CN107389487A - Qualitative assessment plant leaf blade is detained the method for different diameter airborne particle quality and total amount - Google Patents
Qualitative assessment plant leaf blade is detained the method for different diameter airborne particle quality and total amount Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses the method that qualitative assessment plant leaf blade is detained different diameter airborne particle quality and total amount, first the plant leaf blade of collection is cleaned with water, then classified filtering processing is carried out to the cleaning solution, the quality of filter membrane after the filter membrane after filtration treatments at different levels is dried and dried again, obtain the different diameter airborne particle quality of blade face delay；The blade after being cleaned with water is cleaned with organic solvent again, then carries out classified filtering processing to the cleaning solution, then after the filter membrane after filtration treatments at different levels is dried and dried filter membrane quality, obtain the different diameter airborne particle quality wrapped up in leaf wax；TDS measure is carried out to the afterbody filtered fluid after cleaning classified filtering with water and cleaning classified filtering with organic solvent again；Plant leaf blade, which is calculated, finally by data derived above is detained different diameter airborne particle quality and total amount.The present invention can accurately plant leaf blade be detained PM>10、PM10、PM2.5‑10、PM0.1‑2.5Deng different-grain diameter range of particle amount of substance and particulate matter total amount.
Description
【Technical field】
The present invention relates to environmental monitoring technology field, and in particular to qualitative assessment plant leaf blade is detained different diameter airborne particle
The method of quality and total amount.
【Background technology】
Particulate matter is the general name of liquid and solid particulate matter in atmospheric environment, is the primary pollution of China most cities
Thing.Particulate in air too high levels, haze weather can be caused, reduce atmospheric visibility, trigger photochemical fog, aggravate greenhouse
Effect, and containing carcinogens such as heavy metal, bacterium, virus, PAHs, so as to have a strong impact on people's health.
Depositing dust (equivalent aerodynamic diameter is more than 10 μm) and floating dust (air force can be divided into by particle size
Learn equivalent diameter and be less than or equal to 10 μm).Particle of the equivalent aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 μm is pellet
(PM10), and environmental and human health impacts are endangered with maximum particulate matter.Wherein, pellet can be divided into coarseparticulate again
(equivalent aerodynamic diameter is between 2.5 and 10 μm) and fine particle (PM2.5, equivalent aerodynamic diameter be less than etc.
In 2.5 μm).
PM10Because its is tiny without being stopped by nasal cavity, Zhi Ru people lung and the depths of lung can be remained in, be not easy to be discharged body
Outside.PM2.5Compared with PM10Particle diameter is smaller, can be as deep as alveolar, and enters blood circulation, causes the disease relevant with cardio-pulmonary function obstacle.
It is existing both at home and abroad that there are some researches show with the PM of suction2.5、PM10The rise of concentration, sensitive group premature death rate liter can be caused
Height, cause the generation of the systemic diseases such as inside of human body breathing, circulation, immune, nervous centralis and endocrine.Suck high concentration
PM2.5、PM10Also can influence fetus grow and children grow and immunologic function.Further, since PM2.5、PM10
Contain Some Organic Pollutants, such as polycyclic macromolecular substances of benzo (a) pyrene, therefore have serious carcinogenesis in surface.With
Coarse granule is compared, PM2.5Specific surface area is big, it is easier to adsorb some heavy metals to human health, organic matter, bacterium and
The materials such as virus.Because its particle diameter is very small, atmospheric residence time is long, fed distance is remote, thus to health and greatly
Gas environmental quality influences bigger.
Green plants has delay, adsorption/absorption and filtering particle because of its special leaf surface feature and canopy structure
The effect of thing.But the ability of different tree species purification particulate pollutant is typically different, this life residing for trees unique characteristics, trees
Long region, season and envirment factor etc. exist certain association (referring to：Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, in December, 2010, volume 21,
12nd phase, influence of the urban greenery plantses blade surface feature to regulation of absorbing dust capability).And for plant leaf surface to being detained particulate matter
Influence is then mainly reflected on its surface micro-structure and leaf amount.On a microscopic scale, blade face fine hair quantity and form, secretion are glued
Liquid, leaf surface energy feature etc. can influence delay of the particulate matter on blade face.Researcher Wang Lei etc. has found that particle is detained on blade face
The micromorphology of the quantity of thing from high to low is：Groove>Vein+cell>Cell>Strip projection (referring to：Applied ecology
Report, in April, 2006, volume 17, the 4th phase, 11 kinds of Beijing ornamental plant is detained Atmospheric particulates capability study).There is research again
It was found that the size of blade face micro-structural has selectivity for the particle diameter for being detained particulate matter, PM is easiest to2.5The micro-structural of delay is big
It is small be 3 μm or so (referring to：Northwest Botany Gazette, in December, 2014, the 12nd phase of volume 34, the common broad-leaved green plants in Beijing are stagnant
Stay PM2.5The relation of ability and blade face micro-structural).
Performance forest in face of improving rapidly is detained PM2.5、PM10Deng the new demand of particulate matter function, qualitative assessment leaves of plants
Piece, which is detained the quantity of different diameter airborne particle and is detained particulate matter gross mass, to be particularly important.At present, determine and evaluate plant
Leaf table is detained the method for particulate matter ability more using washing-filter paper filtering measure total particulate hold-up, washing-different pore size
Filter membrane filters step by step, washes and washes-different pore size filter membrane filtration method and biological micro-image analysis system method step by step with chloroform.
The chemical composition of particulate matter is extremely complex, including a large amount of mineral oxides, soluble sulphate, nitrate,
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, organic acid and organochlorine etc..It is broadly divided into three classes：Organic principle, water soluble ingredient and water insoluble active ingredient, after
Two classes are mainly inorganic constituents.Wherein, it is largely baroque Organic Compounds in organic principle.Atmospheric particulates
Composition causes measurement result larger difference to be present because of the difference of sampling time, place and assay method etc..Taiyuan City PM10In it is water-soluble
Property ion accounts for PM10Mass fraction be 28%, summer highest (40%), winter takes second place (31%), spring minimum (17%) (ginseng
See：Environmental science, in June, 2016, volume 37, the 6th phase, Taiyuan City's grain-size of atmospheric particulate substance and water soluble molecules distribution characteristics).
