉末混合物。
还可以将抑制剂/活化剂配制于直肠组合物(例如,栓剂或保留灌肠剂)中,所述直肠组合物例如含有常规栓剂基料,例如,可可油或其它甘油酯。
此外,可以将活性成分配制为贮存制剂。此类长效制剂可以通过植入(例如,皮下或肌肉内)或通过肌肉内注射施用。因此,例如,活性成分可以用合适的聚合材料或疏水材料(例如,作为可接受的油中的乳剂)或离子交换树脂配制或配制为微溶衍生物,例如,作为微溶性盐。
本申请的药物组合物或药物包含(i)有效量的YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂,和(ii)另一治疗剂。当与本申请的化合物一起使用时,此类治疗剂可以单独、依次或与一种或多种其它此类治疗剂(例如,第一治疗剂、第二治疗剂和本申请的化合物)组合使用。可以通过相同或不同的施用途径施用或者在同一药物制剂中一起施用。
3.剂量
如本文所述,药物组合物或药物可以以治疗有效剂量施用于对象以预防、治疗或控制胃癌。将药物组合物或药物以足以引起对象中的有效治疗应答的量施用于对象。
施用的活性剂的剂量取决于对象的体重、年龄、个体状况、待治疗区域的表面积或体积以及施用形式。剂量的大小也由具体化合物在具体对象中的施用所伴随的任何副反应的存在、性质以及程度来决定。例如,每种类型的YAP抑制剂或整联蛋白β3活化剂可能具有独特剂量。向约50至70kg的哺乳动物口服施用的单位剂量可以含有约5至500mg的活性成分。通常,本申请的活性化合物的剂量为足以达到期望效果的剂量。可以从测量药剂在对象机体中的积累计算出最佳给药方案。通常,剂量可以每天、每周或每月给予一次或多次。本领域普通技术人员能容易地确定最佳剂量、给药方法和重复率。
为了达到期望的治疗效果,可以以治疗有效的日剂量施用抑制剂或活化剂,持续多天。因此,为了治疗对象中本文所述的相关病况或疾病,化合物的治疗有效施用需要持续3天至两周或更久的时间段的周期性(例如,每天)施用。通常,至少连续3天,通常至少连续5天,更通常至少10天,并且有时连续20、30、40或更多天施用药剂。尽管连续日剂量是达到治疗有效剂量的优选途径,但是,即使药剂不是每天施用,也能达到治疗有益效果,只要足够频繁地重复施用而能在对象中维持治疗有效浓度的药剂。例如,可以隔一天、每三天施用药剂,或者如果采用更高的剂量范围并且能被对象耐受,可以施用药剂每周一次。
此类化合物或药剂的最佳剂量、毒性和治疗功效可以取决于单独化合物或药剂的相对效力而变化,并且可以通过细胞培养物或实验动物中的标准药物程序来确定,例如,通过测定LD50(致50%的群体死亡的剂量)和ED50(在50%的群体中治疗有效的剂量)。毒性效果和治疗效果的剂量比为治疗指数,并且可以表示为LD50/ED50的比值。表现出大的治疗指数的药剂是优选的。虽然可以使用表现出毒性副作用的药剂,但是应当注意设计出能将这些药剂靶向于受累组织部位,以使对正常组织的可能损伤最小化,并从而降低副作用的递送系统。
从例如细胞培养物试验和动物研究获得的数据可用于制定用于人体的剂量范围。此类化合物的剂量优选位于包括ED50同时具有很小毒性或没有毒性的循环浓度的范围内。剂量可以根据所用剂形和施用途径在该范围内变化。对于在本申请方法中使用的任何药剂,可以最初从细胞培养物试验估算治疗有效剂量。可以在动物模型中制定能达到包括在细胞培养物中测定的IC50(能实现症状的最大抑制的50%的药剂浓度)的循环血浆浓度范围的剂量。此类信息可用于更准确地确定人体中的可用剂量。可以例如通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)来测量血浆水平。通常,对于一般对象来说,药剂的剂量当量为约1ng/kg至100mg/kg。
提供了本文所述的YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂的示例性剂量。例如,以小的有机化合物调节剂的形式的YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂的剂量可以以5-1000mg口服施用,或者以10-500mg/ml静脉内输注。单克隆抗体抑制剂/活化剂可以通过以50-500mg/ml(历经120分钟);1-500mg/kg(历经60分钟);或每周五次1-100mg/kg(弹丸剂)静脉内注射或输注施用。可以以10-500mg,皮下;0.1-500mg/kg,每天两次,或约50mg,每周一次,或25mg,每周两次静脉内施用抑制剂或活化剂。
本申请的药物组合物可以单独施用或与至少一种另外的治疗性化合物组合施用。示例性的有利的治疗性化合物包括全身和局部抗炎药、镇痛药、抗组胺剂、麻醉化合物等。另外的治疗性化合物可以与主要活性成分(例如,YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂)同时施用,或甚至在同一组合物中施用。另外的治疗性化合物也可以在单独的组合物中单独施用或在与主要活性成分不同的剂型中单独施用。主要成分,如YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂的一些剂量可以与另外的治疗性化合物同时施用,而其它剂量单独施用,这取决于个体的具体症状和特征。
根据症状的严重程度、复发频率和对治疗方案的生理学反应,可以在整个治疗中调整本申请的药物组合物的剂量。本领域技术人员能常规地进行治疗方案的此类调整。
VI.试剂盒
本申请提供了用于实施本文所述的方法以预防或治疗对象中的心血管疾病或炎性疾病的组合物和试剂盒,其可以用于治疗性目的或作为预防措施。
