CN107858492A - Change the alloy carburizing steel preprocess method of netted acicular ferrite in microscopic structure - Google Patents
Change the alloy carburizing steel preprocess method of netted acicular ferrite in microscopic structure Download PDFInfo
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- CN107858492A CN107858492A CN201711014930.2A CN201711014930A CN107858492A CN 107858492 A CN107858492 A CN 107858492A CN 201711014930 A CN201711014930 A CN 201711014930A CN 107858492 A CN107858492 A CN 107858492A
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- carburizing steel
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/005—Ferrite
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/009—Pearlite
Abstract
The present invention discloses the netted and energy-efficient preprocess method of acicular ferrite in a kind of change alloy carburizing steel pretreatment microscopic structure, alloy carburizing steel part after forging rolling is incubated continuously across first cooling, cooling during rolling insulation and last cooling insulation at least once, is finally cooled to alloy carburizing steel part equilbrium phase diagram perlitic transformation humidity province.The alloy carburizing steel part method for warming up of the present invention, netted and other the non-bulk morphologies pro-eutectoid ferrites in alloy carburizing steel pretreatment microscopic structure are made to become granular ferrite, to be easy to the control of the follow-up machining of part and carburizing and quenching deformation, process is simple, and can largely save.
Description
Technical field
It is particularly a kind of to change netted needle-like iron element in microscopic structure the invention belongs to structural material technical field of hot working
The alloy carburizing steel preprocess method of body.
Background technology
For a long time, high energy consumption and a high time-consuming difficulty for always perplexing structural material hot-working preparing technical field
TopicThe temperature of different phase in hot procedure how is efficiently utilized, is rationally solved various aobvious required in phase transition process
Micro-assembly robot and performance, so as to not only ensure and improve the quality of product, cost can also be reduced, it is green to have reformed into system
Make industry sixty-four dollar question most in the urgent need to address at present.
By taking the carburized gears of automobile as an example, be all at present will by the hot procedures of some highly energy-consumings (high temperature forging and
Rolling, isothermal normalizing, carburizing and quenching) and very time-consuming cold working process (rough turn, gear hobbing, roll flute) etc. complete, to ensure
Very high dimensional accuracy (compared with small deformation to reduce noise) and higher case hardness (to ensure reliability and durability).Such as
What fruit can remove the isothermal normalizing process in hot procedure reheats austenitizing (920-950 degree) most energy dissipating portion,
The requirement in terms of energy-saving and emission-reduction can not only be reached, but also can further reduce follow-up cold working because blank deforms reduction
Pollution to environment.
Practice have shown that if the heating that need not be repeated carrys out austenitizing, reduce and be heated at high temperature process again, it is per ton
Steel only electric energy can saves 400-520kwH., 1 year can be with by taking 20000 tons of a medium-sized forging processing enterprise annual production as an example
Save the RMB of 608-790 ten thousand；If having 3000 same size forge plants to calculate according to the whole nation, 1 year can be country's section
Energy hundred million degree of electricity of 240-312, can save hundred million yuans of 182-237 altogether.Gross generations in 2016 of Three Gorges hydroelectric project are 87,000,000,000
Kilowatt hour, theory save electricity close to (4/29 to 3/14) of its year generating total amount.And famous nuclear power station Daya Bay nuclear power plant
The generating total amount of 2014 is 48,400,000,000 kilowatts, saves electricity close to (1/5 to 1/3) of its year generating total amount.Saving electricity can phase
When in tens of ordinary mass power stations.With the kilowatt hour of 350 kilometer motor vehicle group power of speed per hour 8800, national totally 2500 high ferros
Exemplified by headstock, save electricity is available for all headstocks to run 1090 hours.And from the perspective of environmental protection, it can be produced with 10,000 tons of coals
When raw 0.26597 hundred million thousand ten thousand exemplified by electric energy, if the part electric energy, both from thermal power generation, (902.36 can be represented by saving electricity
Or 1173.07) ten thousand tons of coals, (2054.8 or 2671.24) ten thousand tons of CO2 emissions can be reduced, equivalent to (1.85 or 2.4) hundred million
The year purge amount of the fire works of sequoia tree of 30 years.It can be seen that the social benefit after energy-efficient continuous heat is notable.