And for organic principle, PM can be accounted for2.5Quality 1/3-1/2 (referring to：Shanghai University Ph.D. Dissertation, 2010, greatly
The changing rule of gas fine particle organic matter composition and its application in source resolution).
Because the country utilizes plant reply PM2.5、PM10Research be still in the starting stage, technology is relatively immature.At present
It is labyrinth structure to filter the cellulose filter membrane often selected, and aperture is uneven, and thickness is big, and filtration resistance is big, category in-depth filtration, to
The separating effect of grain thing is poor, and fiber is easy to fall off.Meanwhile washing and chloroform be when washing blade, PM2.5、PM10It is enriched on particle
A large amount of water miscible inorganic constituents and liposoluble constituent are dissolved in water or organic solvent, cause measure accuracy relatively low.Furthermore
PM2.5、PM10Particle diameter is small, and this brings more difficulty for collecting these particulate matters being detained on blade face.Finally, certain volume is measured
During (the 60 DEG C or so) drying of filtrate low temperature, take longer.Biological micro-image analysis system rule assumes that particulate matter is ball more
Shape, particle density are homogeneous.And the two hypothesis are often invalid under real world conditions, therefore there is also very big for measurement result
Deviation, and it is big to analyze workload.Thus research can accurately determine plant leaf blade delay PM2.5、PM10Deng different diameter airborne particle
And the method for delay particulate matter total amount is very necessary.
【The content of the invention】
The purpose of the present invention is to be detained technical problem present in Atmospheric particulates assay method for existing plant leaf blade,
The method that qualitative assessment plant leaf blade is detained different diameter airborne particle quality and total amount is provided, planted by this method energy Accurate Determining
Thing blade is detained different diameter airborne particle quality and plant leaf blade is detained particulate matter total amount, the inventive method measurement result accuracy
Height, assay method are simple and easy.
To realize the purpose of the present invention, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme that：
A kind of qualitative assessment plant leaf blade is detained the method for different diameter airborne particle quality and total amount, comprises the following steps：
Step 1, first the plant leaf blade of collection is cleaned with water, classified filtering processing then is carried out to the cleaning solution, then it is right
The quality of filter membrane after filter membrane after filtration treatments at different levels is dried and dried, therefore can obtain being detained not on blade face
With particles amount of substance；
Step 2, then by the blade after being cleaned in step 1 with water cleaned with organic solvent, then the cleaning solution is divided
Level filtration treatment, then after the filter membrane after filtration treatments at different levels is dried and dried filter membrane quality, therefore can obtain
The different diameter airborne particle quality wrapped up into leaf wax；
Step 3, TDS measure then to afterbody filtered fluid in step 1 and step 2 is carried out, is respectively obtained water miscible
Particulate matter quality and fat-soluble particulate matter quality；
Step 4, the data obtained by step 1 to step 3 calculate plant leaf blade and are detained particulate matter total amount.
In the step 1 and step 2, to cleaning solution carry out classified filtering processing when select aperture be 10 μm, 2.5 μm and
0.1 μm of filter membrane.
The filter membrane selection that the aperture is 10 μm and 2.5 μm is nucleopore membranes；The filter membrane selection that aperture is 0.1 μm is that polymerization is fine
Tie up plain ester filter membrane.
In the step 1 and step 2, classified filtering processing includes：It is 10 μm to carry out filtering accuracy to cleaning solution first
The first order filters；Then the filtrate after being filtered to the first order carries out the second level that filtering accuracy is 2.5 μm and filtered；Finally to second
Filtrate after level filtering carries out the third level that filtering accuracy is 0.1 μm and filtered.
The first order filtering, second level filtering and the third level are filtered into decompression suction filtration processing.
Relative pressure is 0~-0.1MPa during the decompression filters.
In the step 3, at least carry out TDS three times and determine and average.
It is chloroform or n-hexane with organic solvent in the step 2.
In the step 1 and step 2, drying temperature is 40-45 DEG C during drying and processing, and it is weighed twice after drying
Between of poor quality≤0.0002g；Processing is dried using air dry oven.
In the step 1, when plant leaf blade is cleaned with water, if can significantly see particulate matter on the blade face of collection,
The ratio between volume of blade area and deionized water is 200cm2：300ml；If it can not significantly see particle on the blade face of collection
Thing, then the ratio between volume of blade area and deionized water is 400cm2：300ml, soak time are 5-10min, soak and scrub
Rear leaf sample needs every leaf deionized water rinsing upper and lower surface 2-3 times.
Advantages of the present invention is：
The qualitative assessment plant leaf blade of the present invention is detained the method for different diameter airborne particle quality and total amount first by collection
Plant leaf blade is cleaned with water, classified filtering processing is then carried out to the cleaning solution, then the filter membrane after filtration treatments at different levels is carried out
The quality of filter membrane after drying and being dried, therefore the different diameter airborne particle quality being detained on blade face can be obtained；It will use again
Blade after water cleaning is cleaned with organic solvent, then carries out classified filtering processing to the cleaning solution, then to filtration treatments at different levels
The quality of filter membrane after filter membrane afterwards is dried and dried, therefore the different-grain diameter particle wrapped up in wax coat can be obtained
Amount of substance；TDS is carried out to the afterbody filtered fluid after cleaning classified filtering with water and cleaning classified filtering with organic solvent again
Measure, therefore water-soluble and fat-soluble particulate matter quality can be obtained；Plant is calculated finally by data derived above
Blade is detained particulate matter total amount；
Therefore the method for the present invention can accurately determine the particulate matter wrapped up in leaf surface and leaf wax, being capable of Accurate Determining
The different diameter airborne particle quality wrapped up in leaf surface delay and wax coat；Method is simple to operate, and the instrument used is easy to get, and is easy to
Operation；
Therefore the inventive method measure plant leaf blade, which is detained Atmospheric Grains matter total amount, has accurately and rapidly feature,
Solves the technical barrier that measure blade is detained water-soluble and liposoluble constituent quality in particulate matter.
