CN107950381A - Cabbage type rape yellow fraction spends the application of mutant - Google Patents
Cabbage type rape yellow fraction spends the application of mutant Download PDFInfo
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- CN107950381A CN107950381A CN201711224916.5A CN201711224916A CN107950381A CN 107950381 A CN107950381 A CN 107950381A CN 201711224916 A CN201711224916 A CN 201711224916A CN 107950381 A CN107950381 A CN 107950381A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
- A01H1/02—Methods or apparatus for hybridisation; Artificial pollination ; Fertility
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
- A01H1/04—Processes of selection involving genotypic or phenotypic markers; Methods of using phenotypic markers for selection
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Abstract
The present invention relates to the application of cabbage type rape yellow fraction flower mutant, using the sterile plant in cabbage type rape recessive cytoblast sterile homozygous two-type line 20118AB as female parent, spends mutant to obtain recessive yellow fraction as paternal hybrid, bagging selfing using cabbage type rape yellow fraction and spends sterile plant；Then hybridized with yellow fraction flower sterile plant with the fertile plant in 20118AB, select new homozygous two-type line, i.e. yellow fraction flower recessive cytoblast sterile homozygous two-type line；Hybridized with yellow fraction flower sterile plant with temporary maintainer line, obtain new temporary maintainer line i.e. yellow fraction flower temporary maintainer line；Recessive cytoblast sterile homozygous two-type line and yellow fraction flower temporary maintainer line hybridization is spent to produce cabbage type rape yellow fraction flower complete sterile line by cabbage type rape yellow fraction.The present invention is improved complete sterile line purity, is simplified pit-sterility cross-bred production of hybrid seeds program, while can carry out the phenotypic evaluation of complete sterile line purity using recessive pattern phenotypic character removal of impurities.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to cabbage type rape breeding field, and in particular to cabbage type rape yellow fraction spends the application of mutant.
Background technology
Genic male sterile is because it has the advantages that sterility is thorough and stable, recovery resource is wide, at home
The important channel utilized as rape heterosis, but due to cannot get 100% sterile line, people is needed in hybrid seeding
Work pulls out in sterile line plant 50% fertile plant, limits its extensive use, such as Two covers layer BP neural network S45A and 117A.
20118A is Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai City Sun Chaocai researcher in a kind of new recessive karyon of selection and breeding in 1997
Male sterile line, its sterile plant flower pesticide sky is flat, no pollen, and bagging selfing is shaky, and sterility is stablized, from environmental condition
Influence.
Had shown that by General Genetics research, 20118A is controlled by 3 pairs of recessive genes, will for the ease of describing its heredity
Three recessive genes are respectively designated as a, b and rf, and wherein a and b are recessive sterile gene, and rf is recessive epistasis gene, can suppress a
With the expression of b sterile genes, make fertility restorer fertile.According to this genetic principle, this Genetic Sterility material can realize " three systems
Change " production of hybrid seeds.
It is the homozygous Sterile plants and fertile plants hybridization in homozygous two-type line first, after being produced in sterile plant referring to Fig. 1
Identical for genotype between the generation, 2 kinds of genotype respectively account for 50% all the time, thus can stablize heredity.Three recessive homozygote aabbrfrf
As male parent, hybridize with homozygous sterile plant and obtain complete sterile line, therefore three recessive homozygotes can be used as temporary maintainer line.Genotype
For AA----, -- the fertile plant of BB-- or AABB-- and the sterile plant of complete sterile line hybridize, and offspring is all fertile, therefore it can be with
As restorer.The advantages of this Genetic Sterility is can to obtain complete sterile line group in theory by " temporary maintainer line " breeding male sterile lines
Body, will take out the trouble of maternal 50% fertile plant of row when reducing large area production cenospecies.
But because sterile character, the character of temporary maintainer line are all controlled by recessive gene, easily by shadows such as foreign pollen, mechanical admixtures
Ring, cause the complete sterile line for obtaining high-purity extremely difficult.External hybrid is mixed with homozygous two-type line and temporary maintainer line or is subject to outer
Carry out pollen contamination, these hybrids can not be carried out effectively to identify and reject.