However, the application of energy-efficient heat treatment method and technique in terms of pretreatment can not be received completely by market always
There is following difficult point to need to solve：
First, how rationally to evade undesirable phase-change product using the complexity of phase transition process；
Second, how the phase transformation section under the conditions of coarse-grain is realized and be efficiently accurately controlled；
3rd, required phase transition process how is rapidly and efficiently completed without losing time.
Because foreign countries are maintained secrecy and the monopolization of equipment to advanced heat treatment technics, the pretreatment of domestic alloy carburizing steel
Equipment is nearly all " pseudo- continuous heat " production line at present；These " pseudo- continuous heats " are although production line has in energy-conservation link
Certain benefit, but the product produced is unable to reach expected effect and stability at all.Those are so-called to utilize continuous heat
The manufacturer of technique and equipment also recognizes, nominally it is using continuous heat that they, which are appellation, can only actually realize common
The General Result of heat-treatment production line, it produces the quality of product due to direct normalizing control and connection problem after forging rolling, at all
It can not be approved by user.Its main cause has following two aspect, is exactly that the technology and equipment can not ensure accurately to control first
Microscopic structure, it can only ensure to control abnormal structure (non-equilibrium microstructure martensite, bainite, ferrite net, acicular ferrite
Deng) below 10%, rather than do not have.So as to bring " following process cutter rapid wear ", " part deformation " and " product quality differs
The a series of problems such as cause ", it is that car manufactures institute is unacceptable.Secondly as wheel blank stops forging or to stop rolling temperature higher,
Longer in high temperature austenite state for time, its austenite crystal is very thick, and follow-up continuous heat does not obtain accurately again
Control, causing the machinability of forging stock reduces, and finally influence carburizing after part precision and performance.
With the continuous growth of economy, the whole world is increased the demand of machine components type and quantity.Meanwhile risen with continuous
The high performance of level and the requirement of lightness, forging rolling part must are fulfilled for diversity, high-performance, long-life, economy and productivity
Deng requirement.By taking automobile gear carburizing steel as an example, in the past 10 years, the kind and demand showed increased of domestic automobile pinion steel.According to
Statistics, automobile annual production in 2016 have broken through 28,000,000, have brought the demand of more than 300 ten thousand tons of Automobile Gear Steels therewith.Due to each
The experience of state's resource and industrial development is different, even with carburized gears steel grade it is also incomplete same.But because automobile is given birth to
Yield is very big, reduces cost in the case where stabilization meets military service performance requirement to its part, obtains market advantage
Essential condition, therefore cheap steel and innovative technology are used, and then it is then common target to reduce manufacturing cost.Therefore, the world
Major motor corporation all pays attention to research and development low cost new steel grade and coming of new technology, up to the present, using similar steel
Kind and manufacturing technology, which reach joint development and the target of economic interests, already turns into a kind of situation.In the case, the U.S., Germany
The scientific achievement of famous with Japan etc. motor corporation and research and development institution belongs to the top technology of industry.At research and development Continuous Heat
Reason technology starts, and German suitable (HAYS) company and Yi Pusheng (IPSEN) company are just constantly in automobile gear alloy carburizing
Steel forging strip plate heat-treatment processing process and the forefront of device fabrication.They are with technology and corollary equipment cluster sales service
For Main Patterns, various regions all over the world, its core technology and product manufacturing are in confidential state, form international city its product
Field monopolization, obtains higher profit.But still there is about 10% non-normal tissue in its product microscopic structure, pass through me
Early stage many experiments it has been shown that by being precisely controlled, energy-efficient preconditioning technique newly developed can obtain micro-
Non-normal tissue is 0 in tissue, and pearlite and ferritic ratio are optimal.Both microscopic structure groups are as shown in Figure 1.Table
The bright technical merit has surmounted state-of-the-art at present in the world, shows the stronger market competitiveness.