The inventive method plays an important roll for assessing the function difference that plant is detained particulate matter, is detained for enhancing forest
The control technique of Atmospheric particulates provides support.
【Embodiment】
In order to make the purpose , technical scheme and advantage of the present invention be clearer, with reference to embodiments, to the present invention
It is described in further detail.It should be appreciated that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the present invention, and do not have to
Invented in limiting.Attached, unreceipted particular technique or bar in embodiment after instrument unit type and manufacturer in embodiment
Part, carried out according to the technology described by document in the art or condition or according to product description.Agents useful for same or instrument
The unreceipted production firm person of device, it can pass through the conventional products of acquisition purchased in market.
Being detained different diameter airborne particle the present invention relates to plant leaf blade includes PM>10、PM2.5-10、PM0.1-2.5And it is detained particle
The measure of the accurate mass of thing total amount.Wherein, the particulate matter wrapped up in particulate matter is detained by leaf surface particulate matter and leaf wax
And the water-soluble and fat-soluble part of composition four composition.The leaf sample of fresh complete no disease and pests harm is specially gathered, (1) is used first
Deionized water cleaning blade upper and lower surface collects the suspension containing particulate matter.Then obtained suspension is passed sequentially through into aperture is
10 μm, 2.5 μm of nucleopore membranes and aperture are 0.1 μm of polymer fiber element ester filter membrane, and drying filter membrane is simultaneously weighed, and obtains water-insoluble
PM in composition>10、PM2.5-10、PM0.1-2.5(it is designated as respectively：SM>10、SM2.5-10、SM0.1-2.5)；(2) will be cleaned with deionized water
TDS is determined with TDS analyzers, you can obtain water miscible solid particulate matter quality afterwards and by the filtered fluid of 0.1 μm of filter membrane；
(3) the leaf sample after water is cleaned, the particulate matter being wrapped in wax coat is collected with organic solvent cleaning blade upper and lower surface, then
Obtained suspension passes sequentially through to aperture is 10 μm, 2.5 μm of nucleopore membranes and polymer fiber element ester that aperture is 0.1 μm filter
Film, dry filter membrane and weigh, obtain the PM in fat insoluble composition>10、PM2.5-10、PM0.1-2.5(it is designated as respectively：WM>10、
WM2.5-10、WM0.1-2.5)；(4) determined after being cleaned with organic solvent and by the filtered fluid of 0.1 μm of filter membrane with TDS analyzers
TDS, you can obtain fat-soluble solid particulate matter quality；(5) by the SM in water insoluble active ingredient>10、SM2.5-10、SM0.1-2.5With
WM in fat insoluble composition>10、WM2.5-10、WM0.1-2.5It is separately summed, you can obtain the different diameter airborne particle of blade delay
Quality；Then the total particle material that can obtain blade delay is added with the quality of water soluble ingredient and liposoluble constituent again
Amount.
The instrument used in the specific embodiment of the invention is as follows：
SM in the present invention>10Represent the particle diameter being detained on leaf surface>The quality of 10 μm of particulate matter；SM2.5-10Represent leaf table
The particle diameter being detained on face>2.5 μm and the quality of≤10 μm of particulate matter；SM0.1-2.5Represent the particle diameter being detained on leaf surface>0.1μ
The quality of m and≤2.5 μm of particulate matter.WM>10Represent the particle diameter wrapped up in leaf wax>The quality of 10 μm of particulate matter；WM2.5-10
Represent the particle diameter wrapped up in leaf wax>2.5 μm and the quality of≤10 μm of particulate matter；WM0.1-2.5Represent what is wrapped up in leaf wax
Particle diameter>0.1 μm and the quality of≤2.5 μm of particulate matter；M>10Represent the particle diameter being detained in leaf surface and wax>10 μm of particle
The gross mass of thing；M2.5-10Represent the particle diameter being detained in leaf surface and wax>2.5 μm and the gross mass of≤10 μm of particulate matter；
M0.1-2.5Represent the particle diameter being detained in leaf surface and wax>0.1 μm and the gross mass of≤2.5 μm of particulate matter；M10Represent leaf table
The gross mass of the particulate matter for particle diameter≤10 μm being detained in face and wax；TDSs represents water-soluble total solid；TDSw represents liposoluble
Property total solid.
