CN107945901A - 一种量子点贝塔伏特电池 - Google Patents
一种量子点贝塔伏特电池 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107945901A CN107945901A CN201711436875.6A CN201711436875A CN107945901A CN 107945901 A CN107945901 A CN 107945901A CN 201711436875 A CN201711436875 A CN 201711436875A CN 107945901 A CN107945901 A CN 107945901A
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- WUPHOULIZUERAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(oxolan-2-yl)propanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC1CCCO1 WUPHOULIZUERAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21H—OBTAINING ENERGY FROM RADIOACTIVE SOURCES; APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION FROM RADIOACTIVE SOURCES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; UTILISING COSMIC RADIATION
- G21H1/00—Arrangements for obtaining electrical energy from radioactive sources, e.g. from radioactive isotopes, nuclear or atomic batteries
- G21H1/04—Cells using secondary emission induced by alpha radiation, beta radiation, or gamma radiation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21H—OBTAINING ENERGY FROM RADIOACTIVE SOURCES; APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION FROM RADIOACTIVE SOURCES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; UTILISING COSMIC RADIATION
- G21H1/00—Arrangements for obtaining electrical energy from radioactive sources, e.g. from radioactive isotopes, nuclear or atomic batteries
- G21H1/06—Cells wherein radiation is applied to the junction of different semiconductor materials