In addition, the Purity of complete sterile line has two ways, the first is to utilize special molecular markers for identification technology,
This mode needs to identify that unit possesses Molecular Laboratory and related technical personnel；Be for second using the fertility at florescence investigate into
Row identification, this mode need to carry out low temperature vernalization in seedling stage, and when Post flowering could carry out, the cycle is longer.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of application of cabbage type rape yellow fraction flower mutant, by recessive gene control
Yellow fraction spends transformation, and into cabbage type rape recessive cytoblast sterile homozygous two-type line and its temporary maintainer line, selection and breeding cabbage type rape yellow fraction is spent hidden
Property Genetic Sterility homozygous two-type line and its temporary maintainer line, for producing the complete sterile line with yellow fraction floral formation.
In order to reach object above, the present invention is realized using following technical scheme：
Cabbage type rape yellow fraction spends the application of mutant, and mutant parent material is spent as donor using cabbage type rape yellow fraction,
By being obtained with cabbage type rape recessive cytoblast sterile homozygous two-type line and its temporary maintainer line selection cross the sweet of pattern is spent with yellow fraction
Blue type rape yellow fraction flower recessive cytoblast sterile homozygous two-type line and its temporary maintainer line.
Further, recessive cytoblast sterile homozygous two-type line and its temporary maintainer line hybridization life are spent by above-mentioned cabbage type rape yellow fraction
Cabbage type rape yellow fraction flower complete sterile line is produced, genotype aabbRfrfww, yellow fraction flower can be used as complete sterile line Purity, right
Complete sterile line purity carries out quick, simple, effective identification.
Be further, AA----WW using above-mentioned yellow fraction flower complete sterile line and genotype, -- BB--WW or AABB--WW
Restorer hybridization, manufacturer uses F1Cenospecies, commercial F1Cenospecies is chrysanthemum.
The present invention also provides the selection and breeding of a kind of cabbage type rape yellow fraction flower recessive cytoblast sterile homozygous two-type line and its temporary maintainer line
Method, comprises the following steps：
A) the sterile plant aabbRfRfWW of cabbage type rape recessive cytoblast sterile homozygous two-type line is spent with cabbage type rape yellow fraction
Mutant fertile plant AABBRfRfww hybridizes, F1It is selfed for chrysanthemum fertile plant AaBbRfRfWw baggings, F2It can divide in segregating population
Separate out yellow fraction flower sterile plant aabbRfRfww；
B) using the yellow fraction flower sterile plant aabbRfRfww in above-mentioned steps a) as female parent, with cabbage type rape recessive cytoblast sterile
Homozygous two-type line fertile plant AabbRfRfWW hybridizes, and isolates 1：1 chrysanthemum fertile plant AabbRfRfWw and chrysanthemum sterile plant
aabbRfRfWw；
C), can with the chrysanthemum in above-mentioned steps b) using the yellow fraction flower sterile plant aabbRfRfww in above-mentioned steps a) as female parent
Educate plant AabbRfRfWw for male parent to be hybridized, isolate 1：1：1：1 chrysanthemum fertile plant AabbRfRfWw, chrysanthemum sterile plant
AabbRfRfWw, yellow fraction flower fertile plant AabbRfRfww and yellow fraction flower sterile plant aabbRfRfww；
Fertile plant AabbRfRfww and yellow fraction flower sterile plant aabbRfRfww brother and sister are spent to hand over yellow fraction therein, in its offspring
Yellow fraction spends fertile plant to spend sterile plant all the time according to 1 with yellow fraction：1 ratio separation, thus select cabbage type rape yellow fraction spend it is hidden
Property Genetic Sterility homozygous two-type line；
D) it is miscellaneous with the yellow fraction flower sterile plant aabbRfRfww and temporary maintainer line aabbrfrfWW in above-mentioned steps a) or step c)
Hand over, filial generation is chrysanthemum sterile plant aabbRfrfWw；
E) hybridized with the chrysanthemum sterile plant aabbRfrfWw in above-mentioned steps d) and temporary maintainer line aabbrfrfWW, filial generation
It is separated into 1：1：1：1 chrysanthemum sterile plant aabbRfrfWW, chrysanthemum sterile plant aabbRfrfWw, chrysanthemum fertile plant aabbrfrfWW
With chrysanthemum fertile plant aabbrfrfWw；
Two kinds of chrysanthemum fertile plants in filial generation segregating population are selfed respectively, select what is occurred in self progeny colony
Part yellow fraction flower fertile plant, its genotype is aabbrfrfww, is yellow fraction flower temporary maintainer line.