Scheme is specific as follows used by the method for the present invention：
Qualitative assessment plant leaf blade provided by the invention is detained the method for different diameter airborne particle quality and total amount, according to such as
Lower step is carried out：
(1) the water cleaning of leaf sample
Using the blade of deionized water immersion collection, blade upper and lower surface is gently then scrubbed with the banister brush of not hair loss,
Obtained muddy suspension is used for subsequent hierarchical filtration treatment and TDS is determined；
(2) classified filtering of filtrate is handled after water cleaning
1. first order filtration treatment is carried out to the muddy suspension obtained after washing, wherein, the filter bores of first order filtration treatment
Footpath is 10 μm, and obtaining retention has particle diameter>The first order filter membrane of 10 μm of particulate matters and the particulate matter containing particle diameter≤10 μm and water-soluble
The first order filtrate of property composition；
2. the first order filtrate of particulate matter and water soluble ingredient containing particle diameter≤10 μm carries out second level filtration treatment, its
In, the aperture of second level filtration treatment is 2.5 μm, and obtaining retention has particle diameter>2.5 μm and the second level of≤10 μm of particulate matter
Filter membrane and the particulate matter containing≤2.5 μm and the second level filtrate of water soluble ingredient；
3. the second level filtrate of particulate matter and water soluble ingredient containing particle diameter≤2.5 μm carries out third level filtration treatment,
Wherein, the aperture of third level filtration treatment is 0.1 μm, and obtaining retention has particle diameter>0.1 μm and the of≤2.5 μm of particulate matter
Three-level filter membrane and the particulate matter containing≤0.1 μm and the third level filtrate of water soluble ingredient；
(3) dry and record the quality that leaf surface is detained different diameter airborne particle
There is particle diameter to retention>First filter membrane of 10 μm of particulate matters, retention have particle diameter>2.5 μm and≤10 μm particulate matters
Second filter membrane and retention have particle diameter>3rd filter membrane of 0.1 μm and≤2.5 μm particulate matter carries out drying and processing, then claims respectively
Weight, particle diameter after being dried>10 μm of particulate matter quality SM>10, particle diameter after drying>The quality of 2.5 μm and≤10 μm particulate matters
SM2.5-10, particle diameter after drying>The quality SM of 0.1 μm and≤2.5 μm particulate matter0.1-2.5；
(4) the organic solvent cleaning of water cleaning rear blade
Blade after water is cleaned is blotted the water on blade face with blotting paper, then will be blotted the blade after water and has been immersed in
In solvent (such as chloroform, n-hexane), blade upper and lower surface is gently scrubbed with the banister brush of not hair loss, obtained suspension is used
Determined in subsequent hierarchical filtration treatment and TDS；
(5) classified filtering of filtrate is handled after organic solvent cleaning
The muddy suspension obtained after being washed to organic solvent carries out first order filtration treatment, wherein, the mistake of first order filtration treatment
Filter opening footpath is 10 μm, and obtaining retention has particle diameter>The first order filter membrane of 10 μm of particulate matters and the particulate matter containing particle diameter≤10 μm and
The first order filtrate of liposoluble constituent；
2. the first order filtrate of particulate matter and liposoluble constituent containing particle diameter≤10 μm carries out second level filtration treatment, its
In, the aperture of second level filtration treatment is 2.5 μm, and obtaining retention has particle diameter>2.5 μm and the second level of≤10 μm of particulate matter
Filter membrane and the particulate matter containing≤2.5 μm and the second level filtrate of liposoluble constituent；
3. the second level filtrate of particulate matter and liposoluble constituent containing particle diameter≤2.5 μm carries out third level filtration treatment,
Wherein, the aperture of third level filtration treatment is 0.1 μm, and obtaining retention has particle diameter>0.1 μm and the of≤2.5 μm of particulate matter
Three-level filter membrane and the particulate matter containing≤0.1 μm and the third level filtrate of liposoluble constituent；
(6) dry and record the quality of the different diameter airborne particle wrapped up in leaf wax
There is particle diameter to retention>First filter membrane of 10 μm of particulate matters, retention have particle diameter>2.5 μm and≤10 μm particulate matters
Second filter membrane and retention have particle diameter>3rd filter membrane of 0.1 μm and≤2.5 μm particulate matter carries out drying and processing, then claims respectively
Weight, particle diameter after being dried>10 μm of particulate matter quality WM>10, particle diameter after drying>The quality of 2.5 μm and≤10 μm particulate matters
WM2.5-10, particle diameter after drying>The quality WM of 0.1 μm and≤2.5 μm particulate matter0.1-2.5；
(7) blade is detained the calculating of different diameter airborne particle quality
M>10=SM>10+WM>10 (I)
M2.5-10=SM2.5-10+WM2.5-10 (II)
M0.1-2.5=SM0.1-2.5+WM0.1-2.5 (III)
M10=SM2.5-10+WM2.5-10+SM0.1-2.5+WM0.1-2.5 (IV)
(8) filtered fluid TDS is determined
TDS measure, TDS survey are carried out using TDS analyzers to the third level filtered fluid after washing and organic solvent cleaning
It is set to multiplicating measure, is typically chosen in 3 times, is needed before the TDS measure of third level filtered fluid with glass bar stirring or constant temperature magnetic
Power agitator stirs；
(9) blade is detained the calculating of particulate matter total amount
M=SM>10+WM>10+SM2.5-10+WM2.5-10+SM0.1-2.5+WM0.1-2.5+TDSs×Vs+TDSw×Vw (V)
Wherein, it is the volatilization for preventing volatile substances in particulate matter during step (3), the drying and processing described in (6),
Drying temperature is set as 40-45 DEG C；Of poor quality≤0.0002g between being weighed twice after drying, is carried out using air dry oven
Described drying process.
Wherein, step (2) and (5) described first order, the second level and third level filtration treatment are reduced pressure treatment, and decompression is taken out
Relative pressure during filter<0MPa, relative pressure are 0~-0.1MPa.
Wherein, first order filtration treatment described in step (2) and (5) uses pore size filter as 10 μm of filter membrane；The second level
Filtration treatment use aperture for 2.5 μm filter membrane, third level filtration treatment uses aperture pore size filter is for 0.1 μm of filter membrane
10 μm of filter membrane selection is the nucleopore membranes that aperture is 10 μm；The filter membrane selection that the pore size filter is 2.5 μm is that aperture is 2.5 μm
Nucleopore membranes；The filter membrane selection that the pore size filter is 0.1 μm is the polymer fiber element ester filter membrane that aperture is 0.1 μm.
Wherein, step (1) with deionized water immersion leaf selected by deionized water volume according to blade area and observe
Blade face on be detained particulate matter situation depending on：
If it can significantly see the ratio between particulate matter, the volume of the blade area and deionized water on the leaf sample of collection
For 200：300, i.e., per 200cm in immersion process2Blade area use 300ml deionized waters；
Particularly, if can not significantly see particulate matter, the blade area and deionized water on the leaf sample of collection
The ratio between volume be 400：300, i.e., per 400cm in immersion process2Blade area use 300ml deionized waters, soak time
For 5-10min, the leaf sample after soaking and scrubbing needs every leaf deionized water rinsing upper and lower surface, is typically chosen in flushing
2-3 times, the suspension after soaking and scrubbing merges with the suspension after flushing, obtains the total suspension of leaf cleaning, and blade is to go
Except stem and fresh, complete, the no disease and pests harm blade of petiole.
