CN108054945B - 一种三电平逆变器的虚拟空间矢量脉宽调制方法 - Google Patents

一种三电平逆变器的虚拟空间矢量脉宽调制方法 Download PDF

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CN108054945B
CN108054945B CN201711494839.5A CN201711494839A CN108054945B CN 108054945 B CN108054945 B CN 108054945B CN 201711494839 A CN201711494839 A CN 201711494839A CN 108054945 B CN108054945 B CN 108054945B
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CN108054945A (zh
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王大方
刘刚
汪井威
汤志皓
蔡金逸
徐泽绪
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Harbin Institute of Technology Weihai
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/483Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
    • H02M7/487Neutral point clamped inverters
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/539Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters with automatic control of output wave form or frequency
    • H02M7/5395Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters with automatic control of output wave form or frequency by pulse-width modulation

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Abstract

一种三电平逆变器的虚拟空间矢量脉宽调制方法,涉及三电平逆变器开关方法,分别求取两相静止坐标系下电压矢量角度在不同范围值时的调节三相电压需要调节的占空比,根据电压矢量角度的不同对三相电压的占空比进行相应的调节。本发明具有能够降低负载电机开关噪声并保持中点电位平衡的优点。

Description

一种三电平逆变器的虚拟空间矢量脉宽调制方法
技术领域
本发明涉及三电平逆变器开关方法,详细讲是一种能够降低负载电机开关噪声并保持中点电位平衡的三电平逆变器的虚拟空间矢量脉宽调制方法。
背景技术
我们知道,中点箝位型三电平逆变器在中高压、大功率电机驱动场合得到广泛应用,这种拓扑结构存在的一个很明显的问题是中点电位不平衡。中点电位不平衡不仅会使三电平逆变器输出波形的谐波含量大大增加,而且很有可能导致开关管过压击穿,是中点箝位型三电平逆变器应用必须解决的功能性问题。现有的中点电位不平衡解决方法可以分为自平衡法、硬件方案和基于脉宽调制的方法。
自平衡法研究了自平衡效应的机理,指出了自平衡效应依赖于开关频率和电流谐波,并提出了增强自平衡能力的方法。基于自平衡的中点电位控制方法仅仅能减小中点电位的直流偏移,需要较大的直流侧电容来减小中点电位的交流脉动。另外,这种方法缺乏理论解释,存在不确定因素,相对于主动控制方法的可靠性较低,所以实际中更倾向于使用硬件方案或基于脉宽调制的主动控制方法。
硬件方案通过辅助的变流器或采用直流电源完全消除中点电位的直流偏移和交流脉动。基于硬件的中点电位平衡方法不需要对开关方法做出更改,是所有的中点电位控制方法中最有效的一种,但是这种方法会在较大程度上增加成本,也会增加逆变器的体积,在很多应用场合难以接受。
基于脉宽调制的方法通过调整开关方法来消除中点电位的直流偏移和交流脉动,分为空间矢量脉宽调制和正弦脉宽调制。空间矢量脉宽调制分为最近三矢量脉宽调制(NTVPWM)、虚拟空间矢量脉宽调制(NTV2PWM)和混合调制。基于NTVPWM的中点电位控制方法会受到功率因数和调制系数的限制,NTV2PWM虽然不受功率因数和调制系数的限制,但是每个开关周期三相总的开关次数会增加到4次,相同开关损耗下开关周期较长,导致负载电机开关噪声增大,逆变器输出电流波形的谐波含量增加。混合调制算法通过混合NTVPWM和NTV2PWM来解决中点电位平衡和输出谐波增多的矛盾。基于正弦脉宽调制的中点电位控制方法和基于空间矢量脉宽调制的方法比较相似,这里不再介绍。