Further, in step e), after obtaining filial generation, can filter out genotype by Molecular Detection means is
The chrysanthemum fertile plant of aabbrfrfWw, then be selfed, obtain yellow fraction flower fertile plant.
Further, in step e), the self progeny of chrysanthemum fertile plant aabbrfrfWw isolates chrysanthemum fertile plant (genotype
For aabbrfrfWW or aabbrfrfWw) and yellow fraction flower fertile plant aabbrfrfww, the chrysanthemum fertile plant and yellow fraction isolated
The ratio of flower fertile plant is 3：1.
The normal pattern of cabbage type rape is yellow, and yellow fraction of the invention flower mutant pattern is milk yellow (referring to Fig. 2).
Yellow fraction spends mutant to be hybridized with normal yellow flower plant, F1Chrysanthemum is shown as plant, by F1It is selfed for plant bagging, F2
Chrysanthemum is showed for segregating population and yellow fraction spends two kinds of characters, and the single plant number of both types is respectively 342 and 108, and chi-square value is
0.25, meet 3：1 segregation ratio.Select F2For chrysanthemum in segregating population and yellow fraction flower plant bagging selfing, F is further looked at3
Generation separation situation.F2On behalf of the F obtained after the plant bagging selfing of yellow fraction flower3For all yellow fraction flowers of colony, F2On behalf of chrysanthemum
F after the selfing of plant bagging3There are two kinds of situations for colony, a kind of situation is F3It is entirely chrysanthemum for colony, another situation is
F3Generation is partly chrysanthemum, is partly that yellow fraction is spent, and segregation ratio is 3：1.Above genetic research shows：Yellow fraction floral formation is recessiveness
Character, when gene ww is recessive homozygous, shows as yellow fraction flower, chrysanthemum is shown as gene WW or Ww.
The chrysanthemum of the invention after chrysanthemum sterile plant aabbRfrfWw and temporary maintainer line aabbrfrfWW hybridization, obtained in theory
Fertile plant be there are two kinds of genotype (Fig. 3) of aabbrfrfWW and aabbrfrfWw, therefore, by the chrysanthemum fertile plant of acquisition from
Hand over, its self progeny colony will appear from two kinds of situations, the first situation is all chrysanthemum fertile plants of progeny population, illustrate its parent
This genotype is aabbrfrfWW, the second situation be occur part chrysanthemum fertile plant in progeny population and part yellow fraction spend it is fertile
Strain, and ratio is 3：1, the genotype for illustrating this parent is aabbrfrfWw, and the part breast occurred in its self progeny colony
Chrysanthemum fertile plant genotype is aabbrfrfww, the yellow fraction flower temporary maintainer line as obtained.
The present invention spends this special morphological markers to carry out purity and matter to complete sterile line whole production process using yellow fraction
Amount control, while a kind of efficient, quick, simple possible method also is provided for complete sterile line Purity, especially with this
Morphological markers can realize the removal of impurities of complete sterile line, and substantial amounts of recruitment and time are saved for the production of final commercial crosses kind.
Beneficial effects of the present invention：
1) present invention by yellow fraction floral formation transformation into homozygous two-type line and temporary maintainer line, and using pattern as indication trait,
Mechanical admixture in homozygous two-type line and temporary maintainer line reproductive process, external source pollen or secondary seedling can be carried out effectively identifying, cleaned,
Ensure the quality of complete sterile line production from source.
