CN108085158A - 一种可揭式的放射性核素去污剂及其制备和使用方法 - Google Patents
一种可揭式的放射性核素去污剂及其制备和使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108085158A CN108085158A CN201711211773.4A CN201711211773A CN108085158A CN 108085158 A CN108085158 A CN 108085158A CN 201711211773 A CN201711211773 A CN 201711211773A CN 108085158 A CN108085158 A CN 108085158A
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
- C11D1/83—Mixtures of non-ionic with anionic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/02—Inorganic compounds ; Elemental compounds
- C11D3/04—Water-soluble compounds
- C11D3/06—Phosphates, including polyphosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
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- C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D3/2072—Aldehydes-ketones
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
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- C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
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- C11D1/06—Ether- or thioether carboxylic acids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
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- C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
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- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D2111/00—Cleaning compositions characterised by the objects to be cleaned; Cleaning compositions characterised by non-standard cleaning or washing processes
- C11D2111/10—Objects to be cleaned
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种可揭式的放射性核素去污剂及其制备和使用方法,可揭式的放射性核素去污剂,由如下组分组成:有机功能成分5‑8重量份;稳泡剂25‑30重量份;成膜助剂18‑22重量份。使用方法包括如下步骤:S1制备湿式去污剂;S2成膜去污;S3干燥揭膜。本发明具有污染小、通用性好、废物易处理以及成本低的优点。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及核素去污技术领域,具体涉及一种可揭式的放射性核素去污剂及其制备和使用方法。
背景技术
一批核设施陆续服役期满,其退役问题,成为核废物管理中的重要内容,去污后能满足一般场合使用。目前对核设施去污的方法很多。例如喷砂清洗,超声波清洗,干冰清洗,化学清洗等。但是诸如这些方法都有各种缺点:比如处理会伴随着大量放射性尘埃的形成和二次污染物的生成,使得作业环境四周被严重污染,这将对操作人员的健康及环境带来严重的危害,在某些情况下,甚至会形成爆炸性混合物;超声波清洗则是把物品侵泡在溶液中,这就存在对于体积大的物件不易处理的缺点;干冰清洗与其他喷介质不同,其颗粒温度极低(-78℃),这样低的温度就是干冰清洗具有独特的热力学性能,影响粘附污垢的机械性能;和超声波清洗处理一样,化学清洗处理后产生大量的放射性污水以及难以处理大体积器件。国内外也有通过制备可剥离膜去除核设施表面放射性污染物的先例,但是绝大部分都是高分子材质例如聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、过氯乙烯(CPVC)等,不仅属于高能耗材料,并且去污后的二次处理容易产生废气,废渣等弊端。而本发明所采用的改性KGM不仅属于可自然降解材料,更因为其原料的可再生利用,显得极具优势。