总的来说,通过脉宽调制方法实现所有功率因数和调制系数下的中点电位平衡已经不是难题,但是各种调制方法在实现中点电位平衡的同时所带来的副作用一直没能引起足够的重视,比如增加开关噪声和电流谐波。因为NTV2PWM平衡中点电位不受功率因数和调制系数的限制,所以本发明选择NTV2PWM为原型,提出了一种能够降低开关噪声的改进的NTV2PWM。
发明内容
本发明的目的是解决上述现有技术的不足,提供一种能够降低负载电机开关噪声并保持中点电位平衡的三电平逆变器的虚拟空间矢量脉宽调制方法。
本发明解决上述现有技术的不足所采用的技术方案是:
一种三电平逆变器的虚拟空间矢量脉宽调制方法,其特征在于包括如下步骤:
A、当两相静止坐标系下电压矢量角度θ∈(0°,60°)时方法如下:
(1)选择ONN或PPO为需要调节的电压矢量,并确定共模电压调节量:
Figure GDA0002294263780000021
系数r和r1的表达式为:
Figure GDA0002294263780000022
(2)考虑中点电位的不平衡计算三相需要调节的占空比Δda,Δdb和Δdc
Figure GDA0002294263780000023
(3)调节三相占空比:
Figure GDA0002294263780000024
B、当两相静止坐标系下电压矢量角度θ∈[60°,120°)时方法如下:
(1)选择NON或PPO为需要调节的电压矢量,并确定共模电压调节量:
Figure GDA0002294263780000025
系数r和r1的表达式为:
Figure GDA0002294263780000026
(2)考虑中点电位的不平衡计算三相需要调节的占空比Δda,Δdb和Δdc
Figure GDA0002294263780000027
(3)调节三相占空比:
Figure GDA0002294263780000031
C、当两相静止坐标系下电压矢量角度θ∈[120°,180°)时方法如下:
(1)选择OPP或NON为需要调节的电压矢量,并确定共模电压调节量:
Figure GDA0002294263780000032
系数r和r1的表达式为:
Figure GDA0002294263780000033
(2)考虑中点电位的不平衡计算三相需要调节的占空比Δda,Δdb和Δdc
Figure GDA0002294263780000034
(3)调节三相占空比:
Figure GDA0002294263780000035
D、当两相静止坐标系下电压矢量角度θ∈[180°,240°)时方法如下:
(1)选择OPP或NNO为需要调节的电压矢量,并确定共模电压调节量:
Figure GDA0002294263780000036
系数r和r1的表达式为:
Figure GDA0002294263780000041
(2)考虑中点电位的不平衡计算三相需要调节的占空比Δda,Δdb和Δdc
Figure GDA0002294263780000042
(3)调节三相占空比:
Figure GDA0002294263780000043
E、当两相静止坐标系下电压矢量角度θ∈[240°,300°)时方法如下:
(1)选择POP或NNO为需要调节的电压矢量,并确定共模电压调节量:
Figure GDA0002294263780000044
系数r和r1的表达式为:
Figure GDA0002294263780000045
(2)考虑中点电位的不平衡计算三相需要调节的占空比Δda,Δdb和Δdc
Figure GDA0002294263780000046
(3)调节三相占空比:
Figure GDA0002294263780000047
F、当两相静止坐标系下电压矢量角度θ∈[300°,360°)时方法如下:
(1)选择POP或ONN为需要调节的电压矢量,并确定共模电压调节量:
Figure GDA0002294263780000051
系数r和r1的表达式为:
Figure GDA0002294263780000052
(2)考虑中点电位的不平衡计算三相需要调节的占空比Δda,Δdb和Δdc
Figure GDA0002294263780000053
(3)调节三相占空比:
Figure GDA0002294263780000054
上述表达式中Uref为参考中点电压,其表达式如下:
Figure GDA0002294263780000055
式中Uref——参考中点电压;dis——i相(A,B,C)状态s(P,O,N)的占空比;Unp——实际中点电压;ia——A相电流;ic——C相电流;Udc——直流母线电压;dis1——调节后的i相(A,B,C)状态s(P,O,N)占空比;Tnp——允许的中点电压波动阈值。