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种量子点贝塔伏特电池,其包括置于底部电极(5)和顶部电极(1)之间的半导体纳米管阵列薄膜(4),所述半导体纳米管的管内壁上涂有量子点层(7),所述量子点层(7)上又涂有固态同位素辐射源层(3),或者所述量子点层(7)所围成的管状空间填充有气态或液态同位素辐射源。本发明向半导体纳米管中引入量子点,提高了贝塔伏特电池的短路电流和开路电压以及能量转换效率。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于同位素电池领域,具体涉及一种量子点贝塔伏特电池。
背景技术
随着物联网技术的发展,能源供给装置的微型化、集成化成为微型传感系统发展中迫切需要解决的问题。同时,越来越多的微传感系统需要被置于特殊的环境下使用,如深海、深空、地下、极地、荒漠等。这些环境往往需要长寿命、免维护和高可靠的电源系统。目前传统的能源由于各自的缺点很难满足使用要求。例如,化学电池能量密度低,高低温性能不稳定,需要频繁地充电。微型燃料电池效率较高,但电池体积大,需要定期向电池内输入燃料。太阳能电池输出功率强度依赖于外部光照和电池板面积。因此,传统的电池并不适用于特殊环境下的电子设备的使用。
同位素电池是利用放射性同位素衰变释放的能量转换成电能的自主发电装置,具有能量密度高、寿命长、工作可靠、环境适应性强、无需维护等特点,目前已成为核能源研究的重要方向,其在医学、军事、航空、民用领域等有广阔的应用前景。
将同位素辐射衰变能转换为电能主要有4种转换机制:热电转换式、直接充电式、直接能量转换式、间接能量转换式。热电转换式同位素电池使用高能辐射源,使用成本高、难于微型化。直接充电式同位素电池电流很小,驱动能力极弱。间接转换式同位素电池转换效率普遍偏低(<1%)。直接能量转换式同位素电池(又称贝塔伏特电池或β伏特电池)利用贝塔伏特效应,通过收集低能β辐射粒子在半导体材料中激发出的电子和空穴,从而实现电流倍增,可极大地提高了电流密度和转换效率。β伏特同位素电池的能量转换效率随半导体材料禁带宽度的增加而提高,其最高理论的量转换效率可达到32%。虽然贝塔伏特电池有较高的理论能量转换效率,但目前技术实现的转化效率仍低于5%,远未达到工程应用的程度。因此,如何提高贝塔伏特电池的能量转换效率是目前研究的当务之急。
宽禁带半导体可增大贝塔伏特电池的开路电压,提高电池的输出功率。同时,宽禁带半导体有高的辐射损伤阈值,具有抗辐射损伤能力强的特点。纳米管/孔材料具有高的比表面积,可极大地提高辐射源与半导体材料的接触面积,从而提高贝塔伏特电池能量转换效率和输出功率。厦门大学的San等人利用宽禁带半导体TiO2三维纳米多孔阵列结构制备了镍-63(Ni-63)贝塔伏特电池,最大有效转化效率达到7.3%(Qiang Zhang,Ranbin Chen,Haisheng San,Guohua Liu,Kaiying Wang,“Betavoltaic effect in titanium dioxidenanotube arrays under build-in potential difference”,Journal of PowerSources,Vol.282:529-533,2015)。但该能量转换效率仍然偏低,人们迫切希望进一步提高能量转换效率。
发明内容
本发明第一方面提供了一种量子点贝塔伏特电池,其包括置于底部电极5和顶部电极1之间的半导体纳米管阵列薄膜4,所述半导体纳米管的管内壁上涂有量子点层7,所述量子点层7上又涂有固态同位素辐射源层3,或者所述量子点层7所围成的管状空间填充有气态或液态同位素辐射源。
优选地,所述固态同位素辐射源层3也可以充满所述量子点层7所围成的管状空间。
其中,所述半导体纳米管阵列薄膜4是由多个相互平行的纳米管并排排列而成。
其中,所述量子点层7和所述同位素辐射源层3为连续层或离散层或二者的组合。其可以是一层或多层。
