CN108051336B - Method for monitoring quality of particles in dew intercepted by plant leaves in urban green areas - Google Patents
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- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
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- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000008237 rinsing water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229920006327 polystyrene foam Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 claims description 38
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种监测并计算城市绿地区植物叶片截留露水中颗粒物质量的方法，包括如下步骤：全株叶片总量统计；采集不同下垫面典型植物叶片；对各组叶片表面进行清洗后，将各种类叶片均分为两组，分别固定在聚苯乙烯泡沫板上，绒毛面朝上；露水凝结开始时，置于监测点，保持聚苯乙烯板与地表平行，且处于植物冠层高度；在露水凝结转为蒸发的时间节点，将其中一张泡沫板密封带回实验室，用去离子水震荡清洗叶片表面，记录去离子水量，并测试淋洗水中颗粒物浓度；待露水完全蒸发后，将剩余泡沫板密封带回实验室，重复上述操作。本发明可以监测并计算城市生态系统绿地区植物叶片对露水中凝结‑蒸发周期截留的不同粒径颗粒物质量。The invention discloses a method for monitoring and calculating the quality of particles in dew intercepted by plant leaves in urban green areas, comprising the following steps: counting the total amount of leaves of the whole plant; collecting typical plant leaves of different underlying surfaces; cleaning the surfaces of each group of leaves , Divide the various types of leaves into two groups, and fix them on the polystyrene foam board respectively, with the fluff side facing up; when the dew condensation starts, place it at the monitoring point, keep the polystyrene board parallel to the ground, and in the plant crown Layer height; at the time point when dew condensation turns to evaporation, one of the foam boards is sealed and brought back to the laboratory, the leaf surface is cleaned with deionized water shaking, the amount of deionized water is recorded, and the particle concentration in the rinsing water is tested; After evaporation, seal the remaining foam sheet back to the laboratory and repeat the above procedure. The invention can monitor and calculate the mass of particles with different particle sizes intercepted by the leaves of plants in the green area of the urban ecosystem to the condensation-evaporation cycle in the dew.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及颗粒物监测技术领域，具体涉及一种可有效监测并计算城市绿地区地表植物叶片对露水截留颗粒物质量的方法。The invention relates to the technical field of particulate matter monitoring, in particular to a method for effectively monitoring and calculating the amount of particulate matter retained by dew on the leaves of surface plants in urban green areas.
背景技术Background technique
露水凝结是普遍发生的气象现象，其形成过程中以大气中细小的气溶胶为凝结核，对空气净化有重要作用，露水的凝结是近地表颗粒物沉降去除的自然过程。城市生态系统中绿地区是露水凝结的重要场所，每年露水量可达60mm，相当于一场大雨的级别。露水中颗粒物浓度显著高于雨水等其他湿沉降形式，露水中溶解的颗粒物浓度为271.36mg/L，沉降颗粒物量均非常可观。但露水在夜间凝结，日出后蒸发，部分已经沉降至叶片的颗粒物随风再次回到近地表，如部分PM2.5回到地表，会增加近地表的空气污染，严重影响人类活动范围的空气质量，威胁人体健康。因此准确衡量日出后城市绿地区植被对露水中颗粒物的截留量非常重要。Dew condensation is a common meteorological phenomenon. During its formation, fine aerosols in the atmosphere are used as condensation nuclei, which play an important role in air purification. Dew condensation is a natural process for the deposition and removal of near-surface particulate matter. The green area in the urban ecosystem is an important place for dew condensation. The annual dew amount can reach 60mm, which is equivalent to a heavy rain. The concentration of particulate matter in dew is significantly higher than other wet deposition forms such as rainwater. The concentration of dissolved particulate matter in dew is 271.36 mg/L, and the amount of settled particulate matter is very considerable. However, dew condenses at night and evaporates after sunrise. Part of the particles that have settled on the leaves will return to the near surface again with the wind. For example, some PM 2.5 will return to the surface, which will increase air pollution near the surface and seriously affect the air quality in the range of human activities. , threatening human health. Therefore, it is very important to accurately measure the interception of particles in dew by vegetation in urban green areas after sunrise.
目前国内外在监测和计算植物截尘量方面较为成熟，但有关监测计算植物对露水中凝结再蒸发后的颗粒物截留量的方法研究较为少见。At present, the monitoring and calculation of the amount of dust intercepted by plants is relatively mature at home and abroad, but the methods for monitoring and calculating the amount of particulate matter intercepted by plants after condensation and re-evaporation in dew are relatively rare.