本发明将NTV2PWM改进后,使中点电位在允许的阈值范围内波动,而不是保持中点电位的平衡。中点电位的波动并不会使逆变器输出畸变,改进的NTV2PWM充分考虑了中点电位的不平衡。共模电压的注入或消除使得一个周期内的开关次数从4次减少到3次,所以理论上改进后的NTV2PWM能够在相同的开关损耗下将开关周期缩短1/4,将开关噪声的频率提高1/3,从而降低开关噪声。
附图说明
图1是改进的NTV2PWM,其中(a)为共模电压注入,(b)为共模电压消除。
图2是实验中0.1s内的开关次数。
图3是实验中50Hz下NTV2PWM的波形:其中(a)为端电压,(b)为中点电压,(c)为相电流,(d)为相电流频谱。
图4是实验中50Hz下改进的NTV2PWM的波形:其中(a)为端电压,(b)为中点电压,(c)为相电流,(d)为相电流频谱。
图5是实验中3.6A负载下电流的总谐波失真。
图6是实验中10A负载下电流的总谐波失真。
具体实施方式
一种三电平逆变器的虚拟空间矢量脉宽调制方法,其特征在于包括如下步骤:
A、当两相静止坐标系下电压矢量角度θ∈(0°,60°)时方法如下:
(1)选择ONN或PPO为需要调节的电压矢量,并确定共模电压调节量:
Figure GDA0002294263780000061
系数r和r1的表达式为:
Figure GDA0002294263780000062
例如,如果|ia|≥|ic|,ia>0并且Unp<Uref,电压矢量ONN的作用时间将会被缩短到0以减少开关次数,PPO的作用时间被延长,PON的作用时间保持不变,如图1(a)。
(2)考虑中点电位的不平衡计算三相需要调节的占空比Δda,Δdb和Δdc
Figure GDA0002294263780000063
(3)调节三相占空比:
Figure GDA0002294263780000064
B、当两相静止坐标系下电压矢量角度θ∈[60°,120°)时方法如下:
(1)选择NON或PPO为需要调节的电压矢量,并确定共模电压调节量:
Figure GDA0002294263780000065
系数r和r1的表达式为:
Figure GDA0002294263780000066
(2)考虑中点电位的不平衡计算三相需要调节的占空比Δda,Δdb和Δdc
Figure GDA0002294263780000071
(3)调节三相占空比:
Figure GDA0002294263780000072
C、当两相静止坐标系下电压矢量角度θ∈[120°,180°)时方法如下:
(1)选择OPP或NON为需要调节的电压矢量,并确定共模电压调节量:
Figure GDA0002294263780000073
系数r和r1的表达式为:
Figure GDA0002294263780000074
(2)考虑中点电位的不平衡计算三相需要调节的占空比Δda,Δdb和Δdc
Figure GDA0002294263780000075
(3)调节三相占空比:
Figure GDA0002294263780000076
D、当两相静止坐标系下电压矢量角度θ∈[180°,240°)时方法如下:
(1)选择OPP或NNO为需要调节的电压矢量,并确定共模电压调节量:
Figure GDA0002294263780000081
系数r和r1的表达式为:
Figure GDA0002294263780000082
(2)考虑中点电位的不平衡计算三相需要调节的占空比Δda,Δdb和Δdc
Figure GDA0002294263780000083
(3)调节三相占空比:
Figure GDA0002294263780000084
E、当两相静止坐标系下电压矢量角度θ∈[240°,300°)时方法如下:
(1)选择POP或NNO为需要调节的电压矢量,并确定共模电压调节量:
Figure GDA0002294263780000085
系数r和r1的表达式为:
Figure GDA0002294263780000086
(2)考虑中点电位的不平衡计算三相需要调节的占空比Δda,Δdb和Δdc
Figure GDA0002294263780000087
(3)调节三相占空比:
Figure GDA0002294263780000091
F、当两相静止坐标系下电压矢量角度θ∈[300°,360°)时方法如下:
(1)选择POP或ONN为需要调节的电压矢量,并确定共模电压调节量:
Figure GDA0002294263780000092
系数r和r1的表达式为:
Figure GDA0002294263780000093
(2)考虑中点电位的不平衡计算三相需要调节的占空比Δda,Δdb和Δdc
Figure GDA0002294263780000094
(3)调节三相占空比:
Figure GDA0002294263780000095