优选地,所述半导体纳米管阵列薄膜4为禁带宽度大于2.3eV的晶态宽禁带半导体薄膜,其中半导体材料可以是半导体金属氧化物、半导体化合物和半导体单质中的至少一种。优选地,构成所述纳米管的材料包含二氧化钛、氧化锌、二氧化锆、氧化镉、五氧化二铌、氧化铈、三氧化二镓、二氧化锡、三氧化钨、碳化硅、氮化镓、铟镓氮、磷化镓、氮化铟、氮化铝、磷化铝、砷化铝等、二硫化钼、硫化镉、硫化锌、硫化镁、硒化锌、硒化镁、金刚石等。
优选地,所述半导体纳米管的管直径为10nm-1000nm,管长为200nm-100μm。
优选地,所述量子点层7为由半径不大于激子波尔半径的半导体材料纳米晶粒所组成的层。量子点是指半径小于或接近于激子玻尔半径的准零维纳米晶粒,其内部的电子在各个方向上的运动都受到限制,这赋予了它独特的性能。所述量子点的尺寸在1~100nm范围。通过适合的量子点材料的选择和调控量子点的尺寸可以改变量子点的能带结构以匹配宽禁带半导体纳米管/孔能带结构,实现贝塔辐射的多激子效,并通过量子点和纳米管/孔接触界面的异质结和量子点之间的量子隧道效应增强载流子的分离和传输。
构成所述量子点的所述半导体材料可以选自二氧化钛、氧化锌、二氧化锆、氧化镉、五氧化二铌、氧化铈、三氧化二镓、三氧化二铟、二氧化锡、三氧化钨、铟锡氧、镉铟氧、镉锡氧、碳化硅、氮化镓、铟镓氮、磷化镓、氮化铟、氮化铝、磷化铝、砷化铝、硫化镉、硫化锌、硫化镁、硒化锌、硒化镁、硫化镉、硒化镉、碲化镉、砷化铟、磷化铟、硫化锌、硫化铅、硒化铅、硫化铜、二硫化钼、铜铟硫、三硫化二锑、三硫化二铋、富勒烯、石墨烯或碳。所述的量子点材料的制备方法包括原位生长法和非原位生长法两种。原位生长法是在宽禁带半导体纳米管/孔上直接生长并沉积量子点的一种方法,包括化学浴沉淀法(chemical bath deposition,CBD)和连续离子层吸附与反应法(successive ionic layer absorption and reaction,SILAR)。非原位生长法是先合成量子点,再将量子点沉积宽禁带半导体纳米管/孔上,包括直接吸附和连接剂辅助吸附两种。
其中,所述同位素辐射源为在衰变时能够辐射贝塔粒子的辐射源,其半衰期不低于5年。为防止半导体材料的辐射损伤,贝塔粒子的平均能量不高于250KeV。所选的材料可包括氢-3(氚)、镍-63、碳-14、钴-60、钷-146、锶-90、铯-137中的至少一种。氢-3(氚)、镍-63、碳-14、钴-60、钷-146、锶-90、铯-137中的至少一种。可以选用单质或化合态的同位素。所述同位素辐射源材料可以是单一元素材料,也可是同位素与其他材料复合的材料。同位素辐射源的物理形态可以是固体、气体或液体。所述同位素辐射源材料沉积在量子点修饰的纳米管/孔里的方法包括原位生长法和非原位生长法两种。原位生长法是在宽禁带半导体纳米管/孔上直接生长并沉积同位素辐射源材料的一种方法,包括化学镀、电化学镀、原子层CVD沉积、高温高压扩散、等离子诱导注入、磁控溅射、电子束/热蒸发等。非原位生长法是先合成同位素辐射源材料,再将同位素辐射源材料沉积到纳米管/孔里,包括直接吸附和连接剂辅助吸附两种。
其中,所述顶部电极1和底部电极5各自独立地选自金属、半导体、石墨、石墨烯、导电聚合物或导电浆料。顶部电极和底部电极可以是同种材料,也可以是不同种材料。当使用不同导电材料时,由于材料的功函数的不同,可以在宽禁带半导体纳米管/孔阵列薄膜上下两极板间形成接触电势差,强的极板电场有利于电子-空穴对的分离。
本发明的有益效果:
通过向半导体纳米管内壁上引入量子点,利用量子点的限域效应和量子隧道效应使半导体带隙中产生中间能带,从而拓宽吸光范围,并通过碰撞电离效应,可以使吸收的一个高能粒子产生多个电子-空穴对即多激子效应;还通过量子隧道效应增强载流子的输运和分离,降低载流子复合几率。这些都大大提高了贝塔伏特电池的能量转换效率,其最高理论能量转换效率可达到66%,远远超过常规贝塔伏特电池32%的理论最高能量转换效率。