2) crossbreeding program is simplified.The present invention into homozygous two-type line and temporary maintainer line, produces yellow fraction floral formation transformation
Complete sterile line with yellow fraction floral formation, it is chrysanthemum to spend the cenospecies of complete sterile line and restorer production using yellow fraction, so may be used
By the use of chrysanthemum as indication trait, quick, simple, effective identification is carried out to purity of hybrid.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the production model of existing recessive cytoblast sterile hybrid seeding.
Fig. 2 is the comparison figure that cabbage type rape yellow fraction spends (left side) and chrysanthemum (right side).
Fig. 3 spends recessive cytoblast sterile homozygous two-type line and yellow fraction to spend temporary maintainer line Breeding Process for cabbage type rape yellow fraction of the present invention
Schematic diagram.
Fig. 4 is to spend complete sterile line manufacturer with cenospecies schematic diagram using yellow fraction.
Embodiment
Technical scheme is described in further detail below in conjunction with specific embodiment and attached drawing.
In the embodiment of the present invention, required test material：
1. recessive cytoblast sterile homozygous two-type line
Cabbage type rape recessive cytoblast sterile homozygous two-type line 20118AB, 20118A genotype is aabbRfRf, 20118B bases
Because type is AabbRfRf, its content of erucic acid is 0.56%, and glucosinolate content is 23.45 μm of ol/g.
2. temporary maintainer line
Temporary maintainer line M-6029, its genotype is aabbrfrf, fertile, miscellaneous with recessive cytoblast sterile 20118A (aabbRfRf)
Hand over, its offspring's genotype is aabbRfrf, is still infertility, but the sterility can only keep a generation, and fertility can occur for its offspring
Separation, therefore the M-6029 of genotype aabbrfrf is referred to as the temporary maintainer line of cabbage type rape recessive cytoblast sterile 20118A.
3. restorer
Because cabbage type rape recessive cytoblast sterile is controlled by three pairs of recessive genes, so the selection free degree of restorer
Greatly, the strain in production (self-mating system) genotype be mostly AA----, -- BB-- or AABB--, therefore may be used as restorer.
1 cabbage type rape yellow fraction of embodiment spends the selection and breeding of recessive cytoblast sterile homozygous two-type line
Referring to Fig. 3, using recessive cytoblast sterile homozygous two-type line sterile plant 20118A as female parent, spent with cabbage type rape yellow fraction prominent
Modification A ABBRfRfww is paternal hybrid, and carries out test cross to the sterile plant at the same time using temporary maintainer line M-6029, and test cross offspring is complete
Infertility, shows that elected single plant genotype is aabbRfRf.
Yellow fraction spends the filial generation chrysanthemum of fertile plant AABBRfRfww and sterile plant aabbRfRfWW fertile, its genotype
For AaBbRfRfWw, F1Generation selfing bagging, by the seed autumn sowing of harvest to field, field observation, infertility are carried out at the rape florescence
Character and pattern are obvious indication trait, are conducive to select yellow fraction flower recessive gms line.By observation, in 781 F2
For in segregating population, it was found that 15 plants of yellow fraction flower sterile plant aabbRfRfww.Then yellow fraction flower sterile plant aabbRfRfww is utilized
Hybridize with recessive cytoblast sterile homozygous two-type line fertile plant 20118B, filial generation is chrysanthemum, and fertility can separate, fertile plant
The segregation ratio of AabbRfRfWw and sterile plant aabbRfRfWw is 1：1, to separate the fertile plant of offspring and yellow fraction flower sterile plant
Backcrossing, in 363 backcross progenies, isolates 94 yellow fraction flower sterile plant aabbRfRfww, 85 yellow fractions spend fertile plant
AabbRfRfww, brother and sister hand over yellow fraction in offspring to spend fertile and yellow fraction to spend sterile plant number ratio all the time with 1：1 separation.