目前，城市植物对颗粒物的截留方法应用的是叶片差减法，该方法具有以下缺陷：At present, the interception method of particulate matter by urban plants uses the leaf subtraction method, which has the following defects:
1、现有技术方案是计算植物叶片截留颗粒物干沉降量的，即随颗粒物自身重力降落至叶片的部分。无法衡量夜间作为凝结核随水汽凝结至叶片的部分。目前还没有方法监测或计算露水凝结颗粒物被叶片截留的部分。1. The prior art solution is to calculate the dry sedimentation amount of particulate matter retained by plant leaves, that is, the part that falls to the leaves along with the gravity of the particulate matter. It is not possible to measure the portion of the leaf that condenses with water vapor as condensation nuclei at night. There is currently no way to monitor or calculate the fraction of dew condensation particles that are trapped by leaves.
2、现有方法采样的差减法，即通过一段时间的叶片的重量变化计算叶片截尘的量。使用的方法是“利用蒸馏水湿润过的酒精棉球对叶片表面进行彻底洗脱擦拭，清除叶片所滞粉尘后”，但是仅依靠擦拭是不彻底的，如有些细小颗粒在叶片的绒毛上或者褶皱中，无法保证彻底擦拭干净。因此现有方法的计算结果是不准确的。2. The subtraction method of sampling by the existing method, that is, the amount of dust intercepted by the blade is calculated by the weight change of the blade over a period of time. The method used is "to thoroughly wash and wipe the surface of the leaf with an alcohol cotton ball moistened with distilled water to remove the dust lingering on the leaf", but only relying on wiping is not thorough, such as some fine particles on the fluff or folds of the leaf. , there is no guarantee of a complete wipe clean. Therefore, the calculation results of the existing methods are inaccurate.
3、现有方法只能计算总的颗粒物质量(TSP)，颗粒物按照粒径可分为可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和可入肺颗粒物(PM2.5)和总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)等，但不能衡量对雾霾天气及人体健康非常重要的监测指标PM2.5和PM10等指标。3. The existing method can only calculate the total particulate matter (TSP), which can be divided into inhalable particulate matter (PM 10 ), lung-infiltrating particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and total suspended particulate matter (TSP) according to the particle size, but cannot. Measure indicators such as PM 2.5 and PM 10 , which are very important monitoring indicators for haze weather and human health.
因此，提供一种能够系统全面地对城市绿地区植物叶片对露水凝结-蒸发周期中不同粒径颗粒物截留量的方法势在必行。Therefore, it is imperative to provide a method that can systematically and comprehensively measure the interception of particles of different sizes in the dew condensation-evaporation cycle by plant leaves in urban green areas.
发明内容SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
为解决上述问题，本发明提供了一种监测城市绿地区植物叶片截留露水中颗粒物质量的方法。In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides a method for monitoring the amount of particulate matter in dew retained by plant leaves in urban green areas.
为实现上述目的，本发明采取的技术方案为：To achieve the above object, the technical scheme adopted in the present invention is:
一种监测城市绿地区植物叶片截留露水中颗粒物质量的方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：A method for monitoring the quality of particulate matter in dew retained by plant leaves in urban green areas, comprising the following steps:
步骤1：全株叶片总量统计：Step 1: Statistics of the total number of leaves of the whole plant:
利用标准枝分层法，对供试植株进行枝条等级分层，分至易计数叶片的标准小枝为止，对各层枝条数量进行随机抽样统计，在末级枝上从东、南、西、北4个方向分别选取30cm长的标准小枝，统计叶片数量，计算全株叶片总量N(枚)；Using the standard branch stratification method, the test plants were stratified by branch grades until the standard twigs whose leaves were easy to count, and the number of branches in each layer was randomly sampled and counted. 30cm-long standard twigs were selected from the 4 directions, the number of leaves was counted, and the total number of leaves in the whole plant was calculated N (pieces);
步骤2：在树冠外围东西南北4个方向及中部枝条的上、中、下部随机多点采集可充分接收粉尘的植物叶片n枚，叶片数量为30～50枚。将叶样密封后，避免震动立即带回实验室；Step 2: Collect n plant leaves that can fully receive dust from 4 directions of east, west, north, south, and the upper, middle, and lower parts of the middle branches on the periphery of the canopy, and the number of leaves is 30 to 50. After sealing the leaf sample, avoid shaking and bring it back to the laboratory immediately;
