CN108083369B - Solar PV/T-membrane distillation integrated seawater system - Google Patents
Solar PV/T-membrane distillation integrated seawater system Download PDFInfo
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- CN108083369B CN108083369B CN201710233016.0A CN201710233016A CN108083369B CN 108083369 B CN108083369 B CN 108083369B CN 201710233016 A CN201710233016 A CN 201710233016A CN 108083369 B CN108083369 B CN 108083369B
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
- C02F1/04—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation
- C02F1/08—Thin film evaporation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
- C02F1/04—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation
- C02F1/14—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation using solar energy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
- H02S40/40—Thermal components
- H02S40/44—Means to utilise heat energy, e.g. hybrid systems producing warm water and electricity at the same time
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/002—Construction details of the apparatus
- C02F2201/007—Modular design
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/009—Apparatus with independent power supply, e.g. solar cells, windpower, fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/124—Water desalination
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/124—Water desalination
- Y02A20/138—Water desalination using renewable energy
- Y02A20/142—Solar thermal; Photovoltaics
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/20—Controlling water pollution; Waste water treatment
- Y02A20/208—Off-grid powered water treatment
- Y02A20/212—Solar-powered wastewater sewage treatment, e.g. spray evaporation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/60—Thermal-PV hybrids
Abstract
A solar PV/T-membrane distillation integrated seawater system belongs to the technical field of solar heat utilization and comprises a photovoltaic photo-thermal power generation heat collection system, a capacity expansion evaporation system and a seawater desalination system. The system realizes the integrated coupling of each system through the capacity expansion evaporator, wherein the electric energy emitted by the photovoltaic photo-thermal component is supplied to the system and users through the inverter, and meanwhile, the photovoltaic cell is cooled by low-temperature feed seawater, so that the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic photo-thermal component is improved. Steam that the dilatation evaporator produced gets into the condensation subassembly in, preheats the feeding sea water and is condensed into fresh water, adjusts the feeding sea water through the valve and in order to guarantee photovoltaic light and heat subassembly's steady operation, and the hydrophobic of dilatation evaporator enters into and continues to produce fresh water in the membrane distillation subassembly. The invention can realize the comprehensive utilization of solar energy, reduce the consumption of primary energy and has high automation and independence.
Description
Technical Field
A solar PV/T-membrane distillation integrated seawater system relates to a combined hydrothermal-thermoelectric integrated system integrating a compound parabolic photovoltaic photo-thermal component and seawater desalination, and belongs to the technical field of solar heat utilization.
Background
A Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC for short) is a low-concentration nonimaging Concentrator designed according to the edge ray principle, which can collect incident rays in the receiving angle range on an absorber with an ideal concentration ratio, and is originally improved from a radiation detector in high-energy physical experimental research by the professor Winston of the university of chicago in the united states. The biggest characteristic of CPC spotlight is exactly that need not follow tracks of the position of sun at any time, only need in time adjust the position of CPC according to the change in season just can realize the tracking to the sun, and system simple structure is convenient for control, consequently has very big advantage in the aspect of investment cost and automation. Photovoltaic/thermal collectors (PVT) use lamination or adhesive techniques to organically combine solar cells with solar collectors. According to the principle of photovoltaic, about 10% -17% of solar energy is directly converted into electric energy by the photovoltaic cell, most of the rest energy is converted into heat energy, and the energy cannot be dissipated on the cell panel, so that the temperature of the photovoltaic cell is increased, and researches show that the photoelectric conversion efficiency is reduced by 0.5% when the photovoltaic cell is increased by 1 ℃. The PVT heat collector adopts forced circulation fluid (water or air) to absorb heat which is not converted into electric energy in the solar cell panel, and the water or the air with the increased temperature can be used for building heating, domestic hot water, preheating of various working media and the like. The compound parabolic condenser is combined with the photovoltaic photo-thermal assembly, the condensing ratio is improved through the compound parabolic condenser, so that incident radiation energy is increased, on one hand, the electric energy output power of the battery is improved, the heat of a battery backboard is absorbed through the photovoltaic photo-thermal assembly, the temperature of a battery board is reduced, and the electric efficiency is improved. At present, the research on the CPC-PV/T system is mainly focused on the application of improving the system structure and building integration, however, the engineering demonstration of coupling the CPC-PV/T system with seawater desalination is rarely reported. The compound parabolic condenser is combined with the solar heat collecting assembly, the generated heat energy is transferred to the heat transfer working medium after solar radiation is absorbed, and the working medium can obtain larger outlet water temperature by the increase of condensation. The solar heat collector can be classified into a low-temperature heat collector (with the working temperature being less than 100 ℃), a medium-temperature heat collector (with the working temperature being between 100 and 200 ℃) and a high-temperature heat collector (with the working temperature being more than 200 ℃) according to the working temperature range of the heat collector, and the like, so that the solar heat collector can be used as heat sources with various different types of temperature gradients.