Embodiment 1：Deciduous species：Sweet viburnum, it is collected in Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology campus
1st, herborization blade
Continuous more days without obvious rain time after, gather coral leaf sample, sweet viburnum is more to be occurred in the form of hedgerow, height
In 1.5-2.5m, sample collection is highly divided into 0.5m, 1.0m and 2.0m, and collection orientation is：Four orientation of East, West, South, North, no
It is divided into canopy depth：Outer layer and internal layer, so, just there are 24 sampled points, each 2 leaves of sampled point random acquisition, mix,
It is placed in valve bag, standby, collecting location is Xi'an Yanta Tower road 13 in Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology campus；
(2) the water cleaning of leaf sample
Taking 8 leaf samples at random, (its leaf one side area is 183.1cm2, leaf area 366.2cm2), with 500ml deionized waters
5-10min of blade is soaked, then gently scrubs blade upper and lower surface with the banister brush of not hair loss, then with tweezers by every leaf
Pick up, upper and lower surface is rinsed with a small amount of deionized water (every leaf 5ml)；
(3) the classified filtering processing after deionized water cleaning
1. vacuum filtration equipment progress first order filtration treatment is used the muddy suspension obtained after washing, at first order filtering
The pore size filter of reason is 10 μm, i.e., is filtered with the nucleopore membranes that aperture is 10 μm, particle diameter>10 μm of particulate matter is cut by nucleopore membranes
Stay, obtaining retention has particle diameter>The first order filter membrane of 10 μm of particulate matters and particulate matter and water soluble ingredient containing particle diameter≤10 μm
First order filtrate；
Wherein, the nucleopore membranes that aperture is 10 μm are dried to constant weight before using in 40-45 DEG C of baking ovens, with 0.1mg precision
Scales/electronic balance weighing, pore size filter are the quality m of 10 μm of nucleopore membranes10For 0.0223g；
2. by step (3) 1. middle acquisition first order filtrate using vacuum filtration equipment carry out second level filtering, the second level
The aperture of filtration treatment is 2.5 μm, i.e., using the nucleopore membranes that aperture is 2.5 μm, obtaining retention has particle diameter>2.5 μm and≤10 μ
The second level filter membrane of m particulate matter and the second level filtrate of the particulate matter containing≤2.5 μm and water soluble ingredient；
Wherein, the nucleopore membranes that aperture is 2.5 μm are dried to constant weight before using in 40-45 DEG C of baking ovens, with 0.1mg precision
Scales/electronic balance weighing, pore size filter be 2.5 μm nucleopore membranes quality m2.5For 0.0209g；
3. the second level filtrate of step (3) 2. middle acquisition is subjected to third level filtering, the third level using vacuum filtration equipment
The aperture of filtration treatment is 0.1 μm, i.e., using the nucleopore membranes that aperture is 0.1 μm, obtaining retention has particle diameter>0.1 μm and≤2.5
μm the third level filter membrane of particulate matter and the third level filtrate of the particulate matter containing≤0.1 μm and water soluble ingredient；
Wherein, the polymer fiber element ester filter membrane that aperture is 0.1 μm is dried to constant weight before using in 40-45 DEG C of baking ovens, uses
The scales/electronic balance weighing of 0.1mg precision, pore size filter are the quality m of 0.1 μm of polymer fiber element ester0.1For 0.0873g；
(4) dry and record the quality that leaf surface is detained different diameter airborne particle
1. the first filter membrane that step (3) is 1. obtained, step (3) 2. the second filter membrane and step (3) 3. the 3rd filter membrane air blast
40-45 DEG C of drying 8h in drying box；
Distinguish first, second, third filter after precise is dried and balanced 2. service precision is 0.1mg electronic balance
The quality of film, obtaining retention has particle diameter>First filter membrane dry weight (m of 10 μm of particulate matters10＇ 0.0858g)；Retention has particle diameter>2.5μm
And the second filter membrane dry weight (m of≤10 μm of particulate matters2.5＇ 0.0361g)；Retention has particle diameter>0.1 μm and≤2.5 μm of particulate matters
The 3rd filter membrane dry weight (m0.1＇ 0.0933g), particle diameter after water cleaning suspension drying is calculated>The quality SM of 10 μm of particulate matters
>10, particle diameter after suspension drying>The quality SM of 2.5 μm and≤10 μm particulate matters2.5-10, particle diameter after suspension drying>0.1μm
And the quality SM of≤2.5 μm of particulate matters0.1-2.5；
SM>10=m10＇-m10=0.0858-0.0223=0.0635g
SM2.5-10=m2.5＇-m2.5=0.0361-0.0209=0.0152g
SM0.1-2.5=m0.1＇-m0.1=0.0933-0.0873=0.0060g
(5) the organic solvent cleaning of water cleaning rear blade
Blade after water is cleaned is blotted the water of blade upper and lower surface with blotting paper, then will be blotted the blade after water and is soaked
Bubble gently scrubs blade upper and lower surface in organic solvent (chloroform) with the banister brush of not hair loss；
(6) the classified filtering processing after organic solvent cleaning
1. the muddy suspension obtained after being washed to organic solvent carries out first order filtration treatment, the first order using vacuum filtration equipment
The pore size filter of filtration treatment is 10 μm, i.e., is filtered with the nucleopore membranes that aperture is 10 μm, particle diameter>10 μm of particulate matter is by core
Pore membrane retains, and obtaining retention has particle diameter>The first order filter membrane of 10 μm of particulate matters and the particulate matter containing particle diameter≤10 μm and water-soluble
The first order filtrate of property composition；
Wherein, the nucleopore membranes that aperture is 10 μm are dried to constant weight before using in 40-45 DEG C of baking ovens, with 0.1mg precision
Scales/electronic balance weighing, pore size filter are the quality m of 10 μm of nucleopore membranes10' it is 0.0234g；
2. by step (6) 1. middle acquisition first order filtrate using vacuum filtration equipment carry out second level filtering, the second level