通常,试剂盒包含容器,其含有包含有效量的Hippo-YAP途径的调节剂的组合物。例如,所述组合物可以为用于治疗心血管疾病或炎性疾病的药物,并且其可以被配制用于注射或口服摄入。在其它情况下,所述组合物可以被配制成膳食补充剂,其可以伴随食物或饮料被处于心血管疾病或炎性疾病风险的对象(即使他们可能没有被诊断为实际患有该疾病)摄入。另外,试剂盒通常包含第二组合物,如有效治疗心血管疾病或炎性疾病的另一已知的治疗剂,其可以与第一组合物组合使用以增强效果。此外,本申请的试剂盒可以提供说明书以指导使用者正确应用其中包含的组合物。
实施例
下述实施例仅通过示例方式而非通过限制性方式被提供。本领域技术人员会容易地认识到可变化或修改以得到基本上相同或相似结果的多个非关键性参数。
导言
Yorkie同系物YAP(Yes相关蛋白)和TAZ(具有PDZ结合基序的转录共活化剂,也被称为WWTR1)(Hippo途径的效应物)已经被鉴定为机械刺激的介质1。然而,YAP/TAZ在血液动力学诱导的力学传导和动脉粥样硬化的发病机理中的作用尚不清楚。此处,本申请的发明人显示内皮YAP/TAZ活性受不同血流模式调控,并且YAP/TAZ的抑制阻抑炎症并阻碍动脉粥样化形成。动脉粥状硬化易发性(atheroprone)-扰动流增加,而防动脉粥样硬化(atheroprotective)的单向剪切应力抑制YAP/TAZ活性。单向剪切应力活化整联蛋白并促进整联蛋白-Gα13相互作用,导致RhoA抑制以及YAP磷酸化和抑制。YAP/TAZ的抑制阻抑JNK信号传导并下调促炎性基因表达,从而降低单核细胞附着和浸润。体内内皮细胞特异性YAP过表达加剧,而CRISPR/Cas9介导的YAP在内皮细胞中的敲低阻碍ApoE-/-小鼠中的斑块形成。还显示几种现有的抗动脉粥样硬化剂如他汀类药物抑制YAP/TAZ反式激活。另一方面,辛伐他汀不能阻抑内皮细胞中组成型活性的YAP/TAZ诱导的促炎性基因表达,表明YAP/TAZ抑制可有助于辛伐他汀的抗炎作用。此外,通过口服施用MnCl2活化整联蛋白减少了斑块形成。总之,这些结果表明整联蛋白-Gα13-RhoA-YAP途径有希望成为针对动脉粥样硬化的新型药物靶标。
结果和讨论
内皮细胞(EC)一直暴露于血流产生的机械力。不同的剪切力诱导不同的细胞反应。扰动流与动脉粥样硬化病变的血管炎症和病灶分布相关,而稳定的单向剪切应力(USS)为抗炎的和防动脉粥样硬化的2。
Hippo途径(新鉴定的激酶级联)参与器官大小控制和肿瘤阻抑。该途径的活化通过促进下游效应物YAP/TAZ的磷酸化和细胞质保留导致所述下游效应物YAP/TAZ的抑制3。YAP/TAZ被报道为包括基质刚度、拉伸和细胞密度在内的机械刺激的传感器1。然而,YAP/TAZ在血液动力学介导的信号转导和动脉粥样硬化中的作用仍不清楚。
间接证据暗示YAP/TAZ可能参与动脉粥样化形成。良好表征的YAP/TAZ靶基因(CTGF和CYR61)在人动脉粥样硬化病变中高度表达4。溶血磷脂酸(主要的致动脉粥样化因子)为YAP和TAZ的有效活化剂5。在640种临床使用的药物中,他汀类药物(最广泛使用的抗-动脉粥样硬化药物)被鉴定为最强的YAP抑制剂6。然而,在动脉粥样化形成中YAP/TAZ活化的直接证据仍然不足。
本申请的发明人首次发现小鼠EC比主动脉中的其它细胞表达更高水平的YAP,表明YAP在保持内皮细胞稳态中可能起作用(图1a)。为研究血液动力学对YAP活性的影响,测量了经历USS(12dyn cm-2)或扰动流(0.5±6dyn cm-2,1Hz)的人脐静脉EC(HUVEC)中的YAP磷酸化(Ser127,pYAP)。有趣的是,USS抑制YAP活性,而扰动流活化YAP活性。暴露于USS的HUVEC和人主动脉EC中的pYAP增加(图1b和图5a)。因此,在经历USS的HUVEC中观察到增加的YAP/TAZ细胞质保留(图1c和图5b,c)。一致地,USS阻抑YAP/TAZ的反式激活活性,如由降低的YAP/TAZ反应性荧光素酶(8×GTIIC-luc)报告基因活性和下调的靶基因表达所指示的(图1d,e)。相比之下,扰动流降低pYAP(图1b和图5d),增强YAP/TAZ报告基因活性(图1d)以及增加YAP/TAZ靶基因表达(图1e和图5e-g)。为研究体内血液动力学对YAP活性的影响,本申请的发明人测定小鼠主动脉节段中的YAP磷酸化和细胞核定位,并显示主动脉弓(暴露于扰动流的区域)中的pYAP水平低于胸主动脉(暴露于USS的区域)中的pYAP水平(图1f)。一致地,在血流是单向的主动脉弓的外部弯曲和胸主动脉中,YAP主要定位于细胞质中,而在血流受到干扰的主动脉弓的内部弯曲中,YAP主要定位于细胞核中(图1g和图5h)。大鼠腹主动脉横断钳闭术为用于在体内产生不同流动模式的模型(图1h)7。单向流动加速的束紧区域表现出最高的pYAP水平。在血流是单向的上游区域检测到适度的pYAP水平,而在血流受到干扰的下游区域中观察到低的YAP水平(图1i)。
整联蛋白β3为剪切力的直接传感器。推定的整联蛋白激动剂含RGD的肽(GRGDSP)或MnCl2可以模拟USS的作用8。为测定USS是否通过活化整联蛋白诱导YAP磷酸化,在转染有功能缺失突变的整联蛋白(细胞质结构域缺失(β3△cyto))的HUVEC中检测USS诱导的YAP磷酸化9。发现β3△cyto过表达消除USS诱导的YAP磷酸化(图2a)。此外,用GRGDSP或MnCl2的处理增加HUVEC中的pYAP(图2b和图6a)。此外,GRGDSP阻抑YAP/TAZ靶基因表达(图6d)。一致地,MnCl2诱导YAP/TAZ细胞核输出(图6b)并降低YAP/TAZ报告基因活性(图6c),而整联蛋白β3敲低逆转MnCl2诱导的YAP磷酸化(图2c)。该证据表明整联蛋白活化直接诱导YAP磷酸化。
先前的研究已经表明流动产生的拉力通过保持整联蛋白的伸展构象(配体结合构象)诱导该整联蛋白活化10。为测试伸展构象的整联蛋白β3是否促进YAP/TAZ磷酸化,构建了Leu33Pro点突变的整联蛋白β3(Pro32Pro33整联蛋白)以模拟整联蛋白β3活化11。事实上,HUVEC中的Pro32Pro33过表达诱导YAP磷酸化(图2d),下调YAP/TAZ靶基因表达(图6e)以及阻抑YAP/TAZ报告基因活性(图6f),表明整联蛋白β3介导USS诱导的YAP抑制。