Desalination of sea water refers to a technique of obtaining fresh water or brine from sea water by providing energy to the sea water or applying work to separate salt from water. The separation process of brine is classified into a thermal method, a membrane method and other methods. The thermal method includes multi-stage flash (MSF), multi-effect distillation (MED), vapor compression distillation (VC), and the like; membrane methods include Reverse Osmosis (RO), Electrodialysis (ED), Nanofiltration (NF), and the like; other methods include freezing, hydration, ion exchange, humidification and dehumidification. Although there are many methods, only MSF, MED, VC, and RO are currently commercially available seawater desalination technologies on a large scale. Because MSF, MED, VC need consume a large amount of steam and electric energy, and RO also needs a large amount of electric energy, can bring the consumption of a large amount of fossil fuel, cause environmental problems such as greenhouse gas emission, haze frequency. The membrane distillation process (MD) is a membrane separation process that combines a conventional distillation process and a membrane process. The membrane adopted in the membrane distillation process is a microporous hydrophobic membrane which only allows water vapor to permeate but is not wetted by feed liquid. The basic principle of the membrane distillation process is that volatile components in the feed liquid pass through membrane holes of the microporous hydrophobic membrane under the pushing of the steam pressure difference of the volatile components on two sides of the membrane and are condensed on the other side of the microporous hydrophobic membrane. The evaporation and condensation processes of volatile components in the feed liquid in the membrane distillation process are very similar to those of the traditional distillation process, and a microporous hydrophobic membrane is used as a phase interface barrier.
The groove type solar heat collecting system is divided into an oil cooling type and a DSG type (direct steam generation system), oil and water are respectively adopted as heat collecting working media, the oil cooling type technology is developed basically, the DSG type system adopts water as a working medium, and the water flows into a solar heat collector array to absorb solar radiation energy and gradually becomes water steam under the action of a water supply pump. In order to solve the problem of two-phase flow which hinders the stable operation of a direct steam generation system, the university of North China electric power is improved on the basis of a recirculation mode of a direct steam generation system (DSG for short), and a capacity-expanding evaporative solar steam generation system is provided. The capacity expansion evaporation type solar steam generation system is characterized in that a steam-water separator is replaced by a capacity expansion evaporator on the basis of a recirculation mode with highest reliability when a direct steam generation system operates, generated high-temperature steam can be used as a heat source to be supplied to factories and the like, and meanwhile drain water generated by the capacity expansion evaporator is sent to a heat return system instead of being returned to an inlet of a heat collection field, so that a heating part and a overheating part of a heat collector can be ensured to be single-phase flow. The flash evaporator is mainly based on the flash principle, namely: saturated liquids at high pressure enter the relatively low pressure vessel and are converted to a portion of the saturated vapor and liquid at the vessel pressure by the sudden drop in pressure.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to integrate the advantages of a solar photovoltaic photo-thermal system and a seawater desalination system, and provides a photovoltaic photo-thermal component coupled seawater desalination system, which can match and couple parameters among subsystems, improve the comprehensive utilization of energy and achieve the purposes of energy conservation and emission reduction.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: a solar PV/T-membrane distillation integrated seawater system comprises a solar photovoltaic photo-thermal system, a dilatation evaporation system, a seawater desalination system and the like; the method comprises the following steps that (1) feed seawater is firstly used as a refrigerant to condense fresh water steam through a refrigeration assembly, is preheated and enters a photovoltaic photo-thermal assembly, and then is condensed by a compound parabolic condenser to the photovoltaic photo-thermal assembly so as to generate electric energy for a system and users; the heat energy of the low-temperature seawater absorption back plate is heated to more than 110 ℃ through a PV/T middle heat collection assembly, and then enters a dilatation evaporator for dilatation evaporation; steam generated by the expansion evaporator enters the condensing assembly to be condensed into fresh water, simultaneously generated hot water enters the membrane distillation assembly to produce fresh water, and the fresh water jointly generated by the two systems is supplied to users for use.
In the solar PV/T-membrane distillation integrated seawater system, the solar photovoltaic photo-thermal system comprises a plurality of photovoltaic photo-thermal components which are connected in series; the photovoltaic photo-thermal component comprises a PVT frame, a CPC condenser, a photovoltaic cell component and a heat conducting plate, wherein the CPC condenser is arranged on the PVT frame, the photovoltaic cell component is positioned at the bottom of the CPC, the back plate is bonded on the heat conducting plate through a bonding layer, and a cooling cell flow channel is bonded below the heat conducting plate; the pure heat collecting element is arranged in the middle of the photovoltaic photothermal element, and the two sides of the pure heat collecting element are provided with single crystal silicon cells.