The selection and breeding of 2 cabbage type rape yellow fraction of embodiment flower temporary maintainer line and the production of complete sterile line
Referring to Fig. 3, using yellow fraction flower sterile plant aabbRfRfww as female parent, hybridize with temporary maintainer line M-6029, filial generation is complete
Portion is chrysanthemum sterile plant, and genotype aabbRfrfWw, is returned with the chrysanthemum sterile plant and temporary maintainer line M-6029, is returned at 220
Handing over has 113 chrysanthemum infertility in colony, genotype is aabbRfrfWW and aabbRfrfWw, and remaining 107 plants fertile for chrysanthemum
Strain, genotype is aabbrfrfWW and aabbrfrfWw, selects 10 plants of chrysanthemum fertile plants to carry out bagging selfing, by the seed of harvest
Sowed, wherein the seed that bagging harvest is selfed on 4 plants after planting finds that all Progeny plants are all in florescence observation
Chrysanthemum fertile plant, it is aabbrfrfWW to show this 4 plants of parental plant genotype, the seed of remaining 6 plants of plant selfing baggings harvest
The separation for finding that chrysanthemum fertile plant and yellow fraction flower fertile plant occurs in their progeny population, segregation ratio are after planting observed at the florescence
It is each about 3：1, it is aabbrfrfWw to show this 6 plants of parental plant genotype, and the chrysanthemum fertile plant genotype that offspring occurs is
AabbrfrfWW or aabbrfrfWw, the yellow fraction flower fertile plant genotype of appearance is aabbrfrfww, obtains 32 plants of breasts altogether
Chrysanthemum fertile plant, these yellow fractions flower fertile plant are cabbage type rape yellow fraction flower temporary maintainer line.
Referring to Fig. 4, yellow fraction flower recessive cytoblast sterile homozygous two-type line is planted in maternal row, yellow fraction flower temporary maintainer line is planted in father
One's own profession, male parent is with maternal row than being 1：2.At the florescence, the yellow fraction flower fertile plant AabbRfRfww in maternal row is removed, leaves breast
Chrysanthemum sterile plant aabbRfRfww, yellow fraction flower temporary maintainer line is as unique pollination source.After seed maturity, the kind in sterile plant is harvested
Son, is cabbage type rape yellow fraction flower complete sterile line aabbRfrfww.
Claims (6)
1. cabbage type rape yellow fraction spends the application of mutant, it is characterized in that, spend mutant to lead to as donor using cabbage type rape yellow fraction
Cross and cabbage type rape recessive cytoblast sterile homozygous two-type line and its temporary maintainer line selection cross, wild cabbage of the acquisition with yellow fraction flower shape
Type rape yellow fraction spends recessive cytoblast sterile homozygous two-type line and its temporary maintainer line.
2. the application of cabbage type rape yellow fraction flower mutant according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, by the Wild cabbage type
Rape yellow fraction spends recessive cytoblast sterile homozygous two-type line and its temporary maintainer line hybridization production cabbage type rape yellow fraction flower complete sterile line
aabbRfrfww。
3. the application of cabbage type rape yellow fraction flower mutant according to claim 2, it is characterized in that, by the Wild cabbage type
It is AA----WW that rape yellow fraction, which spends complete sterile line and genotype, -- the restorer of BB--WW or AABB--WW produces cenospecies, miscellaneous
It is chrysanthemum to hand over kind.