RhoA是YAP/TAZ的最重要的上游活化剂之一3。整联蛋白的参与以及USS阻抑RhoA活性8,12。因此,假定RhoA介导整联蛋白诱导的YAP/TAZ阻抑。如所预期的,在转染有组成型活性的RhoA(Q63L)(CA-RhoA)的HUVEC中,基础的和USS-或MnCl2-诱导的YAP磷酸化降低(图2e,f)。
G蛋白亚基Gα13介导整联蛋白诱导的RhoA阻抑13–15。因此,在USS-或MnCl2-诱导的RhoA抑制和YAP磷酸化中研究了Gα13敲低的作用。当Gα13沉默时,USS和MnCl2均不诱导YAP磷酸化(图2c,g)。一致地,Gα13敲低降低MnCl2-诱导的YAP细胞核输出(图6g)和RhoA抑制(图2h)。类似地,Gα13敲低减轻GRGDSP-诱导的YAP/TAZ靶基因表达的阻抑(图6h)。
整联蛋白β3与Gα13之间的物理相互作用诱导RhoA抑制13,14。为了解整联蛋白β3和Gα13的相互作用是否介导YAP磷酸化,两种豆蔻酰化的细胞可透过性短肽mSRI和mP6(分别模拟Gα13和整联蛋白β3的相互作用结构域)用于选择性阻断Gα13与整联蛋白β3之间的缔合(参考文献13,15)。与Gα13或整联蛋白β3敲低作用类似,mSRI或mP6预处理消除了HUVEC中MnCl2-诱导的YAP/TAZ报告基因活性的阻抑和YAP磷酸化(图6c,i)。同样地,HUVEC中SRI(Gɑ13阻断肽)的过表达消除USS诱导的YAP磷酸化(图2i)。
由于血液动力学与动脉粥样硬化的发病机理密切相关,在有或没有西方饮食诱导的动脉粥样硬化的ApoE-/-小鼠的主动脉中比较YAP、pYAP、TAZ、Gα13和整联蛋白β3的表达。结果显示在具有动脉粥样硬化斑块的主动脉中pYAP和Gα13的下调,以及TAZ的上调(图2j)。与先前的报道16一致,本申请的发明人发现整联蛋白β3在具有动脉粥样硬化的小鼠主动脉中高度表达,这可能是由于补偿反应17。免疫荧光也显示YAP磷酸化在ApoE-/-小鼠和在人动脉粥样硬化主动脉的病变区中减少(图2k,l)。总之,这些结果显示整联蛋白活化促进整联蛋白-Gα13缔合,这导致RhoA阻抑和随后的YAP磷酸化。
为探索动脉粥样化形成中YAP/TAZ活化的机制,本申请的发明人分析了在转染有组成型活性的YAP(S127A)和TAZ(S89A)(CA-YAP/TAZ)的HUVEC中的信使RNA(mRNA)谱。通过RNA测序(RNA-seq)鉴定了416种差异表达的基因(P<0.05且倍数变化截止值>1.5)。DAVIDKEGG富集分析18显示6种富集途径(图3a),包括‘白细胞跨内皮迁移’、‘ECM受体相互作用’和‘细胞粘附分子’等。GlueGo分析的生物过程的基因本体论富集19表明YAP/TAZ与白细胞迁移的调控相关(图3b)。事实上,本申请的发明人显示在HUVEC中与YAP/TAZ活化相关的更多的单核细胞-内皮粘附(图3d和图7c)。此外,YAP/TAZ活化诱导了几种促炎性标志物,如IL6、IL8和SELE(图3c和图7a)。启动子报告子试验显示CA-YAP/TAZ通过增强粘附分子的转录而诱导其表达(图7b)。然而,CXCL1和SELE启动子中预测的TEAD结合位点(用于YAP-TEAD结合的已知共有DNA序列20)的缺失不能逆转YAP/TAZ-诱导的报告基因活性(数据未示出),表明可能涉及其他调控机制。这些结果表明内皮YAP/TAZ活化通过促进单核细胞粘附而参与动脉粥样硬化的开始。
JNK在动脉粥样化形成中是关键的21。USS抑制肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α-诱导的JNK活化,而持久的扰动流活化JNK22,23。结果显示USS和扰动流均瞬时增加磷酸化-JNK。然而,与暴露于扰动流的HUVEC中持久的JNK磷酸化相比,持久的USS阻抑JNK磷酸化(图7d,e)。据报道,YAP/TAZ通过JNK-YAP相互作用增加JNK效应物活化蛋白(AP)-1的活性24–26。因此,假定YAP/TAZ通过增强JNK活性促进内皮细胞活化。事实上,JNK抑制剂SP600125阻抑YAP/TAZ-诱导的促炎性基因表达(图3c)。另一方面,YAP/TAZ敲低减少了基础的和佛波酯(PMA)-诱导的磷酸化-JNK、JNK靶基因IL6和IL8的表达以及AP-1报告基因活性(图3e,f和图7f)27。显性负性YAP(YAP S94A)阻抑PMA-诱导的AP-1报告基因活性,而CA-YAP/TAZ增强AP-1报告基因活性(图7g,h)。为评估YAP是否在体内活化JNK并加速动脉粥样硬化斑块形成,本申请的发明人在ApoE-/-背景上产生EC特异性YAP过表达小鼠(Tie2Cre/+;YAP-COEtg/+;ApoE-/-(EC-YAP;ApoE-/-))(图8a,b)。在饲喂西方饮食4周之后,EC-YAP;ApoE-/-小鼠显示出显著增加的斑块形成(图3g),伴随着与对照同窝仔畜(对照;ApoE-/-)相比,增加的p-JNK和巨噬细胞标志物Mac3的表达(图3h和图8c,d)。类似的总胆固醇和甘油三酯水平表明内皮YAP的致动脉粥样化作用不太可能与脂质代谢相关(图8e,f)。