现有的放射性核素去污剂很少,且是溶剂形式,通过溶解沾污处的放射性物质并清洗达到去污目的,这种方法可以达到一定的去污目的,但是所产生的放射性废液不易处理,去污过程复杂。并且没有针对放射性药品的特异性的去污剂,放射性药品种类不同,有不少是有机物,官能团不同,在溶剂中的溶解能力也不同。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术的不足,提供一种可揭式的放射性核素去污剂及其制备和使用方法,解决了去污放射性废液难处理以及通用性差的问题。
本发明的目的是通过以下技术方案来实现的:
一种可揭式的放射性核素去污剂,由如下组分组成:
有机功能成分 5-8重量份;
稳泡剂 25-30重量份;
成膜助剂 18-22重量份。
可揭式的放射性核素去污剂中添加有机功能成分、稳泡剂和成膜助剂,其中有机功能成分为多种官能团的有机化学物质,能与不同类型的放射药品的官能团发生物理、化学反应,使得核素污染物进入膜中,达到去污的目的。
揭下来的膜可以做固体废物处理,比放射性废液处理简单;处理过程简单;可有效隔离污染,防止放射性污染扩散;大大提高了现有的放射性药物生产企业的污染去除能力。
进一步地,所述有机功能成分由如下组分组成:
进一步地,所述稳泡剂为羧甲基纤维素钠或十二烷基二甲基氧化胺。
羧甲基纤维素钠,(又称:羧甲基纤维素钠盐,羧甲基纤维素,CMC,Carboxymethyl,Cellulose Sodium,Sodium salt of Caboxy Methyl Cellulose)是当今世界上使用范围最广、用量最大的纤维素种类。简称CMC-Na,是葡萄糖聚合度为100~2000的纤维素衍生物,相对分子质量242.16。白色纤维状或颗粒状粉末。无臭,无味,有吸湿性,不溶于有机溶剂。在医药工业中可作针剂的乳化稳定剂,片剂的粘结剂和成膜剂。有人经基础及动物实验证明CMC是安全可靠的抗癌药载体。用CMC作膜材料,研制的中药养阴生肌散的改造剂型——养阴生肌膜,能用于皮肤磨削手术创面和外伤性创面。动物模型研究表明,该膜防止创面感染,与纱布敷料无明显差异,在控制创面组织液渗出与创面快速愈合上,此膜明显优于纱布敷料,并有减轻术后水肿和创面刺激作用。用聚乙烯醇:羧甲基纤维素钠:聚羧乙烯按3:6:1的比例制成的膜剂为最佳处方,粘附性及释放速率均增加,在增加粘膜粘附缓释膜剂的粘附力,延长制剂在口腔内的滞留时间及制剂中药物的药效都有明显提高。丁哌卡因为强效局部麻醉药,但它中毒时有时可产生较为严重的心血管副反应,故临床上在广泛应用丁哌卡因的同时,对其毒性反应的防治研究一直较为重视。药剂研究显示,CIVIC作为缓释物质与丁哌卡因溶液进行配制可显著降低药物的副作用。在PRK手术中,采用低浓度地卡因与非甾体类抗炎药联合CMC可明显缓解术后疼痛。预防腹部手术后腹膜粘连、减少肠梗阻的发生是临床外科最关注的问题之一。有研究表明,CMC减轻术后腹膜粘连程度的作用明显优于透明质酸钠,可作为一种有效的方法来防止腹膜粘连的发生。CMC用于治疗肝癌的导管肝动脉灌注抗癌药中,可以明显延长抗癌药在肿瘤的滞留时间,增强抗肿瘤的力,提高治疗效果。在动物医学上,CMC也有广泛的用途。向母羊腹腔内滴注1%CMC溶液来预防家畜难产、生殖道手术后发生腹部粘连有显著效果。
十二烷基二甲基氧化胺(月桂基二甲基氧化胺)在常温下为无色或微黄色透明液体,是一种特殊类型的表面活性剂,在常温下为无色或微黄色透明液体,它在酸性介质中成为阳离子型,而在中性或碱性介质中则为非离子型。除了具有一般的表面活性剂性能外,还具有优异的增溶、增稠、乳化、起泡、稳泡、柔软、保湿、抗静电,与人体皮肤相容性好,生理毒性小,易生物降解。并有一定的杀菌性能和防霉作用。一般用作香波、液体洗涤剂和泡沫浴的泡沫促进剂、调理剂、增稠剂和抗静电剂,还是合成两性表面活性剂的原料。
进一步地,所述成膜助剂为三聚磷酸钠、磷酸钠卡拉胶、黄原胶或卡拉胶。
三聚磷酸钠用作洗涤品助剂,亦可用于石油、冶金、采矿、造纸、水处理等。主要用作合成洗涤剂的助剂,用于肥皂增效剂和防止条皂油脂析出和起霜。对润滑油和脂肪有强烈的乳化作用,可用于调节缓冲皂液的PH值。工业用水的软水剂、制革剂。染色助剂。油漆、高岭土、氧化镁、碳酸钙等工业中配制悬浮液时作分散剂。钻井泥浆分散剂。造纸工业用作防油污剂。食品工业中用于罐头,果汁饮料,奶制品,豆乳等的品质改良剂,水分保持剂。
