CN108138638A - 用于内燃机的废气处理 - Google Patents

用于内燃机的废气处理 Download PDF

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CN108138638A
CN108138638A CN201680060135.4A CN201680060135A CN108138638A CN 108138638 A CN108138638 A CN 108138638A CN 201680060135 A CN201680060135 A CN 201680060135A CN 108138638 A CN108138638 A CN 108138638A
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catalyst
internal combustion
oxygen
combustion engine
exhaust gas
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CN108138638B (zh
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M.尼恩霍夫
P.罗达茨
张宏
H.陈
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Vitesco Technologies GmbH
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Continental Automotive GmbH
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01N9/00Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F01N9/002Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus of filter regeneration, e.g. detection of clogging
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01N3/02Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
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    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
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    • F01N13/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
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    • F01N2560/00Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
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Abstract

内燃机产生废气,该废气可使用催化转换器和颗粒过滤器进行处理。一种用于确定颗粒过滤器上的颗粒负载(210)的方法包括以下步骤(230、235):确定用于氧气的催化转换器的储存容量(205),并在控制器(170)中基于确定的储存容量(215)来确定颗粒过滤器上的颗粒负载(220)。

Description

用于内燃机的废气处理
技术领域
本发明涉及内燃机的废气处理。具体地,本发明涉及一种在内燃机的废气流中的颗粒过滤器。
背景技术
内燃机,特别是经配置例如驱动机动车辆的往复活塞发动机燃烧燃料和氧气的混合物。在此情境下,产生在催化转换器中处理的废气以便减少发出的污染物。为能够有效操作催化转换器,确定废气的氧气含量并且以设置预定燃烧空气比(兰布达,λ)的方式控制内燃机。为了甚至进一步净化废气,可另外提供颗粒过滤器,其经配置吸收废气中的颗粒(主要是烟灰)。在可包括特别是提高的废气温度或废气中剩余的特定量残留氧气的预定条件下,颗粒过滤器再生,其中颗粒被燃烧。
如果内燃机仅在短期操作模式下使用,则必需条件不自动发生,并且必须主动通过改变内燃机的操作点引起颗粒过滤器的再生。如果对再生的激励未能发生,则当存在高烟灰负载时,可发生自发再生,在此期间过高温度和高温度梯度可在颗粒过滤器中发生。这些可使过滤器材料熔化或在过滤器材料中引起高机械应力。这两个效应可以不可逆地损坏过滤器。
为致动颗粒过滤器的再生,具有颗粒的其负载通常基于模型被确定,并且在负载超过预定值之前对应地引起再生。可例如基于发动机转速、发动机负载或进一步的参数确定模型。然而,由于颗粒过滤器的颗粒负载不以此方式测量但代替地仅被跟踪,因此实际条件可偏离确定的条件。内燃机的实际颗粒排放可在其使用寿命内或由于故障而变化,结果是可能确定明显不正确的颗粒负载。
发明内容
本发明的目标是以改进的方式确定单独颗粒过滤器的颗粒负载。本发明借助于独立权利要求的主题实现该目标。从属权利要求再次提出优选实施例。
内燃机产生可用的废气,该废气可借助于催化转换器和颗粒过滤器处理。用于确定颗粒过滤器的颗粒负载的方法包括以下步骤:确定用于氧气的催化转换器的储存容量,并基于确定的储存容量确定颗粒过滤器的颗粒负载。
已认识到颗粒负载可基于催化转换器的氧气储存容量,并且(如果适当的话)基于其它参数例如废气的温度或其空间速度来确定颗粒负载。催化转换器的氧气储存容量通常以规律的基础来确定,例如在每个行驶循环之前或期间。这可能是必需的以便诊断催化转换器或氧气传感器(兰布达探头)的区域中的故障。颗粒过滤器的颗粒负载可因此以极小的花费并且通常不使用另外的传感器进行确定。确定的颗粒负载涉及存在的单独颗粒过滤器,结果是内燃机老化、其部件中的一个、例如喷射器的缺陷或另一故障的影响不影响或仅在小程度上影响该方法的确定准确性。
特别地,该方法适合用于火花点火发动机,由于这里基于差压的颗粒负载的确定,与柴油机相比,可能仅有困难,或根本不能,是由于低差压。
在一个实施例中,催化转换器的氧气储存容量包括以下步骤:在第一阶段中以过量燃料操作内燃机以便减少(如果适当的话)催化转换器中储存的氧气,以及在第二阶段中以过量氧气操作内燃机以便允许在催化转换器中储存氧气,以及基于在第二阶段期间在催化转换器上游和下游的废气的氧气含量确定储存容量。为实施这些方法步骤,在催化转换器上游的第一兰布达探头和在催化转换器下游的第二兰布达探头是基本上足够的。氧气储存容量的确定可以容易且迅速执行。