为证明扰动流相关的动脉粥样硬化是由体内内皮YAP活化介导的,ApoE-/-小鼠在左颈动脉接受部分结扎手术以发展扰动流增强的动脉粥样硬化。通过使用由EC特异性ICAM2启动子控制的EC-增强的AAV介导的CRISPR/Cas9(参考文献28)基因组编辑系统来实现EC特异性Yap敲低。免疫组织化学和蛋白质印迹显示在EC中有效的YAP敲低(图4a,b)。在手术之后3周,在对照ApoE-/-小鼠中发展出严重的斑块。然而,具有EC特异性YAP敲低的小鼠表现出减少的斑块形成(图4c)。注射有腺病毒介导的TAZ短发夹RNA(shRNA)的小鼠也显示出延迟的动脉粥样化形成(图9a-c)。此外,口服施用MnCl2减少进行西方饮食12周的ApoE-/-小鼠中的斑块形成(图4d),而不影响脂质谱或超氧化物歧化酶活性(图9h,i)。相反,在注射有表达CA-YAP/TAZ的AAV的小鼠中斑块形成增加(图9d-f)。总之,体内功能获得实验和功能缺失实验均显示YAP/TAZ活化在动脉粥样化形成中的重要性。
为检测现有的抗-动脉粥样硬化药物是否抑制YAP/TAZ活性,测试了几种化合物(表1)。除了抑制肿瘤细胞中YAP/TAZ的他汀类药物6之外,爱佩琳(apelin)、ApoA1和尼克酸也阻抑YAP/TAZ活性(图4e)。为了解YAP/TAZ阻抑是否有助于他汀类药物的抗炎作用,用CA-YAP/TAZ转染HUVEC。与转染有对照载体的HUVEC相比,辛伐他汀不能阻抑CA-YAP/TAZ诱导的促炎性基因的表达,表明YAP/TAZ抑制可能参与他汀类药物的抗炎作用和抗-致动脉粥样化作用(图4f)。
总之,本研究提供新的证据,显示动脉粥状硬化易发性-扰动流诱导的内皮YAP/TAZ活化通过增强JNK活性促进炎症和动脉粥样化形成,而防动脉粥样硬化的USS通过调节整联蛋白-Gα13-RhoA途径抑制YAP/TAZ(图4g)。内皮YAP/TAZ敲低或MnCl2处理延迟动脉粥样化形成,表明YAP/TAZ可能成为针对动脉粥样硬化的潜在治疗靶标,如通过几种抗-动脉粥样硬化药物,尤其是他汀类药物的YAP/TAZ-抑制作用所证明的。
材料和方法
抗体
用于蛋白质印迹的抗体包括抗-YAP/TAZ(1:1,000;8418;Cell SignalingTechnology,USA)、抗-YAP(1:1,000;Cell Signaling Technology,USA)、抗-pYAP(1:1,000;Ser 127,4911S;Cell Signaling Technology,USA)、抗-TAZ(1:1,000;ab84927;Abcam,UK)、抗-JNK(1:1,000;9252h;Cell Signaling Technology,USA)、抗-pJNK(1:1,000;9255;Cell Signaling Technology,USA)、抗-CTGF(1:1,000;ab6992;Abcam,UK)、抗-Gα13(1:1,000;ab128900;Abcam,UK)、抗-整联蛋白β3(1:1,000;4702;Cell SignalingTechnology,USA)、抗-RhoA(1:1,000;ab54835;Abcam,UK)和抗-eNOS(1:1,000;BDBiosciences,USA)。
用于免疫染色的抗体包括抗-pYAP(1:100;Ser 127,4911S;Cell SignalingTechnology,USA)、抗-YAP(1:100;Cell Signaling Technology,USA)和抗-pJNK(1:100;9255;Cell Signaling Technology,USA)。
定量实时PCR
根据厂商的方案使用TRIzol试剂(Thermo)提取RNA。使用高容量cDNA逆转录试剂盒(Thermo)合成cDNA。按照厂商的方案使用SYBR Select(Thermo)进行定量PCR。将GAPDH用作内参。用于定量实时PCR的引物包括在表2中。
蛋白质印迹
将细胞或组织在补充有完全蛋白酶抑制剂混合物和phosSTOP磷酸酶抑制剂(Roche)的冷RIPA裂解缓冲液中匀浆。使用Bradford试验(Bio-Rad)测定蛋白浓度。通过SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析10微克蛋白,并将其转移至PVDF膜(Bio-Rad)上。使用特异性第一抗体检测靶蛋白。通过辣根过氧化物酶缀合的第二抗体检测结合的抗体,并通过增强的化学发光(Cell Signaling Technology)使其可视化。将实验重复三次,通过imageJ定量靶蛋白水平并将其归一化至内参(或通过总YAP归一化pYAP)(图10和11)。
细胞培养
HUVEC和人主动脉EC购自Lonza(EGM,Clonetics,Lonza,Walkersville,Maryland,USA)。Lonza保证上述细胞表达CD31/105,von Williebrand因子VIII,并对乙酰化的低密度脂蛋白摄取呈阳性。在实验期间未测试支原体污染。在37℃下,在具有95%湿空气和5%CO2的培养箱中,将HUVEC维持在补充有EGS和FBS的EGM中,并且每3天传代一次。将七代内的细胞用于体外研究。
GST-RBD下拉用于活性RhoA检测
从BL21(DE3)大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中纯化GST-RBD重组蛋白,并与谷胱甘肽琼脂糖珠(Pharmacia)亲和缀合。对于GST亲和力下拉,将107个细胞在补充有蛋白酶抑制剂(Roche)的1ml弱裂解缓冲液(Beyotime)中裂解。将细胞裂解物在4℃下于15,000g离心20min以去除细胞碎片。在缀合有1μg GST-RBD的琼脂糖珠中孵育细胞裂解物,在恒定搅拌下于4℃孵育2h,并通过在1,000r.p.m.离心10min进行沉淀。在洗涤三次之后,通过离心收集珠,并在2×SDS上样缓冲液中煮沸5min。通过蛋白质印迹测定活性RhoA。
实验动物