黄原胶又称黄胶、汉生胶,黄单胞多糖,是一种由假黄单胞菌属发酵产生的单孢多糖,由甘蓝黑腐病野油菜黄单胞菌以碳水化合物为主要原料,经好氧发酵生物工程技术,切断1,6-糖苷键,打开支链后,在按1,4-键合成直链组成的一种酸性胞外杂多糖。1952年由美国农业部伊利诺斯州皮奥里尔北部研究所分离得到的甘蓝黑腐病黄单胞菌,并使甘蓝提取物转化为水溶性的酸性胞外杂多糖而得到。黄原胶是由糖类经黄单胞杆菌发醉,产生的胞外微生物多塘。由于它的大分子特殊结构和胶体特性,而具有多种功能,可作为乳化剂、稳定剂、凝胶增稠剂、浸润剂、膜成型剂等,广泛应用于国民经济各领域。
卡拉胶稳定性强,干粉长期放置不易降解。它在中性和碱性溶液中也很稳定,即使加热也不会水解,但在酸性溶液中(尤其是pH值≤4.0)卡拉胶易发生酸水解,凝胶强度和黏度下降。值得注意的是,在中性条件下,若卡拉胶在高温长时间加热,也会水解,导致凝胶强度降低。所有类型的卡拉胶都能溶解于热水与热牛奶中。溶于热水中能形成黏性透明或轻微乳白色的易流动溶液。卡拉胶在冷水中只能吸水膨胀而不能溶解。基于卡拉胶具有的性质,在食品工业中通常将其用作增稠剂、胶凝剂、悬浮剂、乳化剂和稳定剂等。而这些卡拉胶的生产应用与其流变学特性有着较大的关系,因而准确掌握卡拉胶的流变学性能及其在各种条件下的变化规律对生产具有重要的意义。
有机功能成分中含有较多羧基、酯基一类的基团,能增强有机功能成分的亲水性和在溶剂中的溶解性,其中官能团的种类多,能与不同类型的放射药品的官能团发生物理、化学反应,通用性强;其中稳泡剂和成膜助剂均只选择一种物质,避免成分复杂与功能成分发生副反应;其中稳泡剂和成膜助剂的成本低、污染小、安全性高。
一种可揭式的放射性核素去污剂的制备方法,将有机功能成分、稳泡剂和成膜助剂分别粉碎至粒径≥200目,将粉碎后的有机功能成分、稳泡剂和成膜助剂混合搅拌均匀,得到可揭式的放射性核素去污剂。
可揭式的放射性核素去污剂的制备方法简单,稳定性好。
可揭式的放射性核素去污剂的使用方法,包括如下步骤:
S1制备湿式去污剂:将可揭式的放射性核素去污剂与溶剂在20-30℃下混合搅拌均匀,得到湿式去污剂;
S2成膜去污:将S1步骤中制备得到的湿式去污剂均匀涂敷在有放射药品的材料表面;
S3干燥揭膜:静置干燥60-80min后揭膜,完成放射药品的去污过程。
进一步地,所述S1步骤中可揭式的放射性核素去污剂与溶剂的重量比为1:6-8。
进一步地,所述S1步骤中溶剂为甲醇;所述S2步骤中放射药品为高锝酸钠注射液、锝亚甲基二磷酸盐注射液或锝喷替酸盐注射液。
进一步地,所述S1步骤中溶剂为乙腈;所述S2步骤中放射药品为锝甲氧异腈注射液。
进一步地,所述S1步骤中溶剂为甲醇与二氯甲烷混合溶剂,甲醇与二氯甲烷的体积比为1:2;所述S2步骤中放射药品为锝双半胱乙酯注射液。
可揭式去污剂主要成分是带有多种官能团的有机化合物,在成膜基底中加入针对不同药物官能团溶解力的溶剂,增加溶解力和吸附能力,从而增加去污能力;将其喷涂于沾污表面,风干成膜,在成膜过程中,分子链上的官能团以及其中的成膜物质与污染放射性药物上的官能团发生物理、化学反应,使污染物进入膜中,从而达到去污目的。
本发明的有益效果是:
1.可揭式的放射性核素去污剂中添加有机功能成分、稳泡剂和成膜助剂,其中有机功能成分为多种官能团的有机化学物质,能与不同类型的放射药品的官能团发生物理、化学反应,使得核素污染物进入膜中,达到去污的目的;揭下来的膜可以做固体废物处理,比放射性废液处理简单;处理过程简单;可有效隔离污染,防止放射性污染扩散;大大提高了现有的放射性药物生产企业的污染去除能力;
2.有机功能成分中含有较多羧基、酯基一类的基团,能增强有机功能成分的亲水性和在溶剂中的溶解性,其中官能团的种类多,能与不同类型的放射药品的官能团发生物理、化学反应,通用性强;其中稳泡剂和成膜助剂均只选择一种物质,避免成分复杂与功能成分发生副反应;其中稳泡剂和成膜助剂的成本低、污染小、安全性高;
3.可揭式的放射性核素去污剂的制备方法简单,稳定性好;
4.可揭式去污剂主要成分是带有多种官能团的有机化合物,在成膜基底中加入针对不同药物官能团溶解力的溶剂,增加溶解力和吸附能力,从而增加去污能力;将其喷涂于沾污表面,风干成膜,在成膜过程中,分子链上的官能团以及其中的成膜物质与污染放射性药物上的官能团发生物理、化学反应,使污染物进入膜中,从而达到去污目的。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例进一步详细描述本发明的技术方案,但本发明的保护范围不局限于以下所述。
一种可揭式的放射性核素去污剂,由如下组分组成:
有机功能成分 5-8重量份;
稳泡剂 25-30重量份;
成膜助剂 18-22重量份。
具体地,所述有机功能成分由如下组分组成:
具体地,所述稳泡剂为羧甲基纤维素钠或十二烷基二甲基氧化胺。
具体地,所述成膜助剂为三聚磷酸钠、磷酸钠卡拉胶、黄原胶或卡拉胶。
实施例1实施例-6的具体成本含量如表1所示,其中实施例1-5为本发明限定的技术参数制备得到的可揭式的放射性核素去污剂,实施例6为不包括有机功能成分的制剂。