附图说明
图1为本发明的量子点贝塔伏特电池的第一实施例的结构示意图;
图2为本发明的量子点贝塔伏特电池的第二实施例的结构示意图;
图3为本发明的多组量子点贝塔伏特电池的多单元串并联堆垛封装示意图。
其中各附图标记表示以下含义:
1-顶部电极;2-量子点;3-同位素辐射源层;4-半导体纳米管阵列薄膜;5-底部电极;6-纳米管;7-量子点层;8-外接负载;9-储电系统;10-量子点贝塔伏特电池单元;11-导线。
具体实施方式
提供以下实施例旨在说明本发明的内容,而不是对本发明保护范围的进一步限定。
实施例1
图1为本发明所述的量子点贝塔伏特电池的第一实施例的结构示意图。如图1所示,所述的量子点贝塔伏特电池结构包括顶部电极1、量子点2、同位素辐射源3、纳米管阵列薄膜4、底部电极5。
本实施例所述纳米管阵列薄膜4是由多个平行的纳米管6与底部电极5垂直堆积而成。所述的纳米管阵列薄膜4的材料为宽禁带半导体二氧化钛;所述的量子点2附着在纳米管壁的内外表面形成量子点层7;所述的同位素辐射源3沉积在量子点层7的表面;所述顶部电极2的材料为金,底部电极为钛片;所述同位素辐射源为镍-63。
本实施例所述量子点贝塔伏特电池的制备方法,包含以下步骤:
(1)纳米管阵列薄膜的制备:以金属钛片为阳极,铂金属片为阴极,以氟化胺和乙二醇的混合液为电解液,利用电化学阳极氧化工艺在金属钛片上制备二氧化钛纳米管阵列薄膜,纳米管直径为10nm~1000nm,,纳米管深度为200nm~100μm。然后把样品放在惰性气氛或氢气气氛中进行高温退火;纳米管的基底钛片作为电池的底部电极;
(2)量子点修饰的纳米管阵列薄膜制备:将二氧化钛纳米管阵列薄膜在含有硝酸镉的阳离子反应物溶液中放置一段时间,取出后用去离子水冲洗,然后在含有硫化钠阴离子反应物溶液中放置一段时间,使吸附的镉离子与溶液中硫离子充分反应生成一定尺寸的硫化镉量子点,即完成一次沉积循环。如果需要,也可经过多次沉积循环后可形成多层沉积;
(3)同位素辐射源在量子点表面的沉积:以含镍-63离子的溶液为电解液,利用电化学电镀技术,把镍-63金属电镀在量子点修饰的二氧化钛纳米管里;
(4)顶部电极的制备:利用磁控溅射技术在纳米管阵列薄膜表面制备金电极层,电极材料在纳米管顶部与量子点层和镍-63层充分接触。金电极层的厚度为5nm~300nm。
该实施例中的量子点贝塔伏特电池的能量转换效率为22%。
实施例2
图2为本发明的量子点贝塔伏特电池的第二实施例的结构示意图;如图2所示,所述的量子点贝塔伏特电池结构包括顶部电极1、量子点2、同位素辐射源3、纳米管阵列薄膜4、底部电极5。
本实施例所述纳米管阵列薄膜4是由多个平行的纳米管6与底部电极5垂直堆积而成。所述的纳米管阵列薄膜4的材料为宽禁带半导体碳化硅;所述的量子点2附着在纳米管壁的内表面形成量子点层7;所述的同位素辐射源3沉积在量子点修饰的碳化硅纳米管里;所述顶部电极1材料为金,底部电极5的材料为镍金复合层;所述同位素辐射源为氚化化合物。
本实施例所述的量子点贝塔伏特电池的制备方法,包含以下步骤:
(1)底部电极的制备:通过磁控溅射技术在碳化硅晶片表面沉积镍金复合金属层为电极。电极厚度在100nm~500nm;
(2)纳米管阵列薄膜的制备:以碳棒为阴极,碳化硅晶片为阳极,以氢氟酸、水和乙醇的混合液为电解质,利用电化学阳极氧化技术在碳化硅晶片上制备碳化硅纳米管阵列薄膜,纳米管直径为10nm~1000nm,薄膜厚度在200nm~100μm;
(3)量子点修饰的纳米管阵列薄膜制备:把提前制备好的硫化铅量子点与甲苯溶液、全氟磺酸溶液和无水乙醇混合,经室温超声处理后,得到最终的混合溶液。将碳化硅纳米管阵列薄膜列置于真空旋涂仪上,将量子点混合溶液液滴滴在制备碳化硅纳米管阵列薄膜上,通过旋涂的作用,混合溶液就均匀覆盖在碳化硅纳米管阵列的表面。最后在室温下自然晾干;