计算机程序产品包括用于当计算机程序产品在处理装置上运行或存储在计算机可读数据载体上时执行所描述的方法的程序代码机构。
用于具有催化转换器的内燃机的废气的颗粒过滤器的控制装置包括用于基于用于氧气的催化转换器的储存容量确定颗粒过滤器的颗粒负载的处理装置,其中该处理装置经配置成如果确定的颗粒负载超过预定阈值则引起颗粒过滤器的再生。
处理装置可包括特别是可编程微型计算机,其优选地经配置执行(例如借助于上述计算机程序产品)上面进一步描述的方法。可通过使到用于内燃机的控制装置的对应消息可用来引起颗粒过滤器的再生。在进一步的实施例中,用于颗粒过滤器和用于内燃机的控制装置彼此集成,结果是可直接引起或致动颗粒过滤器的再生。
为执行颗粒过滤器的再生,特别地,内燃机可以按以下方式致动:废气温度升高和/或内燃机以过量氧气操作。为此,例如喷射燃料的量可根据内燃机吸收的空气质量而受到影响。在进一步的实施例中,用于入口阀或出口阀的控制时间、内燃机的点火时间或另一操作参数可改变以便提高废气温度,和/或确保废气包括预定量的氧气。
用于控制内燃机的系统包括用于内燃机的废气的颗粒过滤器和催化转换器、用于确定在催化转换器上游的废气的氧气含量的第一氧气传感器(兰布达探头)、用于确定在催化转换器下游的废气的氧气含量的第二氧气传感器(兰布达探头)、用于根据确定的氧气含量中的一个的函数来控制内燃机的燃烧空气比的第一控制装置,以及诸如上述的第二控制装置。
特别优选的是催化转换器和颗粒过滤器具体实施成彼此集成。催化转换器优选地包括三向催化转换器,其中术语四向催化转换器也可与颗粒过滤器组合使用。
附图说明
现将参考附图更精确描述本发明,在附图中:
图1示意示出用于控制内燃机的系统;以及
图2示意示出图1中的系统的催化转换器的氧气储存容量和颗粒过滤器的颗粒负载之间的关系。
具体实施方式
图1示出用于控制内燃机105的系统100。内燃机105优选地经配置驱动机动车辆并且更优选地具体实施为火花点火发动机。第一控制装置110经配置控制内燃机105,特别是内燃机105的操作点。为此目的,可以影响内燃机105的不同部件,例如用于将预定量的燃料喷射到燃烧室120中的喷射器115、用于在预定时间在燃烧室120中将燃料和氧气的混合物点火的点火装置125、用于影响空气进入燃烧室120中的入口时间的入口调整机构130、用于影响来自燃烧室120的废气的出口时间的出口调整机构135,以及其它部件(如果适当的话)。控制可基于在内燃机105的测量值(例如输出轴140的转速、内燃机105的部件的温度,或进入内燃机105或内燃机120中的空气的质量)执行。
在燃烧已经进入燃烧室120中的空气中所含的燃料和氧气期间,产生废气145,借助于系统100可以处理并且特别是净化该废气。系统100特别地包括优选地具体实施为三向催化转换器的催化转换器150,以及在所示实施例中具体实施为与催化转换器150集成的颗粒过滤器155。在其它实施例中,催化转换器150和颗粒过滤器155也可串联连接,例如相对于废气145的流动方向。系统100还包括在催化转换器150上游的第一氧气传感器160以及在催化转换器150下游的第二氧气传感器165。此外,提供第二控制装置170,其经配置确定颗粒过滤器155的颗粒负载。已经聚集在那里的颗粒从来自内燃机105的废气145的流吸收。第二控制装置170优选地按以下方式连接到一个或多个传感器和/或连接到第一控制装置110:其被提供有用于催化转换器150的氧气储存容量并且还优选地用于废气145的温度或废气145的空间速度的值。温度可以借助于专用温度传感器175进行检测或可以从第一控制装置110获得,该温度传感器175可以安装在废气传导系统中的不同位置处,该第一控制装置110可以基于温度传感器175或借助于基于模型的确定来确定温度。废气145的流动的空间速度优选地也由第一控制装置110确定并且可用于第二控制装置110。
催化转换器150的氧气储存容量优选地如此确定,在于第一阶段中,内燃机105以过量燃料(λ<1)操作以便减少(如果适当的话)储存在催化转换器中的氧气,并且在随后的第二阶段中,内燃机105以过量氧气(λ<1)操作以便允许在催化转换器150中储存氧气,以及基于在第二阶段期间在催化转换器150上游和下游的废气145的氧气含量确定用于氧气的催化转换器150的储存容量。这些步骤可以可替换地由第一控制装置110或第二控制装置170执行,为此目的,氧气传感器160和165对应地连接到第一控制装置110或第二控制装置170。还优选的是,第一控制装置110根据借助于氧气传感器160、165确定的氧气的量中的至少一个来控制内燃机105的操作状态。
来自废气145通过颗粒过滤器155的流的颗粒的储存是颗粒过滤器155的颗粒负载的函数,并可另外取决于废气145的流的温度和/或空间速度。第二控制装置170优选地经配置确定颗粒过滤器155的颗粒负载,并将其与预定阈值比较。如果确定的负载超过阈值,则可引起颗粒过滤器145的再生,在于特别是按以下方式改变内燃机105的操作点:废气145具有提高的温度和/或预定量的剩余氧气位于废气145的流中。再生的执行可以可替换地由第一控制装置110或第二控制装置170控制。在特别优选的实施例中,控制装置110和170具体实施成彼此集成。
图2示出图1中的系统100的催化转换器150的氧气储存容量和颗粒过滤器155的颗粒负载之间的定性关系。时间曲线在水平方向上标绘。氧气储存容量205和颗粒负载210在垂直方向上用不同的纵坐标轴标绘。第一曲线215用虚线示出并涉及催化转换器150的氧气储存容量205,并且第二曲线220用点虚线示出并涉及颗粒过滤器155的颗粒负载210的曲线。为更好地示出,图2中的曲线215、220垂直偏移地标绘。
在方法225中,在时间t1处的第一步骤230中确定催化转换器150的氧气储存容量205。另外,还可以确定废气145的温度和/或其空间速度。在第二步骤235中,基于在第一步骤230中获取的信息,借助于第二控制装置170确定颗粒过滤器155的颗粒负载210。该确定可以例如借助于特性图执行,其中,特性图的各个值已经预先实验地或分析地确定。在另一个实施例中,基于氧气储存容量205以及(如果适当的话)废气145的流的温度和/或空间速度分析地确定颗粒负载210,例如在于使用预定的(如果适当的话)多参数的函数。该函数可以特别地以多项式形式指定。基于指定的参数,用于确定颗粒负载210的其它实施例也是可能的。
参考标号列表
100 系统
105 内燃机
110 第一控制装置
115 喷射器
120 燃烧室
125 点火装置
130 入口调整机构
135 出口调整机构
140 输出轴
150 催化转换器
155 颗粒过滤器
160 第一氧气传感器
165 第二氧气传感器
170 第二控制装置
175 温度传感器
205 氧气储存容量
210 颗粒负载
215氧气储存容量的曲线
220 颗粒负载的曲线
225 方法
230 第一步骤:确定氧气储存容量
235 第二步骤:确定颗粒负载