动物由大学实验室动物服务中心(University Laboratory Animal ServicesCentre)提供,并且由动物研究伦理委员会(Ethical Committee of Animal Research)(CUHK)批准。本研究中使用的动物包括Sprague-Dawley大鼠、载脂蛋白E缺陷型(ApoE-/-)小鼠和EC特异性YAP过表达转基因小鼠。除非指明,将动物保持在12/12-h光/暗循环下于恒定温度(21±1℃)中,并且自由饮水和进食标准饲料。
EC-特异性YAP过表达小鼠的构建
在模式动物研究中心(Nanjing,China)在C57BL/6背景中产生CAG loxp-stop-loxp-YAP小鼠。将YAP-COE小鼠与ApoE-/-小鼠杂交,然后与Tie-2-Cre+/-小鼠杂交。在天津医科大学动物中心,将6周龄的ApoE-/-;YAP-COE;Tie-2-Cre+/-和ApoE-/-;YAP-COE;Tie-2-Cre+/-小鼠饲养并关在12/12-h光/暗循环下温度受控的笼子中,可以自由饮水。动物的研究方案和使用由天津医科大学的机构动物护理和使用委员会(Tianjin,China)批准。在被杀死之前,用含有40kcal%的脂肪、1.25%的胆固醇和0.5%的胆酸的西方饮食(ResearchDiets,D12109)喂养小鼠,持续4周。分离主动脉以通过油红O染色评估病变形成和分布。对主动脉根中的pJNK、α-SMA和巨噬细胞进行染色。
En face染色
用4%的多聚甲醛固定小鼠主动脉15min。在室温下于0.05%Triton X-100(于PBS中)和1%BSA中透化/封闭0.5h之后,将主动脉在含有1%BSA和包含YAP1(Abcam,ab52771)、CD31(Abcam,ab24590)的第一抗体的孵育缓冲液中于4℃孵育过夜。在PBS中洗涤三次之后,将主动脉与Alexa-Fluor 488-缀合的第二抗体、Alexa-Fluor594-缀合的第二抗体(ZSGB-BIO,Beijing)在室温孵育1h。通过Leica共聚焦激光扫描显微镜检测荧光信号。
体内扰动流
如所述的29,30,使用U形钛夹诱导大鼠的腹主动脉的狭窄。简言之,在用异氟烷麻醉之后,将大鼠呈仰卧放置,并在腹部下中线产生切口;将肠部分从腹腔中轻轻提起,并在整个手术过程中用盐水保持湿润。暴露主动脉、左髂总动脉和右髂总动脉,并小心地分离伴随的静脉。用一副镊子夹住夹子,并将其放置在分离的节段附近(距离动脉分叉1cm)以部分束紧腹主动脉。通过在镊子的两臂之间放置给定大小的停止件来控制夹持的程度。2周后,通过用100%的二氧化碳中毒使大鼠安乐死,并在120mmHg处用4%(w/v)多聚甲醛灌注固定主动脉。将固定的主动脉包埋在石蜡块中用于免疫组织化学染色。
如前所述31产生颈动脉的部分结扎。简言之,通过腹膜内注射甲苯噻嗪(10mg/kg)和氯胺酮(80mg/kg)的混合物使ApoE-/-小鼠麻醉。在颈部腹中线产生切口(4-5mm)。通过颈部的腹中线切口(4-5mm)暴露左颈动脉。将左颈外动脉、颈内动脉和枕动脉结扎,同时甲状腺上动脉保持完整。监测小鼠,直至在手术之后在房间的加热垫上恢复,并在手术之后立即用西方饮食喂养直至被杀死。
免疫组织化学染色
使用pYAP(Cell Signaling)、EC-特异性标志物和SMC-特异性标志物(即,分别为vWF和α-SMA)(Merck Millipore),在石蜡包埋的大鼠腹主动脉和ApoE-/-小鼠主动脉的连续切片(5mm厚)上进行免疫组织化学染色。简言之,使切片在二甲苯中脱蜡,在梯度下降的醇中再水化,并通过在95℃下于柠檬酸钠中孵育10min透化。使切片冷却至室温,并用封闭试剂(Merck Millipore)封闭30min。将一个切片与抗pYAP的抗体(1:100)在4℃孵育过夜,随后与在封闭试剂中的Alexa Fluor 594-缀合的山羊抗兔IgG(1:1,000;Invitrogen)第二抗体在室温孵育1h。将第二切片与抗vWF和α-SMA的抗体(各自为1:100)在4℃分别孵育过夜,随后与在封闭试剂中的Alexa Fluor 594-缀合的山羊抗兔IgG和Alexa Fluor 488-缀合的山羊抗小鼠IgG(1:1,000;Invitrogen)第二抗体在室温孵育1h。通过在PBS中的DAPI(Invitrogen)将细胞核共染色5min。将切片旋转干燥,并用ProLong Gold(Invitrogen)在玻璃盖玻片上封片。使用具有Axiovision图像分析软件的Zeiss荧光显微镜获得并分析图像。
在ApoE-/-小鼠中MnCl2的口服施用
用西方饮食喂养ApoE-/-小鼠(雄性,12周龄),并通过随意饮水施用MnCl2。通过监测剩余的水体积来预定饮水率。将MnCl2补充到饮用水中以实现5mg/kg体重。每周调整小鼠体重和饮水以适应体重和饮水的变化。在用西方饮食喂养3个月之后,杀死小鼠,并通过油红O染色测定动脉粥样硬化斑块形成。
小鼠主动脉中动脉粥样硬化斑块的油红O染色
通过CO2窒息杀死ApoE-/-小鼠。在冷的PBS中解剖小鼠主动脉,并将其切开以暴露动脉粥样硬化斑块。在4℃下于4%甲醛中固定16h之后,将组织首先在水中冲洗10min,然后在60%异丙醇中冲洗。在轻轻摇动下,用油红O对主动脉染色15min,再次在60%异丙醇中冲洗,然后在水中进行三次冲洗。将样品固定在盖玻片上,使内皮表面朝上。使用HP ScanjetG4050记录图像。使用National Institutes of Health ImageJ软件测定斑块面积,并通过相对于总的血管面积表示斑块面积来计算。
人主动脉样本
实验由台北的三军总医院的医院人类对象审查委员会(Hospital HumanSubjects Review Committee)批准(IRB批准号TSGHIRB2-103-05-132),并且在台湾的国家卫生研究院的伦理审查董事会建立的指南下进行。书面的知情同意获自所有个体。人主动脉组织样本来自患有急性A型主动脉夹层的患者。在紧急主动脉手术期间收集了这些样品。这些患者中的主动脉的病变节段(即,夹层主动脉瘤)均被切除,并分别由人造插入移植物(inter-position graft)取代。将样本固定在多聚甲醛中,石蜡包埋并切成5μm切片。通过免疫荧光成像测定YAP Ser127磷酸化。