It is existing to be partially improved in preconditioning technique (directly cooling, no longer reheat austenitizing), alloy carburizing steel
The heat treatment in advance of part is typically after part hot-working (such as forging rolling), is quickly cooled to the bulk of conventional balanced phasor
Ferritic transformation area, it is allowed to start to change in granular ferrite phase change zone, so as to attempt to avoid netted and acicular ferrite shape
Into region.
But the above-mentioned heat treatment in advance that is partially improved still suffers from following subject matters：
1st, netted and acicular ferrite can not be completely eliminated, obtain 100% granular ferrite and pearlite；
2nd, cutting ability can not be protected；
3rd, coarse microstructure problem can not solve；
4th, the big problem of hardness fluctuations can not solve.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of alloy carburizing steel for changing netted acicular ferrite in microscopic structure to locate in advance
Reason method, the netted and pro-eutectoid ferrite of other non-bulk morphologies in alloy carburizing steel pretreatment microscopic structure is set to become blocking
Columnar ferrite, to be easy to the follow-up machining of part.
The technical solution for realizing the object of the invention is：
The alloy carburizing steel preprocess method of netted acicular ferrite in a kind of change microscopic structure, by the alloy after forging rolling
Cement steel parts are continuously across first cooling-insulation, cooling during rolling-insulation and last cooling-insulation at least once, finally cool down
To alloy carburizing steel part equilbrium phase diagram perlitic transformation humidity province.
Preferably, the alloy carburizing steel part equilbrium phase diagram granular ferrite transformation temperature ranges is 580~850 DEG C.
Preferably, the cooling velocity v1=2.22~2.50 DEG C/sec, holding temperature T1 of the first cooling-insulating process
=825~850 DEG C, insulation duration t1=5~15min.
Preferably, cooling velocity v10=0.39~0.67 DEG C/sec of the last cooling-insulating process, holding temperature
T10=580~600 DEG C, insulation duration t10=60~120min.
Preferably, cooling velocity v11=0.15~0.16 DEG C/sec of the last cooling procedure.
Preferably, the cooling during rolling-insulating process is 1~8 time.
Preferably, the cooling velocity of the cooling during rolling-insulating process is respectively：
V2=1.40~1.67 DEG C/sec, v3=1.20~1.42 DEG C/sec, v4=0.70~0.92 DEG C/sec, v5=
0.60~0.75 DEG C/sec, v6=0.50~0.55 DEG C/sec, v7=0.40~0.45 DEG C/sec, v8=0.30~0.35 DEG C/
Sec, v9=0.20~0.25 DEG C/sec；
The holding temperature of the cooling during rolling-insulating process is respectively：
T2=780~805 DEG C, T3=720~745 DEG C, T4=690~715 DEG C, T5=675~680 DEG C, T6=665~
670 DEG C, T7=655~660 DEG C, T8=645~650 DEG C, T9=635~640 DEG C；
The insulation duration of the cooling during rolling-insulating process is respectively：
T2=5~15min, t3=5~15min, t4=5~15min, t5=5~15min, t6=5~15min, t7=
5~15min, t8=5~15min, t9=5~15min.
Preferably for effective thickness below 30 millimeters alloy carburizing steel part, the number of cooling during rolling-insulating process
For 1~3 time；
For alloy carburizing steel part of the effective thickness more than 80 millimeters, the number of cooling during rolling-insulating process is 8
It is secondary；
For effective thickness more than 30 millimeters, less than 80 millimeters alloy carburizing steel parts, cooling during rolling-insulating process
Number is 4~7 times.
Compared with prior art, its remarkable advantage is the present invention：
1st, netted and acicular ferrite can be thoroughly eliminated, ensures that 100% obtains block ferrite and pearlite.This is aobvious
Micro-assembly robot can be the favourable guarantees of offer such as subsequent control carburizing and quenching deformation.