(4)顶部电极的制备:利用磁控溅射技术在碳化硅纳米管阵列薄膜表面制备金电极层,电极材料在纳米管顶部与量子点层充分接触。金电极层的厚度为5nm~300nm,管口未被堵塞;
(5)同位素辐射源在量子点表面的沉积:将含有氚化化合物的有机溶剂滴注到限定区域的金电极/量子点/碳化硅纳米管阵列结构薄膜的表面。经烘干后,氚化化合物附着在量子点修饰的纳米管里。
该实施例中的量子点贝塔伏特电池的能量转换效率为20%。
实施例3
图3为本发明的多单元量子点贝塔伏特电池的多单元串并联堆垛封装示意图。如图3所示,将多个实施例1或实施例2所述的量子点贝塔伏特电池单元通过串并联的方式多层堆垛集成封装,主要包括外接负载8、储电系统9、量子点贝塔伏特电池单元10以及外接导线11。
多组量子点贝塔伏特电池多单元的串并联多层堆垛集成封装的具体方法为:以实施例1或2所述量子点贝塔伏特电池单元依次堆垛串联,然后将多组堆垛串联的电池组进行并联形成串并联混合集成封装的具有高输出功率和高输出电压的电池。通过将集成封装的量子点贝塔伏特电池与储电系统连接,实现贝塔辐射能量转换的电量收集、管理和应用。
Claims (10)
1.一种量子点贝塔伏特电池,其特征在于,其包括置于底部电极(5)和顶部电极(1)之间的半导体纳米管阵列薄膜(4),所述半导体纳米管的管内壁上涂有量子点层(7),所述量子点层(7)上又涂有固态同位素辐射源层(3),或者所述量子点层(7)所围成的管状空间填充有气态或液态同位素辐射源。
2.根据权利要求1所述的量子点贝塔伏特电池,其特征在于,所述固态同位素辐射源层(3)充满所述量子点层(7)所围成的管状空间。
3.根据权利要求1所述的量子点贝塔伏特电池,其特征在于,所述半导体纳米管阵列薄膜(4)是由多个相互平行的纳米管并排排列而成。
4.根据权利要求1所述的量子点贝塔伏特电池,其特征在于,所述量子点层(7)和所述同位素辐射源层(3)为连续层或离散层或二者的组合。
5.根据权利要求1所述的量子点贝塔伏特电池,其特征在于,所述半导体纳米管阵列薄膜(4)为选自二氧化钛、氧化锌、二氧化锆、氧化镉、五氧化二铌、氧化铈、三氧化二镓、二氧化锡、三氧化钨、碳化硅、氮化镓、铟镓氮、磷化镓、氮化铟、氮化铝、磷化铝、砷化铝等、二硫化钼、硫化镉、硫化锌、硫化镁、硒化锌、硒化镁或金刚石的禁带宽度大于2.3eV的晶态宽禁带半导体材料薄膜。
6.根据权利要求1所述的量子点贝塔伏特电池,其特征在于,所述半导体纳米管的管直径为10nm~1000nm,管长为200nm~100μm。
7.根据权利要求1所述的量子点贝塔伏特电池,其特征在于,所述量子点层(7)为由半径不大于激子波尔半径的半导体材料纳米晶粒所组成的层。
8.根据权利要求7所述的量子点贝塔伏特电池,其特征在于,所述半导体材料选自二氧化钛、氧化锌、二氧化锆、氧化镉、五氧化二铌、氧化铈、三氧化二镓、三氧化二铟、二氧化锡、三氧化钨、铟锡氧、镉铟氧、镉锡氧、碳化硅、氮化镓、铟镓氮、磷化镓、氮化铟、氮化铝、磷化铝、砷化铝、硫化镉、硫化锌、硫化镁、硒化锌、硒化镁、硫化镉、硒化镉、碲化镉、砷化铟、磷化铟、硫化锌、硫化铅、硒化铅、硫化铜、二硫化钼、铜铟硫、三硫化二锑、三硫化二铋、富勒烯、石墨烯或碳。
9.根据权利要求1所述的量子点贝塔伏特电池,其特征在于,所述同位素辐射源为氢-3(氚)、镍-63、碳-14、钴-60、钷-146、锶-90、铯-137中的至少一种,其放出的贝塔粒子的平均能量不高于250KeV。
10.根据权利要求1所述的量子点贝塔伏特电池,其特征在于,所述顶部电极(1)和底部电极(2)各自独立地选自金属、半导体、石墨、石墨烯、导电聚合物或导电浆料。
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