RNA测序
用pWCXIH-Flag-YAP-S127A(由K.Guan赠送,Addgene 33092)和3×Flag pCMV5-TOPO TAZ(S89A)(由J.Wrana赠送,Addgene 24815)或Neon transfection system(Invitrogen,USA)的pEGFP-N1转染HUVEC32,33。在转染之后4小时,收获细胞,并使用RNeasy微型试剂盒(Qiagen,Germany)提取RNA。将提取的RNA样品送至北京基因组研究所(BGI)用于RNA测序分析。将P<0.05和倍数变化>1.5用作不同调控基因的阈值。DAVID工具用于途径富集分析,并且GlueGo用于基因本体论分析。
体外血液动力学研究
Ibidi流动系统(IBIDI,Germany)用于产生USS和扰动流(对于USS,12dyn cm-2和对于扰动流,0.5±6dyn cm-2,1Hz)。将μ-载玻片I 0.4Luers(IBIDI,LLC)用于免疫荧光研究。用50μg/mL纤连蛋白包被载玻片24h。将7000个HUVEC接种在载玻片上。在细胞适应含有2%FBS(对于扰动流,10%无脂肪酸的BSA)的培养基6h之后,将载玻片安装在Ibidi流动系统上。对于USS诱导的YAP/TAZ细胞核输出的免疫染色,使细胞经历USS,持续6h。对于蛋白质印迹和逆转录实时PCR分析,用能够容纳更多细胞的定制的流动室取代μ-载玻片。用纤连蛋白(50μg/mL)包被玻璃载玻片(75mm×38mm;Corning)。将HUVEC接种至载玻片上,并允许在底部附着16h。对于USS,用补充有2%FBS的EGM取代培养基,持续6h。对于扰动流,将细胞在补充有10%无脂肪酸的BSA(Sigma)的EGM中孵育。将载玻片安装在流动室上,并连接至Ibidi流动系统。然后,使细胞经历USS或扰动流。对于USS诱导的YAP磷酸化,除非另有说明,施加15min的剪切力。对于USS诱导的YAP易位,施加6h的剪切力。对于逆转录实时PCR分析,4h的剪切应力足以抑制YAP/TAZ靶基因的表达。对于报告基因试验,将48h的剪切力施加至HUVEC。
质粒构建
为构建粘附分子的报告质粒,使用Universal Genomic DNA Extraction Kit Ver3.0(Takara,Japan)从HUVEC中纯化人基因组DNA。使用表2列出的引物从人基因组DNA PCR扩增ICAM1、E-选择素、MCP1和CXCL1的启动子。扩增来自ICAM1启动子的2.1kb片段(-1784至+328)、来自E-选择素启动子的2.2kb片段(-1807至+475)、来自MCP1启动子的4kb片段(-3992至+73)和来自CXCL1启动子的1.3kb片段(-1256至+84)。通过凝胶提取试剂盒(Takara,Japan)凝胶纯化PCR产物,并用限制性酶消化。将消化的片段凝胶纯化,并连接至通过相应的限制性酶消化的pGL3报告质粒中。然后,将连接产物在65℃热灭活15min,并转化至DH5α感受态细胞中。
Pro32Pro33整联蛋白来自点突变的pcDNA3.1-β-3(由T.Springer赠送,Addgene质粒27289)34。
用于质粒构建的引物包括在表2中。
腺病毒的产生
为产生腺病毒穿梭载体pShuttle-U6,用NotI/XhoI从pLKO.1(由D.Root赠送,Addgene质粒10878)切除U6启动子和1.9kb填充序列,并连接到用限制性酶相应预消化的pShuttle质粒中。使用与pLKO.1shRNA质粒(Addgene)构建方案相似的方案产生靶向小鼠TAZ的短发夹RNA。通过Mission shRNA(Sigma Aldrich)验证的TAZ shRNA序列(TRCN0000095951)用于产生TAZ shRNA的穿梭质粒。
使用AdEasy系统产生重组腺病毒35。简言之,用PmeI消化含有shRNA的pShuttle-U6载体,并与腺病毒骨架质粒pAdEasy-1共转化,以在大肠杆菌BJ5183细胞中进行同源重组。通过PacI消化将阳性重组体线性化,并将其转染至HEK-293A细胞中,用于病毒包装。收集培养基和细胞直至细胞病变效应明显。在三次冻融循环以释放病毒之后,通过在3,000r.p.m.离心15min去除细胞碎片。通过PEG沉淀收集含有病毒的上清液,随后用100K MWCO透析管(Spectrum Labs)针对盐水透析。
慢病毒的产生
YAP(TRCN0000300325)、TAZ(TRCN0000095951)、Gα13(TRCN0000036885)和整联蛋白β3(TRCN0000003236)shRNA的慢病毒穿梭质粒购自Sigma。将含有1μg所得穿梭质粒、750ngpsPAX2包装质粒和250ng pMD2.G包膜质粒的质粒混合物共转染至HEK-293FT细胞中。在转染之后15h更换培养基;在转染之后48h和72h,收获含有慢病毒颗粒的培养基,然后,通过0.45μm过滤器以去除细胞碎片。用PEG沉淀病毒并悬浮在含有4%蔗糖的PBS中。然后,将慢病毒溶液等分到小瓶中,并储存在-80℃。
CA-YAP/TAZ过表达的AAV穿梭质粒的构建
由pWCXIH-Flag-YAP-S127A(由K.Guan赠送,Addgene 33092)扩增YAP1S127A,并连接至pAAV-MCS(Stratagene)以产生pAAV-YAP1S127A穿梭质粒。相似的策略用于由3×FlagpCMV5-TOPO TAZ(S89A)(由J.Wrana赠送,Addgene 24815)产生pAAV-TAZ S89A。