上述表达式中Uref为参考中点电压,其表达式如下:
Figure GDA0002294263780000096
式中Uref——参考中点电压;dis——i相(A,B,C)状态s(P,O,N)的占空比;Unp——实际中点电压;ia——A相电流;ic——C相电流;Udc——直流母线电压;dis1——调节后的i相(A,B,C)状态s(P,O,N)占空比;Tnp——允许的中点电压波动阈值。
因为每个扇区开关序列的第一个电压矢量或者最后一个电压矢量始终不变,故选择其作为被调节的电压矢量,第一个扇区为ONN或PPO,所以选择ONN或PPO为需要调节的电压矢量。
本发明将NTV2PWM改进后,使中点电位在允许的阈值范围内波动,而不是保持中点电位的平衡。中点电位的波动并不会使逆变器输出畸变,因为改进的NTV2PWM充分考虑了中点电位的不平衡。共模电压的注入或消除使得一个周期内的开关次数从4次减少到3次,所以理论上改进后的NTV2PWM能够在相同的开关损耗下将开关周期缩短1/4,将开关噪声的频率提高1/3,从而降低开关噪声。
本发明能够使实际的中点电压跟随中点电压目标值,以第A步所举的例子为例,证明过程如下:
NTV2PWM中一个开关周期内的平均中点电流为零,所以对于第一步所举的例子有下式成立:
dONNia+dPONib+dPPOic=0 (26)
如果所举的例子中对电压矢量的操作是正确的,一个开关周期内的中点电流将会为负,如下式:
d′ONNia+dPONib+d′PPOic<0 (27)
式中d′ONN——调整之后的ONN的占空比;
d′PPO——调整之后的PPO的占空比。
式(27)减去(26)得到:
ΔdONNia+ΔdPPOic<0 (28)
如图1(a)所示,ΔdONN=Δda,ΔdPPO=Δdc。综合这两个等式、(8)和(3)得:
ia+ic/r>0 (29)
不等式改变了符号因为在所给的例子中Δd是负值。至此,不等式(27)的证明变成了(29)。已知ia是正值,并且|ia|≥|ic|。如果ic也为正值,不等式(29)将成立。根据r的取值将ic小于零的情况分成两种情况。
第一种情况,r≥1,也就是Unp≥Udc/2。显然,不等式(29)成立。
第二种情况,r<1,也就是Unp<Udc/2。这种情况下,如果-ia/ic<1/r,不等式(29)将不会成立,也就是,中点电位的实际值不会跟随目标值。但实际上,这种可能性非常小,因为中点电位被控制在小范围内波动,也就是说,1/r只是略大于1。在第二种情况下,-ia/ic是正值,考虑到电流随时间变化,大多数情况下-ia/ic>1/r。改进后的NTV2PWM能够实现对中点电位的有效控制,实验部分能够证明。
能够证明本发明方法效果的实验结果如下,逆变器和电机参数如表1和表2所示,表1是实验平台三电平逆变器参数;表2是实验平台感应电机参数。
表1
Figure GDA0002294263780000101
表2
Figure GDA0002294263780000102
定义等效开关频率fe为:
fe=N/(3t) (30)
式中N——时间t内三相总的开关次数。
NTV2PWM和改进的NTV2PWM的开关周期分别设置为133.3μs和100μs,实验中计数了两种方法一段时间内的开关次数以保证两者的对比实验是在相同的fe下进行的。如图2所示,当改进后的NTV2PWM的开关周期设置为原NTV2PWM的3/4时,开关次数略有增多,因为从一个开关周期到另一个开关周期开关次数可能会增加。对于改进后的NTV2PWM,开关次数也会随着负载电流的增加略有增加,因为较大的电流会导致不同开关序列之间更加频繁的切换。但是,总的来说,改进后的NTV2PWM能够在不增加开关损耗的情况下缩短开关周期。
图3和图4是NTV2PWM和改进的NTV2PWM在50Hz基频下的对比,根据图2的实验结果,实验中NTV2PWM的开关周期调整为130.5μs。如图3(a)和4(a)所示,改进的NTV2PWM的端电压明显区别于原NTV2PWM,特征为每个开关周期开关3次,即如果三相中有一相每个开关周期开关两次,则必定有一相不开关,或者三相中的任何一相都是每个开关周期开关一次。如图3(b)和图4(b)所示,NTV2PWM的中点电压几乎不存在直流偏移和交流脉动,而改进的NTV2PWM的中点电压被控制在设定的阈值范围内波动。图3(c)和图4(c)是两种PWM方法的电流波形,采样率设置为100k/s。两种方法的电流波形看起来几乎一样,但是图3(d)和图4(d)揭示了两者的区别。改进的NTV2PWM中谐波被转移到更高的频率,在没有增加开关损耗和谐波失真的情况下,令人不舒适的开关噪声也被消除。
因为谐波含量是评价开关方法的重要指标,实验中测量了NTV2PWM和改进的NTV2PWM在不同频率和负载下相电流的总谐波失真。实验中电流的采样率设置为100k/s,THD在1s内取平均。如图5和图6所示,改进的NTV2PWM和原NTV2PWM谐波含量相当。相对于3.6A负载,10A负载下的THD明显增大,这可能和负载的稳定性有一定的关系。根据实验结果可以得到如下结论:改进的NTV2PWM在不增加谐波失真的前提下提升了噪声性能。