The aperture of filtration treatment is 2.5 μm, i.e., using the nucleopore membranes that aperture is 2.5 μm, obtaining retention has particle diameter>2.5 μm and≤10 μ
The second level filter membrane of m particulate matter and the second level filtrate of the particulate matter containing≤2.5 μm and water soluble ingredient；
Wherein, the nucleopore membranes that aperture is 2.5 μm are dried to constant weight before using in 40-45 DEG C of baking ovens, with 0.1mg precision
Scales/electronic balance weighing, pore size filter be 2.5 μm nucleopore membranes quality m2.5' it is 0.0206g；
3. the second level filtrate of step (6) 2. middle acquisition is subjected to third level filtering, the third level using vacuum filtration equipment
The aperture of filtration treatment is 0.1 μm, i.e., using the nucleopore membranes that aperture is 0.1 μm, obtaining retention has particle diameter>0.1 μm and≤2.5
μm the third level filter membrane of particulate matter and the third level filtrate of the particulate matter containing≤0.1 μm and water soluble ingredient；
Wherein, the polymer fiber element ester filter membrane that aperture is 0.1 μm is dried to constant weight before using in 40-45 DEG C of baking ovens, uses
The scales/electronic balance weighing of 0.1mg precision, pore size filter are the quality m of 0.1 μm of polymer fiber element ester0.1' it is 0.0889g；
(7) dry and record the quality of the different diameter airborne particle wrapped up in leaf wax
1. the first filter membrane that step (6) is 1. obtained, step (6) 2. the second filter membrane and step (3) 3. the 3rd filter membrane air blast
40-45 DEG C of drying 8h in drying box；
Distinguish first, second, third filter after precise is dried and balanced 2. service precision is 0.1mg electronic balance
The quality of film, obtaining retention has particle diameter>First filter membrane dry weight (m of 10 μm of particulate matters10”0.0576g)；Retention has particle diameter>2.5μm
And the second filter membrane dry weight (m of≤10 μm of particulate matters2.5”0.0284g)；Retention has particle diameter>0.1 μm and≤2.5 μm of particulate matters
The 3rd filter membrane dry weight (m0.1" 0.0923g), particle diameter after water cleaning suspension drying is calculated>The quality WM of 10 μm of particulate matters
>10, particle diameter after suspension drying>The quality WM of 2.5 μm and≤10 μm particulate matters2.5-10, particle diameter after suspension drying>0.1μm
And the quality WM of≤2.5 μm of particulate matters0.1-2.5；
WM>10=m10”-m10'=0.0576-0.0234=0.0342g
WM2.5-10=m2.5 "-m2.5 '=0.0284-0.0206=0.0078g
WM0.1-2.5=m0.1”-m0.1'=0.0923-0.0889=0.0034g
(8) calculate blade and be detained different diameter airborne particle quality
It is different in suspension after the quality of different diameter airborne particle and organic solvent clean in suspension after being cleaned according to water
The quality of particles things, calculate the quality that blade is detained different diameter airborne particle：
M>10=SM>10+WM>10=0.0635+0.0342=0.0977g
M2.5-10=SM2.5-10+WM2.5-10=0.0152+0.0078=0.0230g
M0.1-2.5=SM0.1-2.5+WM0.1-2.5=0.0060+0.0034=0.0094g
M10=SM2.5-10+WM2.5-10+SM0.1-2.5+WM0.1-2.5=0.0152+0.0078+0.0060+0.0034=
0.0324g
(9) filtered fluid TDS is determined
TDS measure, third level filtered fluid after water cleaning are carried out to the third level filtered fluid after washing and organic solvent cleaning
TDS for 215mg/L (background correction value, that is, deducting the TDS of deionized water), third level filtered fluid after organic solvent cleaning
TDS is 687mg/L；
(10) blade is detained the calculating of particulate matter total amount
Blade face is detained not after the quality for the different diameter airborne particle that blade face is detained, organic solvent cleaning after being cleaned according to water
The TDS and fat-soluble TDS of quality, water-soluble solid with particles things, four are added and can obtain blade delay
Particulate matter total amount：
M=SM>10+WM>10+SM2.5-10+WM2.5-10+SM0.1-2.5+WM0.1-2.5+TDSs×V+TDSw×V
=0.0635+0.0342+0.0152+0.0078+0.0060+0.0034+215 × 540/1000000
+ 687 × 100/1000000=0.3149g
Embodiment 2：Coniferous species：Chinese pine, it is collected in Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology campus
1st, herborization blade
Continuous more days without obvious rain time after, gather Chinese pine leaf sample, sample collection is highly divided into 2m, 3m and 5m, adopted
Collection orientation is：Four orientation of East, West, South, North, different canopy layers depth are divided into：Outer layer and internal layer, so, just there are 24 sampled points,
Each beam of sampled point random acquisition needle 10, mixing, is placed in valve bag, standby, collecting location is Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology
In campus, Xi'an Yanta Tower road 13；
(2) the water cleaning of leaf sample
Take 50 beam leaf sample (area 477.8cm at random2), soak blade 5-10min, Ran Houyong with 600ml deionized waters
The banister brush of hair loss does not scrub blade upper and lower surface gently, then is picked up leaf with tweezers, above and below 50ml deionized water rinsings
Surface；
(3) the classified filtering processing after deionized water cleaning
1. vacuum filtration equipment progress first order filtration treatment is used the muddy suspension obtained after washing, at first order filtering
The pore size filter of reason is 10 μm, i.e., is filtered with the nucleopore membranes that aperture is 10 μm, particle diameter>10 μm of particulate matter is cut by nucleopore membranes
Stay, obtaining retention has particle diameter>The first order filter membrane of 10 μm of particulate matters and particulate matter and water soluble ingredient containing particle diameter≤10 μm
First order filtrate；
Wherein, the nucleopore membranes that aperture is 10 μm are dried to constant weight before using in 40-45 DEG C of baking ovens, with 0.1mg precision
Scales/electronic balance weighing, pore size filter are the quality m of 10 μm of nucleopore membranes10For 0.0215g；
2. by step (3) 1. middle acquisition first order filtrate using vacuum filtration equipment carry out second level filtering, the second level
The aperture of filtration treatment is 2.5 μm, i.e., using the nucleopore membranes that aperture is 2.5 μm, obtaining retention has particle diameter>2.5 μm and≤10 μ