2nd, it is easy to follow-up machining：The present invention is not directly by zero after hot-working (forging rolling etc.) as conventional method
Part is quickly cooled to the granular ferrite limited proportionality of conventional balanced phasor, allows it to start to change in granular ferrite phase change zone, and
It is using accurate control heat-treating methods, it is stopped several times in ferrite net limited proportionality, allows ferrite desmachyme
To grow up thickening, almost complete phase transformation changes into block ferrite to the ferrite such as final, then transfers to perlitic transformation area,
Remnants austenite is set to be transformed into pearlite.By avoiding block pro-eutectoid ferrite phase change zone, so as to ensure that austenite contains
The relative stability of carbon amounts, realizes needle-like and ferrite net being rationally transformed into granular ferrite, and the part of preparation is micro-
Tissue is entirely uniform granular ferrite and pearlite.Preferable displaing micro tissue topography, rational grain size and uniform hard
Degree distribution is all easy to follow-up machining.
3rd, energy- and time-economizing：Need to reheat austenitizing in conventional pretreatment technique because the inventive method eliminates
The process of (more than 900 degree), reduces the process most to consume energy, energy- and time-economizing.
4th, can ensure to complete and realize by continuous heat technique.
The present invention is suitable due to various alloy carburizing steel parts, and typical carburizing steel classification includes (but being not limited to following steel
Kind)：Mn-Cr systems, Ni-Cr systems, Cr-Ni-Mo systems, such as：20CrMoH,20CrMnTiH,16MnCrS5,20MnCrS5,
The steel grade such as SAE8620, SAE8630, SAE 4130, SAE4615, TL4521.General phosphorus content between 0.15-0.35wt%,
Single alloying element content is less than 2wt%, and alloy total content is no more than 3.5wt%.
The present invention is described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and detailed description.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the process chart of prior art alloy carburizing steel part the pre-heat treatment.
Fig. 2 is the technique stream that the present invention changes the alloy carburizing steel preprocess method of netted acicular ferrite in microscopic structure
Cheng Tu.
Fig. 3 is that ferrite net becomes granular ferrite process schematic
Fig. 4 is the microscopic structure ratio distribution map using the alloy carburizing steel part of the inventive method pretreatment.
Fig. 5 is the microscopic structure ratio distribution map using the alloy carburizing steel part of prior art pretreatment.
Fig. 6 is that tested parts numbering #1 uses the pretreated micro-organization chart of prior art.
Fig. 7 is that tested parts numbering #2 parts use pretreated micro- group of the inventive method using prior art part
Knit figure.
Fig. 8 is tested parts numbering #3 all using the pretreated micro-organization chart of the inventive method.
Embodiment
Exemplified by choosing the conventional alloy carburizing steel 20CrMoH parts of automobile gear, retouching according to foregoing invention content respectively
State, carried out following case verifications.
Part description is as follows：
Tested parts (gear blank)：20CrMoH steel.Diameter：285 millimeters, effective thickness：28.5 millimeters
Embodiment 1：Tested parts numbering #1
Using rapid cooling and slow cooling after the forging rolling being commonly used, then the Technology for Heating Processing of held for some time (is seen below
State processing step), processing step is not controlled accurately, can verify that thick forging crystal grain is micro- after being pre-processed to part
The influence of tissue.Due to not taking multistage accurately to control, thus stop forging after be directly quickly cooled to 750 degree, then it is air-cooled extremely
600 degree, then be placed into 620 degree of holding furnace and carry out insulation 66 minutes.
Cooling velocity control of the above-mentioned technique in the specific holding temperature (and soaking time) and different phase of different phase
Scope is as follows：
T3=750 DEG C, T9=600 DEG C, T10=620 DEG C；
T3=5sec, t9=5sec, t10=66min,
V3=1.62 DEG C/sec, v9=1.41 DEG C/sec, v10=0.11 DEG C/sec v11=0.15 DEG C/sec.
As shown in fig. 6, what is obtained is the substantial amounts of quasi-eutectoid pearlite of netted pro-eutectoid ferrite, hardness HB247.It is brilliant
Granularity is 4 grades.The significantly larger than requirement (HB160-190, grain size 5-8 level) of conventional gear blank.And due to there is a large amount of nets
The presence of columnar ferrite, it is also very unfavorable to the Carburization Treatment in future, the standard requirement of client can not be reached completely.