Claims (10)

1. 一种用于为具有催化转换器(150)的内燃机(105)的废气(145)确定颗粒过滤器(155)的颗粒负载的方法(225),其中所述方法(225)包括以下步骤:
-确定(230)用于氧气的所述催化转换器(150)的储存容量(205);以及
-基于所确定的储存容量(205)来确定(235)所述颗粒过滤器(155)的颗粒负载(210)。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法(225),其中所述颗粒负载(210)也基于所述废气(145)的温度来确定。
3.如权利要求1或权利要求2所述的方法(225),其中所述颗粒负载(210)也基于所述废气(145)的空间速度来确定。
4.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法(225),其中所述内燃机(105)为火花点火发动机。
5.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法(225),其中用于氧气的所述催化转换器(150)的所述储存容量的所述确定(230)包括以下步骤:
-在第一阶段中以过量燃料操作所述内燃机(105)以便减少在所述催化转换器(150)中储存的氧气;
-在第二阶段中以过量氧气操作所述内燃机(105)以便允许在所述催化转换器(150)中储存氧气;以及
-基于在所述第二阶段期间在所述催化转换器(150)上游和下游的所述废气(145)的氧气含量来确定所述储存容量。
6.一种计算机程序产品,其具有用于当所述计算机程序产品在处理装置上运行或存储在计算机可读数据载体上时执行如前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法(225)的程序代码机构。
7.一种用于具有催化转换器(150)的内燃机(105)的废气(145)的颗粒过滤器(155)的控制装置(170),其中所述控制装置(170)包括以下:
-用于基于用于氧气的所述催化转换器(150)的储存容量(205)确定所述颗粒过滤器(155)的颗粒负载(210)的处理装置(170);
-其中所述处理装置(170)经配置如果所确定的颗粒负载(210)超过预定阈值则引起所述颗粒过滤器(155)的再生。
8. 如权利要求7所述的控制装置(170),其中所述再生包括致动所述内燃机(105)以便提高所述废气(145)的温度和/或以便以过量氧气操作所述内燃机(105)。
9.一种用于控制内燃机(105)的系统,包括
-用于所述内燃机(105)的废气(145)的颗粒过滤器(155)和催化转换器(150);
-用于确定在所述催化转换器(150)上游的所述废气(145)的氧气含量的第一氧气传感器(160);
-用于确定在所述催化转换器(150)下游的所述废气(145)的所述氧气含量的第二氧气传感器(165);
-用于根据所确定的氧气含量中的一个来控制所述内燃机(105)的燃烧空气比的第一控制装置(110);以及
-如权利要求7或权利要求8所述的第二控制装置(170)。
10.如权利要求9所述的系统,其中所述催化转换器(150)和所述颗粒过滤器(155)彼此集成地具体实施。
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