表1
一种可揭式的放射性核素去污剂的制备方法,将有机功能成分、稳泡剂和成膜助剂分别粉碎至粒径≥200目,将粉碎后的有机功能成分、稳泡剂和成膜助剂混合搅拌均匀,得到可揭式的放射性核素去污剂。
可揭式的放射性核素去污剂的使用方法,包括如下步骤:
S1制备湿式去污剂:将可揭式的放射性核素去污剂与溶剂在20-30℃下混合搅拌均匀,得到湿式去污剂;
S2成膜去污:将S1步骤中制备得到的湿式去污剂均匀涂敷在有放射药品的材料表面;
S3干燥揭膜:静置干燥60-80min后揭膜,完成放射药品的去污过程。
具体地,所述S1步骤中可揭式的放射性核素去污剂与溶剂的重量比为1:6-8。
具体地,所述S1步骤中溶剂为甲醇;所述S2步骤中放射药品为高锝酸钠注射液、锝亚甲基二磷酸盐注射液或锝喷替酸盐注射液。
具体地,所述S1步骤中溶剂为乙腈;所述S2步骤中放射药品为锝甲氧异腈注射液。
具体地,所述S1步骤中溶剂为甲醇与二氯甲烷混合溶剂,甲醇与二氯甲烷的体积比为1:2;所述S2步骤中放射药品为锝双半胱乙酯注射液。
实施例1-实施例6的使用过程如表2所示,其中实施例1-5为本发明限定的技术参数制备得到的可揭式的放射性核素去污剂,实施例6为不包括有机功能成分的制剂。
表2
实施例1-实施例6的去除效率如表3所示,其中实施例1-5为本发明限定的技术参数制备得到的可揭式的放射性核素去污剂,实施例6为不包括有机功能成分的制剂。
实施例 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
锝的污染量/mg | 6 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 10 |
去除率/% | 90 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 88 | 0 |
表3
从表3的数据中可以看出,实施例1-实施例5对锝的去除率高,通用性好。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当理解本发明并非局限于本文所披露的形式,不应看作是对其他实施例的排除,而可用于各种其他组合、修改和环境,并能够在本文所述构想范围内,通过上述教导或相关领域的技术或知识进行改动。而本领域人员所进行的改动和变化不脱离本发明的精神和范围,则都应在本发明所附权利要求的保护范围内。
Claims (10)
1.一种可揭式的放射性核素去污剂,其特征在于,由如下组分组成:
有机功能成分 5-8重量份;
稳泡剂 25-30重量份;
成膜助剂 18-22重量份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种可揭式的放射性核素去污剂,其特征在于,所述有机功能成分由如下组分组成:
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种可揭式的放射性核素去污剂,其特征在于,所述稳泡剂为羧甲基纤维素钠或十二烷基二甲基氧化胺。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种可揭式的放射性核素去污剂,其特征在于,所述成膜助剂为三聚磷酸钠、磷酸钠卡拉胶、黄原胶或卡拉胶。
5.权利要求1-4任一项所述的一种可揭式的放射性核素去污剂的制备方法,其特征在于,将有机功能成分、稳泡剂和成膜助剂分别粉碎至粒径≥200目,将粉碎后的有机功能成分、稳泡剂和成膜助剂混合搅拌均匀,得到可揭式的放射性核素去污剂。
6.权利要求1-5任一项所述的可揭式的放射性核素去污剂的使用方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
S1制备湿式去污剂:将可揭式的放射性核素去污剂与溶剂在20-30℃下混合搅拌均匀,得到湿式去污剂;
S2成膜去污:将S1步骤中制备得到的湿式去污剂均匀涂敷在有放射药品的材料表面;
S3干燥揭膜:静置干燥60-80min后揭膜,完成放射药品的去污过程。
7.根据权利要求6所述的可揭式的放射性核素去污剂的使用方法,其特征在于,所述S1步骤中可揭式的放射性核素去污剂与溶剂的重量比为1:6-8。
8.根据权利要求6所述的可揭式的放射性核素去污剂的使用方法,其特征在于,所述S1步骤中溶剂为甲醇;所述S2步骤中放射药品为高锝酸钠注射液、锝亚甲基二磷酸盐注射液或锝喷替酸盐注射液。
9.根据权利要求6所述的可揭式的放射性核素去污剂的使用方法,其特征在于,所述S1步骤中溶剂为乙腈;所述S2步骤中放射药品为锝甲氧异腈注射液。
10.根据权利要求6所述的可揭式的放射性核素去污剂的使用方法,其特征在于,所述S1步骤中溶剂为甲醇与二氯甲烷混合溶剂,甲醇与二氯甲烷的体积比为1:2;所述S2步骤中放射药品为锝双半胱乙酯注射液。
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