Embodiment 2：Tested parts numbering #2
All processing steps are not controlled accurately by the Technology for Heating Processing (seeing below processing step) improved using part
System, it can be found that influence of the thick forging crystal grain to microscopic structure makes moderate progress (ferrite net starts thickening).But still have
A considerable amount of abnormal reticulum ferrites fail to have enough time becoming block, and ferrite net intra-die has acicular ferrite
(Wei Shi bodies) tissue produces (as shown in Figure 7).Hardness is HB198, and grain size is 3 grades.Also it is above wanting for conventional gear blank
Ask (HB160-190, grain size 5-8 level), meanwhile, acicular ferrite (or being " Wei Shi bodies ") meeting that great number of grains is internally formed
The Structure Inheritance of follow-up carburizing heat treatment is caused, still can not meet the standard requirement of client.
Cooling velocity control of the above-mentioned technique in the specific holding temperature (and soaking time) and different phase of different phase
Scope is as follows：
T1=825 DEG C, T2=790 DEG C, T3=740 DEG C, T4=700 DEG C, T5=685 DEG C, T6=675 DEG C, T7=670
DEG C, T8=660 DEG C, T9=580 DEG C, T10=640 DEG C；
T1=2min, t2=2min, t3=3min, t4=3min, t5=2min, t6=2min, t7=3min, t8=
3min, t9=4min, t10=70min,
V1=2.22 DEG C/sec, v2=1.40 DEG C/sec, v3=1.20 DEG C/sec, v4=0.70 DEG C/sec, v5=0.60
DEG C/sec, and v6=0.50 DEG C/sec, v7=0.40 DEG C/sec, v8=0.30 DEG C/sec, v9=0.20 DEG C/sec, v10=0.38
DEG C/sec v11=0.15 DEG C/sec.
Embodiment 3：Tested parts numbering #3
Using the efficient heat treatment method (seeing below processing step and accurate control parameter) of the present invention, all techniques are walked
It is rapid to carry out accuracy controlling, thoroughly improve adverse effect of the thick forging crystal grain to microscopic structure.As shown in figure 8, it is completely eliminated
The netted and presence of acicular ferrite, can to obtain 100% be granular ferrite and pearlite.Hardness is HB171, grain size
6 grades, client is all reached from every side to the microscopic structure of gear blank and requirement (HB160-190, grain size 5-8 of hardness
Level).Due to the presence of no any nonequilibrium microstructure, the harm of Structure Inheritance will not be brought to the heat treatment after carburizing,
So can be used for substituting existing discontinuous heat treatment method, the double goal that structure property is up to standard and saves is realized.
Cooling velocity control of the above-mentioned technique in the specific holding temperature (and soaking time) and different phase of different phase
Scope is as follows：
T1=825 DEG C, T2=780 DEG C, T3=720 DEG C, T4=690 DEG C, T5=675 DEG C, T6=665 DEG C, T7=655
DEG C, T8=645 DEG C, T9=635 DEG C, T10=580 DEG C；
T1=5min, t2=5min, t3=5min, t4=5min, t5=5min, t6=5min, t7=5min, t8=
5min, t9=5min, t10=60min,
V1=2.22 DEG C/sec, v2=1.40 DEG C/sec, v3=1.20 DEG C/sec, v4=0.70 DEG C/sec, v5=0.60
DEG C/sec, and v6=0.50 DEG C/sec, v7=0.40 DEG C/sec, v8=0.30 DEG C/sec, v9=0.20 DEG C/sec, v10=0.39
DEG C/sec v11=0.15 DEG C/sec.
Fig. 6 is that tested parts numbering #1 uses the micro-organization chart after prior art the pre-heat treatment.
Fig. 7 is that tested parts numbering #2 parts use prior art part using aobvious after the pre-heat treatment of the inventive method
Micro-assembly robot figure.
Fig. 8 is tested parts numbering #3 all using the micro-organization chart after the pre-heat treatment of the inventive method.