步骤3：利用去离子水对各组叶片表面进行超声清洗30分钟，清除叶片所滞粉尘，使叶片达到初始零积尘量；Step 3: Use deionized water to ultrasonically clean the surface of each group of leaves for 30 minutes to remove the dust stagnant on the leaves, so that the leaves reach the initial zero dust accumulation;
清洗完成后，将各种类叶片均分为两组，分别均匀固定在聚苯乙烯泡沫板上，绒毛面朝上；After the cleaning is completed, the various types of leaves are divided into two groups, which are evenly fixed on the polystyrene foam board, with the fluff side facing up;
步骤4：露水凝结开始时，将步骤3所得的叶片置于监测点，保持聚苯乙烯板与地表平行，且处于植物冠层高度；Step 4: When dew condensation begins, place the leaves obtained in Step 3 at the monitoring point, keep the polystyrene board parallel to the ground, and at the height of the plant canopy;
在露水凝结转为蒸发的时间节点，将其中一张泡沫板密封带回实验室，用去离子水震荡清洗叶片表面，记录去离子水量Vc(L)，并测试淋洗水中颗粒物TSP，PM2.5，PM10的浓度(Cjc，mg/L)；At the time point when dew condensation turns to evaporation, one of the foam boards was sealed and brought back to the laboratory, and the leaf surface was washed with deionized water by shaking, and the deionized water volume V c (L) was recorded, and the particulate matter TSP and PM in the rinsing water were tested. 2.5 , the concentration of PM 10 (C jc , mg/L);
步骤5：待露水完全蒸发后，将剩余泡沫板密封带回实验室，用去离子水震荡清洗叶片表面，记录去离子水量Vc(L)，并测试淋洗水中颗粒物TSP，PM2.5，PM10的浓度(Cjc，mg/L)；Step 5: After the dew has completely evaporated, seal the remaining foam board and bring it back to the laboratory, shake the leaf surface with deionized water, record the amount of deionized water V c (L), and test the particulate matter TSP, PM 2.5 , PM in the rinsing water 10 concentration (C jc , mg/L);
步骤6：通过以下公式进行单株植物沉降和蒸发后滞留不同粒径颗粒质量的计算：Step 6: Calculate the mass of particles with different particle sizes retained after sedimentation and evaporation of a single plant by the following formula:
式中，j为颗粒物类型(例如：PM2.5/PM10/TSP)；Fj为单株植物露水凝结期间沉降的颗粒物质量(mg/plant)；Cjc为露水凝结转蒸发节点时震荡清洗叶片去离子水中颗粒物质量浓度(mg/L)；Vc为露水凝结转蒸发节点时震荡清洗所用去离子水体积(L)；2为转化系数；Pj为单株植物露水蒸发后沉降的颗粒物质量(mg/plant)；Cje为露水蒸发后清洗叶片去离子水中颗粒物质量浓度(mg/L)；Ve为露水蒸发后清洗所用去离子水体积(L)；n为采集单株植物叶片数(枚)；N为单株植物叶片总数(枚)。In the formula, j is the type of particulate matter (for example: PM 2.5 /PM 10 /TSP); F j is the amount of particulate matter settled during the dew condensation of a single plant (mg/plant); C jc is the shaking and cleaning of leaves at the dew condensation-to-evaporation node The mass concentration of particulate matter in deionized water (mg/L); V c is the volume of deionized water used for oscillating cleaning when dew condensation is transferred to the evaporation node (L); 2 is the conversion coefficient; (mg/plant); Cje is the mass concentration of particulate matter in deionized water for cleaning leaves after dew evaporation (mg/L); Ve is the volume of deionized water used for cleaning after dew evaporation (L); n is the number of leaves collected per plant (pieces); N is the total number of leaves per plant (pieces).
本发明可以监测并计算城市生态系统每夜绿地区不同植物种类对夜间露水凝结、蒸发后被叶片截留的不同粒径的颗粒物，操作步骤简单计算方法明确，易于推广；且可以避免原有技术依靠手工擦拭不彻底的弊端，准确率较高。The invention can monitor and calculate the effects of different plant species in the nightly green areas of the urban ecosystem on the particles of different sizes that are intercepted by the leaves after dew condensation and evaporation at night, the operation steps are simple, the calculation method is clear, and it is easy to popularize; The disadvantages of manual wiping are incomplete, and the accuracy rate is high.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
为了使本发明的目的及优点更加清楚明白，以下结合实施例对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。In order to make the objects and advantages of the present invention more clear, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only used to explain the present invention, but not to limit the present invention.