In the solar PV/T-membrane distillation integrated seawater system, the pressure sensor and the electric regulating valve are arranged in front of the water inlet of the solar photovoltaic photo-thermal system. The photovoltaic photo-thermal component power generation part is provided with a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) solar controller to output maximum electric energy, and then the maximum electric energy is generated through an inverter. Because when the constant flow operation, heat collector outlet temperature changes along with the change of solar radiation intensity, and the thermal stress of heat collector can constantly change, easily receives the damage, consequently handles through the signal of telecommunication that returns pressure sensor and electrical control valve to adjust the sea water flow that enters into photovoltaic light and heat subassembly, with this assurance system steady operation.
The solar PV/T-membrane distillation integrated seawater system comprises a dilatation evaporator, a condensation assembly, a vacuum pump and a membrane distillation assembly.
The photovoltaic photo-thermal power generation heat collection system and the seawater desalination integrated coupling are realized through the expansion evaporator, steam generated by the expansion evaporator enters the condensation component and is condensed into fresh water by feeding seawater, and non-condensation gas in the steam is extracted by the vacuum pump to maintain the vacuum state of the system. Then hot water generated by the expansion evaporator enters the membrane distillation assembly, and fresh water is generated due to the temperature difference potential energy existing at the two sides of the membrane. A stream of steam generated by the expansion evaporator is extracted and mixed with low-temperature fresh water to meet the requirement of daily-life hot water of a user.
According to the invention, the photovoltaic cell in the photovoltaic photo-thermal assembly is cooled by using the low-temperature feed seawater, the low-temperature seawater is heated while the working temperature of the photovoltaic cell is reduced, and the comprehensive utilization efficiency of the photovoltaic photo-thermal assembly is improved. The input end of the system is provided with a pretreatment water tank for sequentially adding disinfectant, coagulant, scale inhibitor and other medicaments into the feed seawater, pretreating the feed seawater through the steps of adsorption, precipitation, filtration, deoxidization and the like, and then putting the feed seawater into a seawater storage tank, so that the system can be directly utilized conveniently. The concentrated seawater at the tail end of the system output is treated by a sewage treatment tank and then discharged.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the photovoltaic photo-thermal power generation heat collection system and the seawater desalination system are integrated and coupled through the expansion evaporator, the advantages of the systems are utilized to optimize and integrate the systems, the supply of other energy sources is almost not needed, and the system and the user are supplied with electric energy, heat energy and water generated in the systems independently. The invention can realize the comprehensive utilization of solar energy, reduce the consumption of primary energy and has high automation and independence.
Drawings
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a photovoltaic and photothermal assembly coupled seawater desalination system.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a photovoltaic photo-thermal heat collection assembly
The list of labels in the figure is: 1. pretreating the water pool; 2. a seawater storage tank; 3. a cooling assembly; 4. a vacuum pump; 5. a pressure sensor; 6. an electric flow regulating valve; 7. a photovoltaic photo-thermal component; 8. an MPPT controller; 9. an inverter; 10. a user; 11. a flash evaporator; 12. a membrane distillation assembly; 13. a fresh water storage tank; 14. a water user; 15. a sewage treatment tank; 16. a battery panel back plate heat exchange element; 17. backplate heat transfer subassembly.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to the following figures and detailed description.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a solar PV/T-membrane distillation integrated seawater system. In the figure, 1, a water pool is pretreated; 2. a seawater storage tank; 3. a cooling assembly; 4. a vacuum pump; 5. a pressure sensor; 6. an electric flow regulating valve; 7. a photovoltaic photo-thermal component; 8. an MPPT controller; 9. an inverter; 10. a user; 11. a flash evaporator; 12. a membrane distillation assembly; 13. a fresh water storage tank; 14. a water user; 15. a sewage treatment tank. As shown in the figure: the method comprises the steps of firstly feeding feed seawater into a pretreatment water tank 1, sequentially adding a disinfectant, a coagulant and a scale inhibitor, pretreating the feed seawater through the steps of adsorption, precipitation, filtration, deoxidization and the like, and then putting the feed seawater into a seawater storage tank 2, so that the system can be directly utilized. The pretreated seawater firstly passes through the cooling component 3, is preheated by steam in the cooling component 3 and then is sent into the photovoltaic photo-thermal component 7; in order to ensure that the system stably outputs working media with rated parameters, the inlet section of the photovoltaic photo-thermal assembly 7 is adjusted by the pressure sensor 5 and the electric flow adjusting valve 6. The photovoltaic and photo-thermal module 7 receives solar radiation, tracks the maximum power point of the photovoltaic cell through the MPPT controller 8 and outputs direct current at the maximum power, and then inputs the direct current to the photovoltaic inverter 9, and the photovoltaic inverter 9 converts the input direct current into alternating current to be supplied to the inside of the system or a user 10. Finally, sewage generated by the system is discharged after passing through the sewage treatment tank 15.