4. using cabbage type rape yellow fraction flower mutant selection and breeding cabbage type rape yellow fraction flower recessive cytoblast sterile homozygous two-type line and its
The method of temporary maintainer line, comprises the following steps：
A) the sterile plant aabbRfRfWW of cabbage type rape recessive cytoblast sterile homozygous two-type line is mutated with cabbage type rape yellow fraction flower
Body fertile plant AABBRfRfww hybridizes, F1It is selfed for chrysanthemum fertile plant AaBbRfRfWw baggings, F2It can be isolated in segregating population
Yellow fraction flower sterile plant aabbRfRfww；
B) it is homozygous with cabbage type rape recessive cytoblast sterile using the yellow fraction flower sterile plant aabbRfRfww in above-mentioned steps a) as female parent
AB line fertile plant AabbRfRfWW hybridizes, and isolates 1：1 chrysanthemum fertile plant AabbRfRfWw and chrysanthemum sterile plant
aabbRfRfWw；
C) using the yellow fraction flower sterile plant aabbRfRfww in above-mentioned steps a) as female parent, with the chrysanthemum fertile plant in above-mentioned steps b)
AabbRfRfWw is hybridized for male parent, isolates 1：1：1：1 chrysanthemum fertile plant AabbRfRfWw, chrysanthemum sterile plant
AabbRfRfWw, yellow fraction flower fertile plant AabbRfRfww and yellow fraction flower sterile plant aabbRfRfww；
Fertile plant AabbRfRfww and yellow fraction flower sterile plant aabbRfRfww brother and sister are spent to hand over yellow fraction therein, yellow fraction in its offspring
Flower fertile plant spends sterile plant all the time according to 1 with yellow fraction：1 ratio separation, thus selects cabbage type rape yellow fraction and spends recessive core
Sterile homozygous two-type line；
D) hybridized with the yellow fraction flower sterile plant aabbRfRfww and temporary maintainer line aabbrfrfWW in above-mentioned steps a) or step c), it is miscellaneous
Friendship offspring is chrysanthemum sterile plant aabbRfrfWw；
E) hybridized with the chrysanthemum sterile plant aabbRfrfWw in above-mentioned steps d) and temporary maintainer line aabbrfrfWW, filial generation separation
For 1：1：1：1 chrysanthemum sterile plant aabbRfrfWW, chrysanthemum sterile plant aabbRfrfWw, chrysanthemum fertile plant aabbrfrfWW and Huang
Flower fertile plant aabbrfrfWw；
Two kinds of chrysanthemum fertile plants in filial generation segregating population are selfed respectively, select the part occurred in self progeny colony
Yellow fraction spends fertile plant, its genotype is aabbrfrfww, is yellow fraction flower temporary maintainer line.
5. recessive core is spent using cabbage type rape yellow fraction flower mutant selection and breeding cabbage type rape yellow fraction not according to claim 4
Educate the method for homozygous two-type line and its temporary maintainer line, it is characterised in that in step e), after obtaining filial generation, pass through Molecular Detection
Means filter out genotype and are the chrysanthemum fertile plant of aabbrfrfWw, then are selfed, and obtain yellow fraction flower fertile plant, i.e., new breast
Chrysanthemum temporary maintainer line.
6. recessive core is spent using cabbage type rape yellow fraction flower mutant selection and breeding cabbage type rape yellow fraction not according to claim 5
Educate the method for homozygous two-type line and its temporary maintainer line, it is characterised in that in step e), after the selfing of chrysanthemum fertile plant aabbrfrfWw
In generation, isolates chrysanthemum fertile plant and yellow fraction flower fertile plant aabbrfrfww, the chrysanthemum fertile plant isolated and yellow fraction flower fertile plant
Ratio is 3：1.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN109402295A (en) * | 2018-12-26 | 2019-03-01 | 江西省农业科学院作物研究所 | Method for accelerating backcross breeding process of brassica napus by using orange flower color molecular markers |
| CN111528100A (en) * | 2020-06-16 | 2020-08-14 | 上海市农业科学院 | Method for obtaining distant hybridization progeny of broccoli and brassica napus |
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| CN103931486A (en) * | 2014-04-28 | 2014-07-23 | 上海市农业科学院 | Application of cabbage type rape floral leaf mutant |
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| CN101107915A (en) * | 2006-07-21 | 2008-01-23 | 上海市农业科学院 | Orange yellow flower homozygous two-type line of dominant genic male sterility in brassica napus L. and application thereof |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN109402295A (en) * | 2018-12-26 | 2019-03-01 | 江西省农业科学院作物研究所 | Method for accelerating backcross breeding process of brassica napus by using orange flower color molecular markers |
| CN109402295B (en) * | 2018-12-26 | 2021-06-11 | 江西省农业科学院作物研究所 | Method for accelerating backcross breeding process of brassica napus by using orange flower color molecular markers |
| CN111528100A (en) * | 2020-06-16 | 2020-08-14 | 上海市农业科学院 | Method for obtaining distant hybridization progeny of broccoli and brassica napus |
| CN111528100B (en) * | 2020-06-16 | 2022-07-26 | 上海市农业科学院 | Method for obtaining distant hybridization progeny of broccoli and cabbage type rape |
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Application publication date: 20180424 |