内皮特异性AAV介导的CRISPR/Cas9穿梭质粒的构建
pX601-AAV-CMV:NLS-SaCas9-NLS-3xHA-bGHpA;U6::BsaI-sgRN A(由F.Zhang赠送,Addgene质粒61591)用于产生YAP体内基因组编辑的EC特异性Cas928。由CCTop(CRISPR/Cas9靶标在线预测器)预测YAP的三种sgRNA序列36。通过GenScript合成来自人的ICAM2内皮特异性启动子,并取代pX601-AAV-CMV中的CMV启动子14。
用于sgRNA的引物包括在表2中。
内皮增强的AAV包装
将穿梭质粒与内皮增强的RGDLRVS-AAV9-cap质粒(由O.J.Müller,Heidelberg,Germany提供)和pHelper质粒(Stratagene)共转染至HEK-293T中37。在共转染72h之后,根据参考文献38中报道的方案分离AAV病毒颗粒。简言之,收获细胞,重悬浮在1×修复缓冲液中,并通过匀浆提取细胞核。通过使用细胞核裂解缓冲液提取病毒颗粒。通过PEG浓缩,随后用100K MWCO透析管(Spectrum Labs)针对盐水透析以去除杂质来纯化病毒颗粒,并浓缩。通过qPCR测定病毒滴度,并在含有4%蔗糖的PBS中将其调节至1010个斑块形成单位/mL。
病毒施用
对于腺病毒介导的Taz shRNA,通过尾静脉注射将病毒(109个斑块形成单位)施用至已经用西方饮食(Research Diets)喂养4周的ApoE-/-小鼠(雄性,12周龄)中。然后,用西方饮食再喂养小鼠2个月。通过油红O染色使动脉粥样硬化斑块形成可视化。对于AAV介导的CA-YAP/TAZ过表达和YAP-Cas9,在用西方饮食喂养或接受颈动脉部分结扎手术之前,通过尾静脉注射将病毒(109个斑块形成单位)施用至ApoE-/-小鼠(雄性,12周龄)中。
统计分析
使用GraphPad Prism 5.0进行统计分析。样品大小不是由统计方法预定的。在实验和结果评估期间,样品不是随机的,并且研究者并不盲目分配。对于所有的生化实验,进行至少三次独立实验,并显示代表性图像。结果表示平均值±s.e.m。学生t-检验(不成对的双尾)用于分析中。报道分析中未排除样品、小鼠或数据点。小于0.05的概率水平被视为显著的。
数据可用性
支持本研究发现的RNA-seq数据已经以登录号SAMN04565728保存在BioSamples数据库(网址:ebi.ac.uk/biosamples)中。
表1:用于YAP/TAZ抑制测试的药物和浓度
扩展数据表1|用于YAP/TAZ抑制测试的药物和浓度
表2本研究中使用的引物
为了所有目的,本申请中引用的所有专利、专利申请和其它出版物,包括GenBank登录号通过引用整体并入。
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Claims (15)
1.包含有效量的YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂的组合物在制备治疗或预防对象中的心血管疾病或炎性疾病的药物中的用途。
2.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述对象已经被诊断患有心血管疾病或炎性疾病。
3.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述对象处于心血管疾病或炎性疾病的风险中,但尚未被诊断患有心血管疾病或炎性疾病。
4.如权利要求2或3所述的用途,其中所述组合物为通过注射或口服摄入施用的药物。
5.如权利要求2或3所述的用途,其中所述组合物为通过口服摄入施用的膳食补充剂。
6.鉴定整联蛋白-YAP/TAZ信号传导途径的调节剂的方法,其包括以下步骤:
(a)将内皮细胞置于单向剪切应力下;
(b)使所述细胞与候选化合物接触并测定YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平;和
(c)将在步骤(b)中获得的YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平与在单向剪切应力下但不与所述候选化合物接触的对照内皮细胞中YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平进行比较;和
(d)当步骤(b)中获得的YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平大于所述对照内皮细胞中YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平时,将所述候选化合物确定为YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂,以及当步骤(b)中获得的YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平小于所述对照内皮细胞中YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平时,将所述候选化合物确定为YAP的活化剂或整联蛋白β3的抑制剂。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述内皮细胞为人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)或人主动脉内皮细胞(HAEC)。
8.鉴定整联蛋白-YAP/TAZ信号传导途径的调节剂的方法,其包括以下步骤:
(a)将内皮细胞置于扰动流下;
(b)使所述细胞与候选化合物接触并测定YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平;和