The second level filter membrane of m particulate matter and the second level filtrate of the particulate matter containing≤2.5 μm and water soluble ingredient；
Wherein, the nucleopore membranes that aperture is 2.5 μm are dried to constant weight before using in 40-45 DEG C of baking ovens, with 0.1mg precision
Scales/electronic balance weighing, pore size filter be 2.5 μm nucleopore membranes quality m2.5For 0.0202g；
3. the second level filtrate of step (3) 2. middle acquisition is subjected to third level filtering, the third level using vacuum filtration equipment
The aperture of filtration treatment is 0.1 μm, i.e., using the nucleopore membranes that aperture is 0.1 μm, obtaining retention has particle diameter>0.1 μm and≤2.5
μm the third level filter membrane of particulate matter and the third level filtrate of the particulate matter containing≤0.1 μm and water soluble ingredient；
Wherein, the polymer fiber element ester filter membrane that aperture is 0.1 μm is dried to constant weight before using in 40-45 DEG C of baking ovens, uses
The scales/electronic balance weighing of 0.1mg precision, pore size filter are the quality m of 0.1 μm of polymer fiber element ester0.1For 0.0894g；
(4) dry and record the quality that leaf surface is detained different diameter airborne particle
1. the first filter membrane that step (3) is 1. obtained, step (3) 2. the second filter membrane and step (3) 3. the 3rd filter membrane air blast
40-45 DEG C of drying 8h in drying box；
Distinguish first, second, third filter after precise is dried and balanced 2. service precision is 0.1mg electronic balance
The quality of film, obtaining retention has particle diameter>First filter membrane dry weight (m of 10 μm of particulate matters10＇ 0.1729g)；Retention has particle diameter>2.5μm
And the second filter membrane dry weight (m of≤10 μm of particulate matters2.5＇ 0.0531g)；Retention has particle diameter>0.1 μm and≤2.5 μm of particulate matters
The 3rd filter membrane dry weight (m0.1＇ 0.1028g), particle diameter after water cleaning suspension drying is calculated>The quality SM of 10 μm of particulate matters
>10, particle diameter after suspension drying>The quality SM of 2.5 μm and≤10 μm particulate matters2.5-10, particle diameter after suspension drying>0.1μm
And the quality SM of≤2.5 μm of particulate matters0.1-2.5；
SM>10=m10＇-m10=0.1729-0.0215=0.1515g
SM2.5-10=m2.5＇-m2.5=0.0531-0.0202=0.0329g
SM0.1-2.5=m0.1＇-m0.1=0.1028-0.0894=0.0134g
(5) the organic solvent cleaning of water cleaning rear blade
Blade after water is cleaned is blotted the water of blade upper and lower surface with blotting paper, then will be blotted the blade after water and is soaked
Bubble gently scrubs blade upper and lower surface in organic solvent (chloroform) with the banister brush of not hair loss；
(6) the classified filtering processing after organic solvent cleaning
1. the muddy suspension obtained after being washed to organic solvent carries out first order filtration treatment, the first order using vacuum filtration equipment
The pore size filter of filtration treatment is 10 μm, i.e., is filtered with the nucleopore membranes that aperture is 10 μm, particle diameter>10 μm of particulate matter is by core
Pore membrane retains, and obtaining retention has particle diameter>The first order filter membrane of 10 μm of particulate matters and the particulate matter containing particle diameter≤10 μm and water-soluble
The first order filtrate of property composition；
Wherein, the nucleopore membranes that aperture is 10 μm are dried to constant weight before using in 40-45 DEG C of baking ovens, with 0.1mg precision
Scales/electronic balance weighing, pore size filter are the quality m of 10 μm of nucleopore membranes10' it is 0.0215g；
2. by step (6) 1. middle acquisition first order filtrate using vacuum filtration equipment carry out second level filtering, the second level
The aperture of filtration treatment is 2.5 μm, i.e., using the nucleopore membranes that aperture is 2.5 μm, obtaining retention has particle diameter>2.5 μm and≤10 μ
The second level filter membrane of m particulate matter and the second level filtrate of the particulate matter containing≤2.5 μm and water soluble ingredient；
Wherein, the nucleopore membranes that aperture is 2.5 μm are dried to constant weight before using in 40-45 DEG C of baking ovens, with 0.1mg precision
Scales/electronic balance weighing, pore size filter be 2.5 μm nucleopore membranes quality m2.5' it is 0.0204g；
3. the second level filtrate of step (6) 2. middle acquisition is subjected to third level filtering, the third level using vacuum filtration equipment
The aperture of filtration treatment is 0.1 μm, i.e., using the nucleopore membranes that aperture is 0.1 μm, obtaining retention has particle diameter>0.1 μm and≤2.5
μm the third level filter membrane of particulate matter and the third level filtrate of the particulate matter containing≤0.1 μm and water soluble ingredient；
Wherein, the polymer fiber element ester filter membrane that aperture is 0.1 μm is dried to constant weight before using in 40-45 DEG C of baking ovens, uses
The scales/electronic balance weighing of 0.1mg precision, pore size filter are the quality m of 0.1 μm of polymer fiber element ester0.1' it is 0.0903g；
(7) dry and record the quality of the different diameter airborne particle wrapped up in leaf wax
1. the first filter membrane that step (6) is 1. obtained, step (6) 2. the second filter membrane and step (3) 3. the 3rd filter membrane air blast
40-45 DEG C of drying 8h in drying box；
Distinguish first, second, third filter after precise is dried and balanced 2. service precision is 0.1mg electronic balance
The quality of film, obtaining retention has particle diameter>First filter membrane dry weight (m of 10 μm of particulate matters10”0.1142g)；Retention has particle diameter>2.5μm
And the second filter membrane dry weight (m of≤10 μm of particulate matters2.5”0.0443g)；Retention has particle diameter>0.1 μm and≤2.5 μm of particulate matters
The 3rd filter membrane dry weight (m0.1" 0.1008g), particle diameter after water cleaning suspension drying is calculated>The quality WM of 10 μm of particulate matters