Can be seen that the present invention by Fig. 6-Fig. 8 contrast is that a kind of alloy carburizing steel that changes is pre-processed in microscopic structure
The netted and energy-efficient heat treatment method of acicular ferrite.It the advantage is that：
1st, equally distributed 100% granular ferrite and pearlitic microstructure can be obtained；
2nd, rationally (neither big nor small, 6 grades of grain size), hardness distribution is very narrow (can be protected the microscopic structure grain size obtained
Hold between 165-175HB)；
3rd, above-mentioned 1 and 2 realization, it ensure that good machinability；
4th, reduce unnecessary Repeat-heating, can largely save, meet the green manufacturing idea of development of energy-conserving and environment-protective.
Claims (8)
- A kind of 1. alloy carburizing steel preprocess method for changing netted acicular ferrite in microscopic structure, it is characterised in that：By the alloy carburizing steel part after forging rolling continuously across first cooling-insulation, at least once cooling during rolling-insulation and last Cooling-insulation, it is finally cooled to alloy carburizing steel part equilbrium phase diagram perlitic transformation humidity province.
- 2. alloy carburizing steel preprocess method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The alloy carburizing steel part equilbrium phase diagram granular ferrite transformation temperature ranges is 580~850 DEG C.
- 3. alloy carburizing steel preprocess method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Cooling velocity v1=2.22~2.50 DEG C/sec of the first cooling-insulating process, holding temperature T1=825~850 DEG C, insulation duration t1=5~15min.
- 4. alloy carburizing steel preprocess method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Cooling velocity v10=0.39~0.67 DEG C/sec of the last cooling-insulating process, holding temperature T10=580~ 600 DEG C, insulation duration t10=60~120min.
- 5. alloy carburizing steel preprocess method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Cooling velocity v11=0.15~0.16 DEG C/sec of the last cooling procedure.
- 6. the alloy carburizing steel preprocess method according to one of claim 1 to 5, it is characterised in that：Cooling during rolling-the insulating process is 1~8 time.
- 7. alloy carburizing steel preprocess method according to claim 6, it is characterised in thatThe cooling velocity of the cooling during rolling-insulating process is respectively：V2=1.40~1.67 DEG C/sec, v3=1.20~1.42 DEG C/sec, v4=0.70~0.92 DEG C/sec, v5=0.60~ 0.75 DEG C/sec, v6=0.50~0.55 DEG C/sec, v7=0.40~0.45 DEG C/sec, v8=0.30~0.35 DEG C/sec, v9 =0.20~0.25 DEG C/sec；The holding temperature of the cooling during rolling-insulating process is respectively：T2=780~805 DEG C, T3=720~745 DEG C, T4=690~715 DEG C, T5=675~680 DEG C, T6=665~670 DEG C, T7=655~660 DEG C, T8=645~650 DEG C, T9=635~640 DEG C；The insulation duration of the cooling during rolling-insulating process is respectively：T2=5~15min, t3=5~15min, t4=5~15min, t5=5~15min, t6=5~15min, t7=5~ 15min, t8=5~15min, t9=5~15min.
- 8. alloy carburizing steel preprocess method according to claim 7, it is characterised in that：For effective thickness, alloy carburizing steel part, the number of cooling during rolling-insulating process are 1~3 time below 30 millimeters；For alloy carburizing steel part of the effective thickness more than 80 millimeters, the number of cooling during rolling-insulating process is 8 times；For effective thickness more than 30 millimeters, less than 80 millimeters alloy carburizing steel parts, the number of cooling during rolling-insulating process For 4~7 times.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110472322A (en) * | 2019-07-31 | 2019-11-19 | 北京科技大学 | A method of pearlitic steel microscopic structure is predicted based on thermodynamics and kinetics |
| CN114317932A (en) * | 2021-12-27 | 2022-04-12 | 中航卓越锻造（无锡）有限公司 | Heat treatment method for obtaining balanced structure of thick-wall high-cylinder ring forging |
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| CN110472322A (en) * | 2019-07-31 | 2019-11-19 | 北京科技大学 | A method of pearlitic steel microscopic structure is predicted based on thermodynamics and kinetics |
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