本发明实施例提供了一种监测城市绿地区植物叶片截留露水中颗粒物质量的方法，包括如下步骤：The embodiment of the present invention provides a method for monitoring the quality of particulate matter in dew retained by plant leaves in urban green areas, comprising the following steps:
步骤1：全株叶片总量统计：Step 1: Statistics of the total number of leaves of the whole plant:
利用标准枝分层法，对供试植株进行枝条等级分层，分至易计数叶片的标准小枝为止(该标准小枝上的叶片数量范围为15-80枚)，对各层枝条数量进行随机抽样统计，在末级枝上从东、南、西、北4个方向分别选取30cm长的标准小枝，统计叶片数量，计算全株叶片总量N(枚)；Using the standard branch stratification method, the test plants were stratified by branch grades until the standard branchlets with easily counted leaves (the number of leaves on the standard branchlets ranged from 15 to 80), and the number of branches in each layer was randomly sampled. Statistically, standard twigs with a length of 30 cm were selected from the four directions of east, south, west and north on the last branch, the number of leaves was counted, and the total number of leaves in the whole plant was calculated N (pieces);
步骤2：采集不同下垫面典型植物叶片：Step 2: Collect typical plant leaves on different underlying surfaces:
在树冠外围东西南北4个方向及中部枝条的上、中、下部随机多点采集可充分接收粉尘的植物叶片n枚，叶片数量为30～50枚。将叶样密封后，避免震动立即带回实验室；Collect n pieces of plant leaves that can fully receive dust from 4 directions of east, west, north, south, and the upper, middle, and lower parts of the middle branches on the periphery of the canopy, and the number of leaves is 30 to 50. After sealing the leaf sample, avoid shaking and bring it back to the laboratory immediately;
步骤3：利用去离子水对各组叶片表面进行超声清洗30分钟，清除叶片所滞粉尘，使叶片达到初始零积尘量；Step 3: Use deionized water to ultrasonically clean the surface of each group of leaves for 30 minutes to remove the dust stagnant on the leaves, so that the leaves reach the initial zero dust accumulation;
清洗完成后，将各种类叶片均分为两组，分别均匀固定在聚苯乙烯泡沫板上，绒毛面朝上；After the cleaning is completed, the various types of leaves are divided into two groups, which are evenly fixed on the polystyrene foam board, with the fluff side facing up;
步骤4：露水凝结开始时，将步骤3所得的叶片置于监测点，保持聚苯乙烯板与地表平行，且处于植物冠层高度；Step 4: When dew condensation begins, place the leaves obtained in Step 3 at the monitoring point, keep the polystyrene board parallel to the ground, and at the height of the plant canopy;
在露水凝结转为蒸发的时间节点，将其中一张泡沫板密封带回实验室，用去离子水震荡清洗叶片表面，记录去离子水量Vc(L)，并测试淋洗水中颗粒物TSP，PM2.5，PM10的浓度(Cjc，mg/L)；At the time point when dew condensation turns to evaporation, one of the foam boards was sealed and brought back to the laboratory, and the leaf surface was washed with deionized water by shaking, and the deionized water volume V c (L) was recorded, and the particulate matter TSP and PM in the rinsing water were tested. 2.5 , the concentration of PM 10 (C jc , mg/L);
步骤5：待露水完全蒸发后，将剩余泡沫板密封带回实验室，用去离子水震荡清洗叶片表面，记录去离子水量Vc(L)，并测试淋洗水中颗粒物TSP，PM2.5，PM10的浓度(Cjc，mg/L)；Step 5: After the dew has completely evaporated, seal the remaining foam board and bring it back to the laboratory, shake the leaf surface with deionized water, record the amount of deionized water V c (L), and test the particulate matter TSP, PM 2.5 , PM in the rinsing water 10 concentration (C jc , mg/L);
步骤6：通过以下公式进行单株植物沉降和蒸发后滞留不同粒径颗粒质量的计算：Step 6: Calculate the mass of particles with different particle sizes retained after sedimentation and evaporation of a single plant by the following formula:
式中，j为颗粒物类型(例如：PM2.5/PM10/TSP)；Fj为单株植物露水凝结期间沉降的颗粒物质量(mg/plant)；Cjc为露水凝结转蒸发节点时震荡清洗叶片去离子水中颗粒物质量浓度(mg/L)；Vc为露水凝结转蒸发节点时震荡清洗所用去离子水体积(L)；2为转化系数；Pj为单株植物露水蒸发后沉降的颗粒物质量(mg/plant)；Cje为露水蒸发后清洗叶片去离子水中颗粒物质量浓度(mg/L)；Ve为露水蒸发后清洗所用去离子水体积(L)；n为采集单株植物叶片数(枚)；N为单株植物叶片总数(枚)。In the formula, j is the type of particulate matter (for example: PM 2.5 /PM 10 /TSP); F j is the amount of particulate matter settled during the dew condensation of a single plant (mg/plant); C jc is the shaking and cleaning of leaves at the dew condensation-to-evaporation node The mass concentration of particulate matter in deionized water (mg/L); V c is the volume of deionized water (L) used for oscillating cleaning when dew condensation is transferred to the evaporation node; 2 is the conversion coefficient; P j is the amount of particulate matter settled after the dew evaporation of a single plant (mg/plant); Cje is the mass concentration of particulate matter in deionized water for cleaning leaves after dew evaporation (mg/L); Ve is the volume of deionized water used for cleaning after dew evaporation (L); n is the number of leaves collected per plant (pieces); N is the total number of leaves per plant (pieces).
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，还可以作出若干改进和润饰，这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。The above are only the preferred embodiments of the present invention. It should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art, without departing from the principles of the present invention, several improvements and modifications can be made, and these improvements and modifications should also be It is regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
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