>10, particle diameter after suspension drying>The quality WM of 2.5 μm and≤10 μm particulate matters2.5-10, particle diameter after suspension drying>0.1μm
And the quality WM of≤2.5 μm of particulate matters0.1-2.5；
WM>10=m10”-m10'=0.1142-0.0215=0.0927g
WM2.5-10=m2.5”-m2.5'=0.0443-0.0204=0.0239g
WM0.1-2.5=m0.1”-m0.1'=0.1008-0.0903=0.0105g
(8) calculate blade and be detained different diameter airborne particle quality
It is different in suspension after the quality of different diameter airborne particle and organic solvent clean in suspension after being cleaned according to water
The quality of particles things, calculate the quality that blade is detained different diameter airborne particle：
M>10=SM>10+WM>10=0.1515+0.0927=0.2442g
M2.5-10=SM2.5-10+WM2.5-10=0.0329+0.0239=0.0568g
M0.1-2.5=SM0.1-2.5+WM0.1-2.5=0.0134+0.0105=0.0239g
M10=SM2.5-10+WM2.5-10+SM0.1-2.5+WM0.1-2.5=0.0329+0.0239+0.0134+0.0105=
0.0807g
(9) filtered fluid TDS is determined
TDS measure, third level filtered fluid after water cleaning are carried out to the third level filtered fluid after washing and organic solvent cleaning
TDS for 188mg/L (background correction value, that is, deducting the TDS of deionized water), third level filtered fluid after organic solvent cleaning
TDS is 1059mg/L；
(10) blade is detained the calculating of particulate matter total amount
The quality for the different diameter airborne particle that rear blade is detained is cleaned according to water, organic solvent cleaning rear blade is detained not
The TDS and fat-soluble TDS of quality, water-soluble solid with particles things, four are added and can obtain blade delay
Particulate matter total amount：
M=SM>10+WM>10+SM2.5-10+WM2.5-10+SM0.1-2.5+WM0.1-2.5+TDSs×V+TDSw×V
=0.1515+0.0927+0.0329+0.0239+0.0134+0.0105+188 × 650/1000000+1059 ×
100/1000000
=0.5530g.
The inventive method is simple and easy to operate, less demanding to instrument and equipment, can accurately plant leaf blade be detained PM>10、
PM10、PM2.5-10、PM0.1-2.5Deng different-grain diameter range of particle amount of substance and particulate matter total amount.In addition, the inventive method being capable of essence
The particulate matter quality that true plant leaf blade is detained, including water soluble ingredient, water insoluble active ingredient and organic principle.This is for research
The functional evaluation that different tree species are detained Atmospheric particulates plays an important roll, and can be the regulation and control that enhancing forest is detained Atmospheric particulates
Technology provides support.
Claims (10)
1. qualitative assessment plant leaf blade is detained the method for different diameter airborne particle quality and total amount, it is characterised in that including as follows
Step：
Step 1, first the plant leaf blade of collection is cleaned with water, classified filtering processing then is carried out to the cleaning solution, then at different levels
The quality of filter membrane after filter membrane after filtration treatment is dried and dried, obtain the different diameter airborne particle matter of blade face delay
Amount；
Step 2, then by the blade after being cleaned in step 1 with water cleaned with organic solvent, then the cleaning solution be classified
Filter is handled, then after the filter membrane after filtration treatments at different levels is dried and dried filter membrane quality, obtain wrapping in leaf wax
The different diameter airborne particle quality wrapped up in；
Step 3, TDS measure then to afterbody filtered fluid in step 1 and step 2 is carried out, respectively obtains water miscible particle
Amount of substance and fat-soluble particulate matter quality；
Step 4, the data obtained by step 1 to step 3 calculate plant leaf blade and are detained particulate matter gross mass.
2. according to the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that in the step 1 and step 2, cleaning solution is classified
Aperture is selected during filtration treatment is 10 μm, the filter membrane of 2.5 μm and 0.1 μm.
3. according to the method for claim 2, it is characterised in that the filter membrane selection that the aperture is 10 μm and 2.5 μm is core
Pore membrane；The filter membrane selection that aperture is 0.1 μm is polymer fiber element ester filter membrane.
4. according to the method for claim 2, it is characterised in that in the step 1 and step 2, classified filtering processing includes：
The first order that filtering accuracy is 10 μm is carried out to cleaning solution first to filter；Then the filtrate after being filtered to the first order carries out filtering essence
Spend the second level filtering for 2.5 μm；Filtrate after finally being filtered to the second level carries out the third level mistake that filtering accuracy is 0.1 μm
Filter.
5. according to the method for claim 4, it is characterised in that the first order filtering, second level filtering and third level mistake
Filter as decompression suction filtration processing.
6. according to the method for claim 5, it is characterised in that it is described decompression filter during relative pressure be 0~-
0.1MPa。
7. according to the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that in the step 3, at least carry out TDS three times and determine and take
Average value.
8. according to the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that in the step 2, with organic solvent be chloroform or just oneself
Alkane.
9. according to the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that in the step 1 and step 2, dried during drying and processing
Dry temperature is 40-45 DEG C, of poor quality≤0.0002g between being weighed twice after drying；Place is dried using air dry oven
Reason.
10. according to the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that in the step 1, when plant leaf blade is cleaned with water, if leaf
Particulate matter can be clearly visible on face, the ratio between volume of blade area and deionized water is 200cm2：300ml；If on blade face not
Particulate matter can significantly be seen, the ratio between volume of blade area and deionized water is 400cm2：300ml, soak time be 5-
10min, leaf sample leaf deionized water rinsing upper and lower surface 2-3 times of need every after soaking and scrubbing.
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