Claims (1)

1.一种三电平逆变器的虚拟空间矢量脉宽调制方法,其特征在于包括如下步骤:
A、当两相静止坐标系下电压矢量角度θ∈[0°,60°)时方法如下:
(1)选择ONN或PPO为需要调节的电压矢量,并确定共模电压调节量:
Figure FDA0002294263770000011
Figure FDA0002294263770000012
系数r和r1的表达式为:
Figure FDA0002294263770000013
(2)考虑中点电位的不平衡计算三相需要调节的占空比Δda,Δdb和Δdc
Figure FDA0002294263770000014
(3)调节三相占空比:
Figure FDA0002294263770000015
B、当两相静止坐标系下电压矢量角度θ∈[60°,120°)时方法如下:
(1)选择NON或PPO为需要调节的电压矢量,并确定共模电压调节量:
Figure FDA0002294263770000016
Figure FDA0002294263770000017
系数r和r1的表达式为:
Figure FDA0002294263770000018
(2)考虑中点电位的不平衡计算三相需要调节的占空比Δda,Δdb和Δdc
Figure FDA0002294263770000019
(3)调节三相占空比:
Figure FDA0002294263770000021
C、当两相静止坐标系下电压矢量角度θ∈[120°,180°)时方法如下:
(1)选择OPP或NON为需要调节的电压矢量,并确定共模电压调节量:
Figure FDA0002294263770000022
Figure FDA0002294263770000023
系数r和r1的表达式为:
Figure FDA0002294263770000024
(2)考虑中点电位的不平衡计算三相需要调节的占空比Δda,Δdb和Δdc
Figure FDA0002294263770000025
(3)调节三相占空比:
Figure FDA0002294263770000026
D、当两相静止坐标系下电压矢量角度θ∈[180°,240°)时方法如下:
(1)选择OPP或NNO为需要调节的电压矢量,并确定共模电压调节量:
Figure FDA0002294263770000027
Figure FDA0002294263770000028
系数r和r1的表达式为:
Figure FDA0002294263770000029
(2)考虑中点电位的不平衡计算三相需要调节的占空比Δda,Δdb和Δdc
Figure FDA0002294263770000031
(3)调节三相占空比:
Figure FDA0002294263770000032
E、当两相静止坐标系下电压矢量角度θ∈[240°,300°)时方法如下:
(1)选择POP或NNO为需要调节的电压矢量,并确定共模电压调节量:
Figure FDA0002294263770000033
Figure FDA0002294263770000034
系数r和r1的表达式为:
Figure FDA0002294263770000035
(2)考虑中点电位的不平衡计算三相需要调节的占空比Δda,Δdb和Δdc
Figure FDA0002294263770000036
(3)调节三相占空比:
Figure FDA0002294263770000037
F、当两相静止坐标系下电压矢量角度θ∈[300°,360°)时方法如下:
(1)选择POP或ONN为需要调节的电压矢量,并确定共模电压调节量:
Figure FDA0002294263770000038
Figure FDA0002294263770000039
系数r和r1的表达式为:
Figure FDA0002294263770000041
(2)考虑中点电位的不平衡计算三相需要调节的占空比Δda,Δdb和Δdc
Figure FDA0002294263770000042
(3)调节三相占空比:
Figure FDA0002294263770000043
上述表达式中Uref为参考中点电压,其表达式如下:
Figure FDA0002294263770000044
式中Uref——参考中点电压;dis——i相(A,B,C)状态s(P,O,N)的占空比;Unp——实际中点电压;ia——A相电流;ic——C相电流;Udc——直流母线电压;dis1——调节后的i相(A,B,C)状态s(P,O,N)占空比;Tnp——允许的中点电压波动阈值。
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