(c)将在步骤(b)中获得的YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平与在扰动流下但不与所述候选化合物接触的对照内皮细胞中YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平进行比较;和
(d)当步骤(b)中获得的YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平大于所述对照内皮细胞中YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平时,将所述候选化合物确定为YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂,以及当步骤(b)中获得的YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平小于所述对照内皮细胞中YAP在Ser127处的磷酸化水平时,将所述候选化合物确定为YAP的活化剂或整联蛋白β3的抑制剂。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述内皮细胞为人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)或人主动脉内皮细胞(HAEC)。
10.鉴定整联蛋白-YAP/TAZ信号传导途径的调节剂的方法,其包括以下步骤:
(a)将内皮细胞置于单向剪切应力下;
(b)使所述细胞与候选化合物接触并测定整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平;和
(c)将步骤(b)中获得的整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平与在单向剪切应力下但不与所述候选化合物接触的对照内皮细胞中的整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平进行比较;和
(d)当步骤(b)中获得的所述整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平大于所述对照内皮细胞中的所述整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平时,将所述候选化合物确定为YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂,以及当步骤(b)中获得的所述整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平小于所述对照内皮细胞中的所述整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平时,将所述候选化合物确定为YAP的活化剂或整联蛋白β3的抑制剂。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述内皮细胞为人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)或人主动脉内皮细胞(HAEC)。
12.鉴定整联蛋白-YAP/TAZ信号传导途径的调节剂的方法,其包括以下步骤:
(a)将内皮细胞置于扰动流下;
(b)使所述细胞与候选化合物接触并测定整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平;和
(c)将步骤(b)中获得的整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平与在扰动流下但不与所述候选化合物接触的对照内皮细胞中的整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平进行比较;和
(d)当步骤(b)中获得的所述整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平大于所述对照内皮细胞中的所述整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平时,将所述候选化合物确定为YAP的抑制剂或整联蛋白β3的活化剂,以及当步骤(b)中获得的所述整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平小于所述对照内皮细胞中的所述整联蛋白β3-Gα13缔合水平时,将所述候选化合物确定为YAP的活化剂或整联蛋白β3的抑制剂。
13.如权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述内皮细胞为人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)或人主动脉内皮细胞(HAEC)。
14.治疗或预防对象中的心血管疾病或炎性疾病的试剂盒,其包含(1)含有有效量的YAP的活化剂或整联蛋白β3的抑制剂的组合物;和(2)有效治疗或预防心血管疾病或炎性疾病的另一药剂。
15.如权利要求14所述的试剂盒,其还包含说明书。
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CN114452449A (zh) * | 2022-02-10 | 2022-05-10 | 自贡市第一人民医院 | 可抑制血管内皮细胞炎症的支架涂层及其制备方法 |
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