Fig. 2 is a schematic view of a photovoltaic and photothermal module heat collector. In the figure, 16, a heat exchange element of a back plate of the battery plate; 17. backplate heat transfer subassembly. As shown, the compound parabolic concentrator concentrates light on the photovoltaic photo-thermal component 7, and the two sides of the cell panel back plate heat exchange element 16 are cell panels and the middle is a pure photo-thermal component. The cooled seawater firstly absorbs the heat of the battery back plates at two sides, then the middle pure photothermal element heats the water to raise the temperature to be more than 110 ℃, and then the saturated water generated by the back plate heat exchange assembly 17 is sent into the flash evaporator 11 for flash evaporation.
Most of the steam generated in the flash evaporator 11 is sent to the cooling device 3 to preheat the seawater, and at the same time, the condensed fresh water is captured and collected in the fresh water tank 13, and the non-condensable gas generated by condensation is absorbed by the vacuum pump to maintain the vacuum of the cooling device. The hot seawater generated in the flash evaporator 11 enters the membrane distillation assembly 12, and the membrane distillation assembly 12 produces fresh water driven by the heat energy and sends the fresh water into the fresh water tank 13, through which the fresh water is supplied to the water user 14.
The invention utilizes the expansion evaporator 11 as an evaporation component, the photovoltaic photo-thermal component 7 as a heat supply source, the membrane distillation component 12 and the condensation component 3 as a seawater desalination part, and the photovoltaic photo-thermal component 7 at the hot end, the membrane distillation component 12 at the cold end and the condensation component 3 are integrated and coupled through the expansion evaporator 11, wherein electric energy generated by the photovoltaic photo-thermal component 7 can be supplied to a system for use, the integrated independent output of water and heat of the system is ensured, and the comprehensive utilization of energy is realized.
Claims (2)
1. The utility model provides a solar energy PV T-membrane distillation integration sea water system comprises photovoltaic light and heat system, dilatation vaporization system and sea water desalination system, its characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps that (1) feed seawater is firstly used as a refrigerant to condense fresh water steam through a refrigeration assembly, is preheated and enters a photovoltaic photo-thermal assembly, and then is condensed by a compound parabolic condenser to the photovoltaic photo-thermal assembly so as to generate electric energy for a system and users; the heat energy of the low-temperature seawater absorption back plate is heated to more than 110 ℃ through a PV/T middle heat collection assembly, and then enters a dilatation evaporator for dilatation evaporation; steam generated by the expansion evaporator enters the condensation component to be condensed into fresh water and heats the feed seawater, and meanwhile, the generated hot water enters the membrane distillation component, under the temperature difference potential energy, the membrane distillation component continuously produces the fresh water, and the fresh water generated by the two systems is supplied to users;
the system integrates and couples all systems through a capacity expansion evaporator, and a photovoltaic photo-thermal system is used as a power supply end to provide electric energy for the whole system and is also used as a heat source to provide heat energy for a seawater desalination system; a pressure sensor and an electric regulating valve are arranged in front of a water inlet of the photovoltaic photo-thermal system, and the seawater entering the photovoltaic photo-thermal system under different illumination conditions is regulated through the valve to ensure the stable operation of the system.
2. The solar PV/T-membrane distillation integrated seawater system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the PV-photothermal system comprises a plurality of PV-photothermal modules connected in series, wherein the PV-photothermal modules comprise pure heat collecting elements in the middle and single crystal silicon cells on both sides, and can heat seawater while generating electricity to obtain higher outlet water temperature.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201611033913 | 2016-11-23 | ||
| CN2016110339139 | 2016-11-23 |
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| CN108083369A CN108083369A (en) | 2018-05-29 |
| CN108083369B true CN108083369B (en) | 2021-02-12 |
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| US11502323B1 (en) | 2022-05-09 | 2022-11-15 | Rahul S Nana | Reverse electrodialysis cell and methods of use thereof |
| US11502322B1 (en) | 2022-05-09 | 2022-11-15 | Rahul S Nana | Reverse electrodialysis cell with heat pump |
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| US11855324B1 (en) | 2022-11-15 | 2023-12-26 | Rahul S. Nana | Reverse electrodialysis or pressure-retarded osmosis cell with heat pump |
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